- A subculture shares some characteristics, usually a set of ideas and practices or a demographic similarity, that sets it apart from the larger society. Examples are: corporate culture, adolescent culture, drug culture. Show - Microcultures also share some distinguishing characteristics, but tend to be more closely linked to the larger society and often take mediating roles. Examples are: the family, the school, or the workplace. - Members of ethnic groups share some common heritage and history, and often a language; loyalty to an ethnic group can be very powerful. Examples are: Irish American, African American, Native American, or Lebanese American. - Members of minority groups occupy a subordinate position in society, and are often separated by disapproval or discrimination. Examples are: racial minorities, women, people with disabilities, or language minorities. - People of color is a term that refers to those who are nonwhite; it is sometimes preferred, because it does not carry the stigma of a minority group. Recommended textbook solutions
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Chapters 1-5 Terms in this set (79)Cross-Cultural Psych The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes of various cultures, including both their variability(differences in behaviors & ethnic/cultural particulars) and invariance(commonalities in all cultures). Culture Set of attitudes, behaviors, values, beliefs, norms (implicit and explicit) and symbols shared be a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next Race A group of people distinguished by certain similar genetically transmitted physical characteristics Nationality A group of people who share common geographical origin, history and at times language, and are unified as a political entity- an independent state recognized by other countries Ethnicity cultural heritage, the experience shared by you and t=other people who have at times a common ancestral origin, language, traditions, and often religion and geographic territory- Combo of race and culture Ethnicity is a combination of __________ and ____________ Race and Culture Emics Culture specific concepts; they apply in one particular culture Etics Non-culture specific concepts, even universals; they apple to many more than one culture "Saving face" •face saving involves being able to protect one's public persona. "Losing face" loss of face involves being publicly revealed for negative behavior Eugenics A movement that maintains that only "good genes" should be passed from generation to generation, undesirable groups should be kept from reproducing Which of the following is NOT one of the six ways culture is used in everyday language? Prescriptive Traditional gender roles and machismo are examples of _________ culture. normative Psychologists who study culture say that culture refers to all of the following EXCEPT: an individual's personal thoughts and beliefs regarding likes and dislikes. What example was given in the textbook to illustrate differing worldviews The O.J. Simpson trial ___________ is determined by both physical and cultural characteristics. ethnicity From a biological perspective, race is determined by: phenotype, or the shared noticeable physical characteristics of a group Multiculturalism emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT the imposition of one's values and beliefs on others. One of the major premises of multicultural psychology is that: all behavior is learned and occurs in a cultural context "We know that when we are stressed, our immune system is weakened, and we are more likely to get sick." This quotation illustrates which level of the Biopsychosocial model? Biological What is the final level of the Biopsychosocial model? Cultural The field of multicultural psychology evolved primarily out of _______________. clinical and counseling psychology __________ is a movement that believes that only "good genes" should be passed from generation to generation and that "undesirable" groups should be prevented from reproducing. Eugenics The work of many of the first African American psychologists focused on: Refuting beliefs about black mental inferiority Which term refers to the tendency for people to use their culture as the standard for evaluating other cultures? Ethnocentrism In the 1960s and 1970s minority groups responded to psychology's lack of interest in their concerns by: forming their own special-interest organizations. All of the following events mark the rise of multiculturalism in psychology EXCEPT: publication of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test quasi-experimental design involves the manipulation of an independent variable without the random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions Cross sectional study participants are compared at a similar point in time Longitudinal Study Participants are compared over time across ages Sequential study Combines studies across ages and times When White liberals suggested that many ethnic minority children grew up in "culturally deprived environments," they were implicitly: a. suggesting that the White middle-class environment was the standard for all. "External validity" suggests that; a. we can generalize our findings to broader populations. A researcher designs a study so that everything is exactly the same except for the difference in dosage in a medication between two groups. This researcher is primarily concerned with; a. internal validity. Yolanda has her research participants rate how much they like two new soft drinks. Their ratings are on a scale from 1 to 10. She finds that most people rated an orange drink higher than a strawberry drink. Yolanda is using ________ data to come to conclusions about the drinks. a. Quantitative The quantitative approach to research where numbers are compared to get at the "truth" underlying different phenomena is called the d. logical positivistic approach When we seek to
find terms or phrases whose meanings are culturally equivalent between two cultures, we are seeking b. conceptual equivalence Qualitative research design use which of the following techniques? a. Interview Which is a reason why some researchers opt to use qualitative research design?
