Which type of rehabilitation is an essential component to a client recovery from Guillain Barre Syndrome?

1. Levin KH. Variants and mimics of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Neurologist. 2004;10:61–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Chiò A, Cocito D, Leone M, Giordana MT, Mora G, Mutani R. Guillain–Barré syndrome: A prospective, population based incidence and outcome survey. Neurology. 2003;60:1146–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Hughes RA, Rees JH. Clinical and epidemiologic features of Guillain–Barré syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:S92–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Alter M. The epidemiology of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990;27:S7–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Willison HJ. The immunobiology of Guillain–Barré syndromes. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2005;10:94–112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, Ho TW, Li CY, Jiang Z, et al. Acute motor axonal neuropathy: A frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:333–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Ogawara K, Kuwabara S, Mori M, Hattori T, Koga M, Yuki N. Axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome: Relation to antiganglioside antibodies and Campylobacter jejuni infection in Japan. Ann Neurol. 2000;48:624–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Sinha S, Prasad KN, Jain D, Pandey CM, Jha S, Pradhan S. Preceding infections and gangliosides antibodies in patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome: A single center prospective case-control study. Clin Microbial Infect. 2007;13:334–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Gupta D, Nair M, Baheti NN, Sarma PS, Kuruvilla A. Electrodiagnostic and clinical aspects of Guillain-Barré syndrome: An analysis of 142 cases. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2008;10:42–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Kaur U, Chopra JS, Prabhakar S, Radhakrishnan K, Rana S. Guillain-Barré syndrome - a clinical electrophysiological and biochemical study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1986;73:394–402. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Alter M. The epidemiology of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990;27:7–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Gupta SK, Taly AB, Suresh TG, Rao S, Nagaraja D. Acute idiopathic axonal neuropathy (AIAN) - a clinical and electrophysiology observation. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;89:220–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meché FG, Herbrink P, Schmitz PI, de Klerk MA, et al. The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain–Barré syndrome: A case control study. Neurology. 1998;51:1110–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Ravi V, Taly AB, Shankar SK, Shenoy PK, Desai A, Nagaraja D, et al. Association of Japanese encephalitis virus infection with Guillain-Barré syndrome in endemic areas of south-India. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;90:67–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Green DM, Ropper AH. Mild Guillain–Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:1098–101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Winer JB, Hughes RA, Osmond C. A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. I. clinical features and their prognostic value. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:605–12. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Moulin DE, Hagen N, Feasby TE, Amireh R, Hahn A. Pain in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Neurology. 1997;48:328–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Ropper AH. The Guillain–Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1130–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Lawn ND, Fletcher DD, Henderson RD, Wolter TD, Wijdicks EF. Anticipating mechanical ventilation in Guillain–Barré Syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:893–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Taly AB, Arunodaya GR, Rao S. Sympathetic skin response in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 1995;5:215–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Willison HJ. Ganglioside complexes as targets for antibodies in Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:1002–3. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Sheikh KA, Nachamkin I, Ho TW, Willison HJ, Veitch J, Ung H, et al. Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides in Guillain–Barré syndrome: Molecular mimicry and host susceptibility. Neurology. 1998;51:371–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Vriesendorp FJ, Mishu B, Blaser MJ, Koski CL. Serum antibodies to GM1, GD1b, peripheral nerve myelin, and Campylobacter jejuni in patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome and controls: Correlation and prognosis. Ann Neurol. 1993;34:130–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Albers JW, Kelly JJ., Jr Acquired inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies: Clinical and electrodiagnostic features. Muscle Nerve. 1989;12:435–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Albers JW, Donofrio PD, McGonagle TK. Sequential electrodiagnostic abnormalities in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 1985;8:528–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Ropper AH, Wijdicks EF, Shahani BT. Electrodiagnostic abnormalities in 113 consecutive patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:881–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Gordon PH, Wilbourn AJ. Early electrodiagnostic findings in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:913–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Durand MC, Lofaso F, Lefaucheur JP, Chevret S, Gajdos P, Raphaël JC, et al. Electrophysiology to predict mechanical ventilation in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2003;10:39–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Cornblath DR, Mellits ED, Griffin JW, McKhann GM, Albers JW, Miller RG, et al. Motor conduction studies in Guillain–Barré syndrome: Description and prognostic value. Ann Neurol. 1988;23:354–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Albers JW, Donofrio PD, McGonagle TK. Sequential electrodiagnostic abnormalities in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 1985;8:528–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Cornblath DR. Electrophysiology in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990;27:S17–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, Gao CY, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, et al. Guillain–Barré syndrome in Northern China.Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and antiglycolipid antibodies. Brain. 1995;118:597–605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Meulstee J, van der Meché FG. Electrodiagnostic criteria for polyneuropathy and demyelination: Application in 135 patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome. Dutch Guillain Barré Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59:482–6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Italian Guillain Barré Study Group. The prognosis and main prognostic indicators of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Brain. 1996;119:2053–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Albers JW, Kelly JJ. Acquired inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies: Clinical and electrodiagnostic features. Muscle Nerve. 1989;12:435–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Kalita J, Misra UK, Das M. Neurophysiological criteria in the diagnosis of different clinical types of Guillain–Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:289–93. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Ylyas AA, Willison HJ, Quarles RH, Jugalwala FB, Cornblath DR, Trapp BD, et al. Serum antibodies to gangoliosides in GB Syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1988;23:440–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Menon A, Patil AS, Taly AB, Vasanth A. Anti-Ganglioside antibodies in GB syndrome: Do they indicate prognosis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2003;6:11–6. [Google Scholar]

