Chapter 1 Review, The History of Texas Show
ESSAY (for Chapters 1 and 2) Give a brief overview of the Spanish effort to settle Texas.� Why did they fail to establish a stable, growing society?� 1. The ancestors of American Indians came to America from which continent? a. Asia������������������� c. Africa b. Europe ������������� d. South America 2. Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the fewest number of New World inhabitants lived: a. north of the Rio Grande b. between the Rio Grande and Panama c. in South America 3. The Coahuiltecan and Karankawan Indians survived by: a. following the buffalo herds ���������� c. hunting and gathering b. agriculture ��������������������������������������� d. raiding neighboring tribes 4. By the end of the Spanish period, the Comanches, Apaches, Kiowas, and Tonkawas lived: a. in the forests of East Texas b. along the Gulf coast c. on the southern plains of Central and Northwest Texas d. in all of the above 5. The Caddo Indians of northeast Texas: a. were violent hunters feared by settlers b. were scavengers barely able to support themselves c. were agriculturally advanced and engaged in extensive trade. d. spent part of each year hunting buffalo 6. An Indian tribe that lived in two distinct bands in the Trans-Pecos region were the: a. Jumanos��������������������������� c. Comanches b. Tonkawas ����������������������� d. Coahuiltecans 7. The reconquista was a centuries-long struggle in Spain between Christians and: a. Romans����������������������������� c. Jews b. Moslems ������������������������� d. Hindus 8. Spain became a unified nation as a result of: a. the expulsion of the Jews from Spain b. the making of peace with the Moors c. the uniting of Castile and Aragon by Isabella and Ferdinand d. successful diplomatic negotiations by the Pope 9. In 1492 Columbus sailed west from Spain hoping to reach: a. North America����������������� c. the Caribbean Sea b. the Orient ������������������������ d. the tip of Africa 10. Cabeza de Vaca, the first European to see Texas , was originally a crew member on an expedition into: a. Florida������������������������������� c. New Mexico b. Texas ������������������������������� d. Brazil 11. Niza and Coronado were sent by Spain into the region north of the Rio Grande to: a. establish Catholic missions among the Indians b. investigate Cabeza de Vaca's stories of riches c. conquer the Indians and steal their lands d. establish mines and plantations in Texas 12. Coronado's expedition went as far north as present-day: a. San Antonio�������������������� c. Kansas b. New Mexico �������������������� d. St. Louis 13. Which of the following best describes the result of the expeditions of Cabeza de Vaca, Niza, Coronado, De Soto and Moscoso? a. their reports encouraged more exploration of Texas by Spain b. they established the first permanent Spanish settlements in Texas c. they brought Christianity to large numbers of Texas Indians d. their failure to find riches led Spain to cease exploration of Texas until much later 14. _______ are garrisoned forts which were used for protection against Indian tribes. a. missions��������������������������� c. presidios b. ranchos ��������������������������� d. villas 15. The mission system originated: a. in Spain during the reconquista b. during the conquest of Peru c. during the expedition of Francisco de Coronado d. in the English colonization of North America 16. _________ had the power to make appointments to religious positions, approve the construction of churches, permit the extension of mission activities, and determine which religious order would work in a particular area. a. The pope�������������������������� c. Local priests b. The Crown ���������������������� d. Presidial commanders 17. In the 1600s the Spanish, operating out of New Mexico, developed friendly relations with which Texas Indian tribe? a. the Caddos����������������������� c. the Jumanos b. the Comanches �������������� d. the Karankawas 18. The Spaniards were interested in Jumano country for all of the following reasons except: a. fresh water pearls ����������������������������������������������������������� c. countless buffalo b. developing trade with the Caddo Indians ����������������� d. gold 19. La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi river basin as a grand system of trading posts for: a. France������������������������������� c. England b. Spain �������������������������������� d. Holland 20. La Salle's FortSt. Louis ceased to exist when: a. it was blown away by a hurricane ��������������� c. Indians wiped out the remaining troops b. its soldiers all returned to Europe ��������������� d. the Spanish attacked and destroyed the fort 21. In 1687 La Salle was killed by: a. hostile Indians��������������������������������� c. wild animals b. a Spanish expedition ��������������������� d. his own men 22. What did La Salle's expedition and claims to the entire MississippiRiver basin accomplish? a. it erected a presidio called San Antonio de Bexar b. it set up successful trade with the Spanish c. it provoked the Spaniards to return and reoccupy East Texas d. it annihilated the Comanche Indians 23. "Tejas," from which Texas gets its name, meant "friends" in the language of the _________ Indians. a. Hasinai������������������������������ c. Jumano b. Kiowa ������������������������������ d. Apache 24. A French Canadian who in the early 1700s helped the Spanish establish missions among the East Texas Indians was: a. Diego Ramon��������������������������������������������������� c. Francisco Hidalgo b. Louis Juchereau de St. Denis ���������������������� d. Antonio Margil de Jesus 25. In 1716, the Spaniards succeeded in accomplishing two goals with the erection of the missions and presidios. Which of the following was NOT one of those goals? a. revitalizing missionary work among the East Texas Indians b. laying claim to the territory in order to ward off French c. encroachments d. establishing a trade link between the French to the east, and Spanish New Mexico to the west 26. In 1718 an expedition led by Martin de Alarcon established a presidio and mission at: a. Nacogdoches������������������ c. Matagorda Bay b. El Paso ����������������������������� d. San Antonio 27. A civilian settlement was established at San Antonio in 1731 when about 55 persons arrived from: a. Spain��������������������������������� c. the Canary Islands b. Mexico City �������������������� d. Cuba 28. The Spanish established a mission and presidio on the San Saba River in 1757 in order to: a. Christianize the Apache Indians b. enlist the aid of the Comanches in fighting the Apaches c. conduct trade between the Jumanos and Caddos d. serve as a barrier to French encroachments Chapter 2 Review, The History of Texas 1. