Which type of research method is used to show that one variable causes changes in another variable?

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Terms in this set (50)

A correlational study:

examines how strongly two variables are related to one another

A placebo is:

a fake treatment or substance with no known effects

Which of the following was the first "school" of thought or approach in psychology?

structuralism

Ethical standards for animal research in psychology:

are set by the American Psychological Association and by state and federal laws

The _________ perspective emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system and genetics.

biological

In critically evaluating a media report about a psychological finding or study, you should:

look for the elements of good research design, including operational definitions of the variables and the use of control groups

In psychological research, the practice effect refers to:

a change in performance of a task that is the result of performing the task more than once

Which of the following is a key advantage or naturalistic observation?

researchers can study behavior that could not ethically be manipulated in an experiment

A perfect positive correlation

would mean that every time Factor A occurred, Factor B also occurred

Humanistic psychology emphasized

free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential

The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called:

the experimental method

In an experiment, the dependent variable is:

affected by changes in the independent variable

Psychology is formally defined as:

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Watson and Skinner's contentions that psychology should study the laws of learning and outwardly observable behavior form the basis of which perspective in contemporary psychology?

behavioral

A _________ is a specific question or prediction to be tested, whereas a(n) _________ tries to integrate and summarize a large number of findings.

hypothesis; theory

The founder of psychoanalysis was:

Austrian physician Sigmund Freud

A hypothesis is:

a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables

Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection?

structuralism

The evolutionary perspective in psychology:

analyzes behavior in terms of its adaptive function, such as how it increases a species' chances to survive and reproduce

A pseudoscience is a:

fake or false science that is based on little or no scientific evidence

The ethical requirement of informed consent means that:

participants must be completely informed about the purpose and conditions of the research, and must be free to withdraw from the research at any time

In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is:

deliberately manipulated by the researcher

Which type of research method is used to show that one variable causes change in another variable?

experimental method

Psychologists use statistics to:

analyze the data collected and determine if the results support the hypothesis

Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to:

use your own culture as the standard for judging other cultures

A theory:

integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic

The experimental group is the group of:

subjects exposed to the independent variable

Structuralism:

was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic mental "structures" of sensations and feelings

In cross-cultural psychology, the term culture refers to:

the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another

In contrast to the experimental method, the basic goal of the descriptive methods is to:

observe and describe behavior

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:

the important role of mental processes in how people process information, develop language, solve problems, and think

Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of:

mental processes

Sigmund Freud

delivered a series of lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in Massachusetts in the early 1900s

The word replicate refers to:

repeating a study using the same research methods but different research participants

Random assignment refers to a procedure that:

assures that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions

A case study is a(n):

in-depth investigation of a single individual or a small group of individuals, often involving information from a wide variety of sources

Critical thinkers engage in reflective thinking. This means that they:

expect and accept complexity

Psychologists assume that:

behavior and mental processes have a cause or causes

The basic goal of the experimental method is to:

demonstrate that one variable causes change in a second variable

The purpose of using a double-blind research design is to:

guard against the possibility that the researcher will treat subjects differently or communicate the behavior that is expected of the subjects

The purpose of the control group in an experiment is to:

serve as a baseline to which changes in the experimental group can be compared

When psychologists report the findings of a study in a scientific journal, it's important that they include a description of all the following, EXCEPT:

how the journal reviewers responded to the findings

Limitations of the experimental method include which of the following?

it may not be ethical or possible to experimentally investigate some issues

The factors in a hypothesis that can vary or change are called the:

variables

The primary goal of naturalistic observation is to:

detect natural behavior patterns

In a double-blind study:

both the subjects and the researcher who interacts with them are unaware of which subjects have been exposed to the independent variable

Which statement best characterizes the evolutionary perspective of psychology?

given psychological process exists in the form it does because the process solved a specific problem of individual survival or reproduction that repeatedly occurred over the course of human history

Which of the following is an important advantage of surveys?

researchers are able to gather information from a very large group of people

It was _________ who opened the first psychology laboratory in _________.

Wilhelm Wundt; 1879

The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of behavior of different animal species is called:

comparative psychology

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