39. Hughes R, Sanders E, Hall S, Atkinson P, Colchester A, Payan P. Subacute idiopathic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Arch Neurol. 1992;49:612–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Oh SJ, Kurokawa K, de Almeida DF, Ryan HF, Jr, Claussen GC. Subacute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neurology. 2003;61:1507–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Brown WF, Bolton CF, Hahn AF, Koopman WF, et al. An acute axonal form of Guillain–Barré polyneuropathy. Brain. 1986;109:1115–26. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Feasby TE, Hahn AF, Brown WF, Bolton CF, Gilbert JJ, Koopman WJ. Severe axonal degeneration in acute Guillain–Barré syndrome: Evidence of two different mechanisms? J Neurol Sci. 1993;116:185–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW, Tian M, Gao CY, Xue P, et al. Pathology of the motor-sensory axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:17–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Griffin JW, Li CY, Macko C, Ho TW, Hsieh ST, Xue P, et al. Early nodal changes in the acute motor axonal neuropathy pattern of the Guillain–Barré syndrome. J Neurocytol. 1996;25:33–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Fisher M. An unusual variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (syndrome of opthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia) N Engl J Med. 1956;255:57–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Overell JR, Willison HJ. Recent developments in Miller Fisher syndrome and related disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2005;18:562–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Yuki N, Taki T, Takahashi M, Saito K, Yoshino H, Tai T, et al. Molecular mimicry between GQ1b ganglioside and lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from patients with Fisher's syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1994;36:791–3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Ogawara K, Kuwabara S, Yuki N. Fisher syndrome or Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis? Anti-GQ1b IgG anti-body syndrome involving both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Muscle Nerve. 2002;26:845–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Radziwill AJ, Steck AJ, Borruat FX, Bogousslavsky J. Isolated internal opthalmoplegia associated with IgG anti-GQ1b antibody. Neurology. 1998;50:307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Odaka M, Yuki N, Yamada M, Koga M, Takemi T, Hirata K, et al. Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis: Clinical features of 62 cases and a subgroup associated with Guillain–Barré syndrome. Brain. 2003;126:2279–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, Machinami R, Kanazawa I. Serum anti-gq1b IgG antibody is associated with ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome: Clinical and immunohistochemical studies. Neurology. 1993;43:1911–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Kashihara K, Shiro Y, Koga M, Yuki N. IgG anti-GT1a antibodies which do not cross react with GQ1b ganglioside in a pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:799. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Nagashima T, Koga M, Odaka M, Hirata K, Yuki N. Clinical correlates of serum anti-GT1A IgG antibodies. J Neurol Sci. 2004;219:139–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Nishimoto Y, Odaka M, Hirata K, Yuki N. Usefulness of anti-GQ1b IgG antibody testing in Fisher syndrome compared with cerebrospinal fluid examination. J Neuroimmunol. 2004;148:200–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Fross RD, Daube JR. Neuropathy in the Miller Fisher syndrome: Clinical and electrophysiologic findings. Neurology. 1987;37:1493–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Nagaoka U, Kato T, Kurita K, Arawaka S, Hosoya T, Yuki N, et al. Cranial nerve enhancement on three-dimensional MRI in Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology. 1996;47:1601–2. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, Yuki N, Hattori T. Clinical features and prognosis of Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology. 2001;56:1104–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Willison HJ. Ganglioside complexes as targets for antibodies in Miller Fisher syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:1002–3. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, Cornblath DR, Hahn AF, Meythaler JM, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome: Multidisciplinary Consensus Group. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1194–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Durand MC, Porcher R, Orlikowski D, Aboab J, Devaux C, Clair B, et al. Clinical and electrophysiological predictors of respiratory failure in Guillain–Barré syndrome: A prospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:1021–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Sharshar T, Chevret S, Bourdain F, Raphael JC. French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain–Barré syndrome.Early predictors of mechanical ventilation in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:278–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Lawn ND, Wijdicks EF. Post-intubation pulmonary function test in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2000;23:613–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Lichtenfeld P. Autonomic dysfunction in the Guillain–Barré syndrome. Am J Med. 1971;50:772–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Zochodne DW. Autonomic involvement in Guillain–Barré syndrome: A review. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17:1145–55. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Truax BT. Autonomic disturbances in the Guillain–Barré syndrome. Semin Neurol. 1984;4:462–8. [Google Scholar]

