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Terms in this set (29)what is operant conditioning? In operant conditioning, behaviors followed by reinforcers increase; those followed by punishers often decrease. who was skinner, and how is operant behavior reinforced and shaped? B.
F. Skinner was a college English major and aspiring writer who later entered psychology graduate school. He became modern behaviorism's most influential and controversial figure. How do positive and negative reinforcement differ, and what are the basic types of reinforcers? Reinforcement is any consequence that strengthens behavior. Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior. Negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior. How do different reinforcement schedules affect behavior? A reinforcement schedule defines how often a response will be reinforced. In continuous reinforcement (reinforcing desired responses every time they occur), learning is rapid, but so is extinction if rewards cease. In partial (intermittent) reinforcement (reinforcing responses only sometimes), initial learning is slower, but the behavior is much more resistant to extinction. Fixed-ratio schedules reinforce behaviors after a set number of responses; variable-ratio schedules, after an unpredictable number. Fixed-interval schedules reinforce behaviors after set time periods; variable-interval schedules, after unpredictable time periods. How does punishment differ from negative reinforcement, and how does punishment affect behavior? Punishment administers an undesirable consequence (such as spanking) or withdraws
something desirable (such as taking away a favorite toy) in an attempt to decrease the frequency of a behavior (a child's disobedience). Negative reinforcement (taking an aspirin) removes an aversive stimulus (a headache). This desired consequence (freedom from pain) increases the likelihood that the behavior (taking aspirin to end pain) will be repeated. Why did skinner's ideas provoke controversy, and how might his operant conditioning principles be applies at school, in sports, at work, and at home? Critics of Skinner's principles believed the approach dehumanized people by neglecting their
personal freedom and seeking to control their actions. Skinner replied that people's actions are already controlled by external consequences, and that reinforcement is more humane than punishment as a means for controlling behavior. How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning? In operant conditioning, an organism learns associations between its own behavior and resulting events; this form of conditioning involves operant behavior (behavior that operates on the environment, producing rewarding or punishing consequences). In classical conditioning, the organism forms associations between stimuli—events it does not control; this form of conditioning involves respondent behavior (automatic responses to some stimulus).
learning the process of acquiring through experience new information or behaviors associative learning learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) stimulus any event or situation that evokes a response respondent behavior behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus operant conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher operant behavior behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences law of effect thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely operant chamber in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. reinforcement in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. shaping an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. positive reinforcement increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. negative reinforcement increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.) primary reinforcer an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. conditioned reinforcer a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. reinforcement schedule a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. continuous reinforcement schedule reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. fixed-interval schedule in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. punishment an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows. Recommended textbook solutions Biology1st EditionKenneth R. Miller, Levine 2,591 solutions
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