b. Using quantitative methods can result in a loss of some important information such as the role of the context What kinds of measures do standardized intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children use as part of the overall IQ score? a. cultural knowledge Herrnstein and Murray's (1994) book The Bell Curve seemed to take a racist stance in examining IQ test scores. However, the text criticizes their book because they d. take our measures of intelligence as unquestioned. Logical Positivism is a scientific approach that attempts to measure real phenomena through models of numbers and statistical analysis. True According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence, all of the following are types
of intelligence EXCEPT: c. memorization According to Gardner's theory of intelligence, if Mariko were a superior athlete, she would excel in ________ intelligence. c. bodily-kinesthetic One
problem with measuring personality characteristics of groups of people (e.g., men, women, ethnic minority groups, etc.) is that we may form stereotypes of these people. The problem with this kind of stereotype is that a. we may not appreciate the rich variation within the groups. A teacher uses a test of verbal fluency to determine who will lead a group of children. While the test may be accurate for children who speak English as a first language, it may not be accurate for children who speak English as a second language. The application of this test is a d. bias in the usage of the test. Etic Perspective •an attempt to build theories of human behavior by examining commonalities across many cultures. Emic Perspective •an attempt to derive meaningful concepts within one culture. Imposed Etics the imposition of one culture's worldview on another culture, assuming that one's own worldviews are universal Well-Meaning Clashes cultural differences in interpretation that are not meant to harm others but that cause problems because there are different emic interpretations of situations or concepts. Individualism •a social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by their own preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with those of a group or collective in which the individual is a member. Collectivism a social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by the group's or collective's preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with those of the individual. Idiocentrism •individualistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Individualism refers to the society, whereas idiocentrismrefers to an individual. Allocentrism •collectivistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Collectivism refers to the society, whereas allocentrismrefers to an individual. Countercultural individuals idiocentric individuals residing in a collectivistic culture, or allocentric individuals residing in an individualistic culture. Guilt •a prominent negative emotion in individualistic cultures that involves an individual's sense of personal regret for having engaged in a negative behavior. Shame a prominent negative emotion in collectivistic cultures that involves an individual's sense of regret for having engaged in a negative behavior that reflects badly upon his or her family and/or upbringing. Face giving/Giving face extolling the virtues of another person in public. It would be considered boastful and individualistic if the individual did this himself/herself. Locus of Control •the focus of control over outcomes of one's life, be it internal or external control. Locus of responsibility the focus of responsibility for one's position in life, be it internal feelings of responsibility or external, societal responsibility Internal locus of control belief that one has control over their own life external locus of control no control over ones own life Internal locus of responsibility outcome of life is based on ones own attributes/actions external locus of responsibility everything is the fault of society Imposing our own cultural values on other cultures and deeming theirs as bad is a sign of: c. imposed etic Which of the following countries is not high on
individualism as described by your textbook? d. Japan When confronted with a choice between one's own desires and the needs of the larger group, someone from an individualistic society will a. be motivated by one's own preferences and needs. According to Triandis (1995), an individual who acts according to the needs of the group is d. allocentric. Tina is an
idiocentric individual in a collectivistic society. Tina is most likely to b. compete with her peers in order to protect her own interests. Which
of the following represents a countercultural individual, according to Triandis? c. an allocentric individual in an individualistic society. Hofstede (1980) identified the
masculine-feminine dimension, which Triandis renamed the ________ dimension. d. vertical-horizontal Li-Chiang, in her narrative, talked about how her boyfriend's mother forced her boyfriend to break off their relationship. This is an example of a negative aspect of d. vertical collectivism. In individualistic cultures, a. guilt is a more important negative emotion than is shame. ________ results when an individual is publicly revealed for negative behavior. a. Loss of face According to Kitayama and Markus' (2000) examination of happiness and subjective well-being, one reason why one gives face in
collectivistic societies is because c. there will be a good feeling about the relationship between the two individuals. According to the Sue worldview model, someone who is in a racist society but aspire to keep working hard and overcoming the racial barriers has what worldview? d. IC-ER. According to Ho's (1987) application of the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck value orientation model to different cultural groups, it seems that c. the ethnic minority groups seem to be more similar to one another than any group is to the middle-class White American group. According to the Sue worldview model, the "American Dream" is based on a. IC-IR. According to the Sue worldview model, the "Marginal man" is based on b. EC-IR. Recommended textbook solutions
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What does the term culture refer to quizlet?Culture. A set of learned values, beliefs, customs and practices that are shared by a group and are passed from one generation to another.
Which of the following best defines descriptive culture quizlet?Which of the following best defines descriptive culture? The specific behaviors and activities associated with a culture.
What are cultural norms quizlet?Cultural norms. the rules which indicate the expected behavior in a group. These rules include norms, beliefs, traits and values.
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Which term refers to the tendency for people to use their culture as the standard for evaluating others quizlet?
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