66. Tuck RR, McLeod JG. Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain–Barré syndrome. J Neurol Psychiatry. 1981;44:983–90. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Flachenecker P, Hartung HP, Reiners K. Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability in Guillain–Barré syndrome. A longitudinal study. Brain. 1997;120:1885–94. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Flachenecker P, Wermuth P, Hartung HP, Reiners K. Quantitative assessment of cardiovascular autonomic function in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:171–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Burns TM, Lawn ND, Low PA, Camilleri M, Wijdicks EF. Adynamic Ileus in severe Guillain–Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:963–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Emmons PR, Blume WT, DuShane JW. Cardiac monitoring and demand pacemaker in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1975;32:59–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Favre H, Foex P, Guggisberg M. Use of demand pacemaker in a case of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Lancet. 1970;1:1062–3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Barohn R, Benson E, Cornblath DR, Hahn AF, et al. Practice parameter: Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2003;61:736–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Raphaël JC, Chevret S, Hughes RA, Annane D. Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;2:CD001798. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Espérou H, Jars-Guincestre MC, Bolgert F, Raphaël JC, Durand-Zaleski I. Cost analysis of plasma-exchange therapy for the treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome.French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26:1094–100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Plasmapheresis and acute Guillain–Barré syndrome. The Guillain-Barré Syndrome Study Group. Neurology. 1985;35:1096–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Appropriate number of plasma exchanges in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:298–306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Yuki N, Tagawa Y, Hirata K. Minimal number of plasma exchanges needed to reduce immunoglobulin in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Neurology. 1998;51:875–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Tharakan J, Jayaprakash PA, Iyer VP. Small volume plasma exchange in Guillain–Barré syndrome: Experience in 25 patients. J Assoc Physicians India. 1990;38:550–3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Efficacy of plasma exchange in Guillain–Barré syndrome: Role of replacement fluids. French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:753–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Okamiya S, Ogino M, Ogino Y, Irie S, Kanazawa N, Saito T, et al. Tryptophanimmobilized column-based immunoadsorption as the choice method for plasmapheresis in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ther Apher Dial. 2004;8:248–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Haupt WF, Rosenow F, van der Ven C, Borberg H, Pawlik G. Sequential treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome with extracorporeal elimination and intravenous immunoglobulin. J Neurol Sci. 1996;137:145–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Hughes RA, Swan AV, van Koningsveld R, van Doorn PA. Corticosteroids for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2:CD001446. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. van der Meché FG, Schmitz PI. A randomized trial comparing intravenous immune globulin and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barré syndrome.Dutch Guillain-Barré Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1123–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Hughes RA, Raphael JC, Swan AV, van Doorn PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;1:CD002063. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Susuki K, Yuki N. Effect of methylprednisolone in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2004;363:1236–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. van Koningsveld R, Schmitz PI, van der Meche FG, Visser LH, Meulstee J, van Doorn PA. Effect of methylprednisolone when added to standard treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome: Randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363:192–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Van Koningsveld R, Schmitz PI, Ang CW, Groen J, Osterhaus AD, Van der Meché FG, et al. Infections and course of disease in mild forms of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology. 2002;58:610–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Overell JR, Hsieh ST, Odaka M, Yuki N, Willison HJ. Treatment for Fisher syndrome, Bickerstaff 's brainstem encephalitis and related disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;1:CD004761. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, Hattori T. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology. 2007;68:1144–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Farcas P, Avnun L, Frisher S, Herishanu YO, Wirguin I. Efficacy of repeated intravenous immunoglobulin in severe unresponsive Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 1997;350:1747. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. van Koningsveld R, Steyerberg EW, Hughes RA, Swan AV, van Doorn PA, Jacobs BC. A clinical prognostic scoring system for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:589–94. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Visser LH, van der Meché FG, Meulstee J, van Doorn PA. Risk factors for treatment related clinical fluctuations in Guillain-Barré syndrome.Dutch Guillain-Barré Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64:242–4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Nagpal S, Benstead T, Shumak K, Rock G, Brown M, Anderson DR. Treatment of Guillain–Barré syndrome: A cost–effectiveness analysis. J Clin Apher. 1999;14:107–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Tsai CP, Wang KC, Liu CY, Sheng WY, Lee TC. Pharmacoeconomics of therapy for Guillain–Barré syndrome: Plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin. J Clin Neurosci. 2007;14:625–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Bradshaw DY, Jones HR., Jr Guillain–Barré syndrome in children: Clinical course, electrodiagnosis, and prognosis. Muscle Nerve. 1992;15:500–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Garssen MP, Schmitz PI, Merkies IS, Jacobs BC, van der Meché FG, van Doorn PA. Amantadine for treatment of fatigue in Guillain–Barré syndrome: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:61–5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Garssen MP, Bussmann JB, Schmitz PI, Zandbergen A, Welter TG, Merkies IS, et al. Physical training and fatigue, fitness, and quality of life in Guillain-Barré syndrome and CIDP. Neurology. 2004;63:2393–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Which type of rehabilitation is an essential component to a clients recovery from Guillain Barré syndrome?

Recreational therapy and vocational counseling to help transition back to home and school or work.

Which condition is associated with involuntary and rapid twitching of the eyeball?

Nystagmus is a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements. These movements often result in reduced vision and depth perception and can affect balance and coordination. These involuntary eye movements can occur from side to side, up and down, or in a circular pattern.

Which rationale would the nurse use to explain the cane's purpose to a client with hemiparesis who voices a reluctance to use a cane?

A client with hemiparesis is reluctant to use a cane. How does the nurse explain the cane's purpose to the client? Hemiparesis creates instability. Using a cane provides a wider base of support and, therefore greater stability.

Which type of nerve helps the client's pupil constrict?

What is the function CN III? Each one of the two 3rd cranial nerves controls the parasympathetic response of the pupil on the same side (ipsilateral). The parasympathetic response of the pupil (or "return to normal") is constriction. The 3rd cranial nerve also controls eye muscle movement.