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the slow immigration into Texas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? a. a lack of significant European immigration to New Spain b. Spanish government rules against immigration into Texas c. landowners in other parts of New Spain hold the workers to the land d. Spain's acquisition of Louisiana in 1762 eliminated the need for Texas as a frontier defensive outpost 2. The regular clergy who operated the missions were paid by: the Spanish king local rancheros the Roman Catholic Church proceeds from the crops raised by the Indians 3. Which of the following best describes the role of the Catholic Church in the lives of Spanish Texans in the 1700s? the Church effectively enforced a strict code of morality daily life for most settlers revolved around the numerous churches established by the Spanish the Church exerted a relatively light influence on the everyday lives of the people 4. Presidios were: frontier forts colleges for training clergymen schools for civilizing the indios barbaros textile factories 5. The principal livelihood for civilians in Texas in the 1700s was: ranching farming manufacturing fishing 6. Most of the ranching in colonial Texas was carried on by: groups of single men large slave forces owned by rich men of leisure presidial soldiers families 7. Which of the following best describes farming in Spanish colonial Texas? it was dominated by large slaveholding planters cotton and tobacco became profitable export crops it was generally small-scale and unprofitable it was successful in West Texas but not it East Texas 8. The only significant civilian settlements in Texas in the 1700s were: Matamoras, San Saba, La Bahia, and San Antonio San Felipe, Nacogdoches, Amarillo, and San Antonio Laredo, Saltillo, Refugio, and San Antonio Nacogdoches, La Bahia, San Antonio, and Laredo 9. A contest in which horsemen riding at full speed attempted to reach down to grasp the head of a rooster buried up to its neck in sand was called the: fandango carrera de gallo acequina jacale 10. The Camino Real was: a festive dance a yearly tax paid to the king the royal highway connecting Texas with Mexico the title given to the highest-ranking government official in Texas 11. By 1800, the nonindigenous population of Texas stood at about: 4,000 40,000 400,000 4,000,000 12. Which of these terms best defines mestizos? those with two Indian parents those with two Spanish parents those of mixed African-American and Mexican parentage those of mixed European and Indian parentage 13. Peninsulares: dominated social, economic and political life in Texas, just as they did in the rest of New Spain held only the lower-ranking civil and military positions in Texas served as priests but not as military commanders rarely came to Texas 14. Which of the following best describes the class structure in Spanish Texas? skin color mattered more than wealth in determining the class structure criollos suffered intense discrimination at the hands of the mestizos peninsulares dominated the social, economic and political life of Texas class differences were muted in comparison to the interior of New Spain 15. Blacks in colonial Spanish Texas: were mainly runaways from Louisiana worked in large numbers on big GulfCoast cotton plantations lived mostly in West and South Texas had the same legal rights as Spaniards 16. Which of the following could women in Spanish Texas NOT do? maintain property separate from their husbands vote practice midwifery sue and be sued 17. Which Indians proved to be most cooperative with the Spanish missionaries? the Karankawas the Caddos the Indians between San Antonio and the Rio Grande/Gulf Coast the plains tribes of West Texas 18. The Jumanos and Caddos sought to resist assimilation into Spanish culture by: joining in military alliances with the Comanches attacking missions and presidios whenever possible retreating into New Mexico maintaining their economic independence 19. What was the principal reason the Apaches, Wichitas (or Nortenos) and Comanches became successful hunters and warriors on the plains? they learned to use Spanish guns the horse gave them great mobility they made tight alliances with the French they made peace with the Spaniards 20. The purpose of the Bourbon reforms was to: prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the Spanish colonies maneuver France into ceding Louisiana to Spain abolish slavery in Texas reform the administration of Spain's Latin American colonies and bolster Spain's power 21. Why did the Spanish government force the colonists of East Texas to� relocate in 1773? Indian attacks were wearing their defenses down they were unable to survive economically Juan Bautista recommended it for the safety of the settlers the government no longer needed them as a shield against European enemies 22. Which nomadic plains Indian tribe posed the greatest threat to the frontier settlements in the late 1700s? Comanches Jumano Nacisi Karankawa 23. The civilian settlement at Nacogdoches was founded in the 1770s by: the Spanish government as an Indian trading center the French as a buffer against Spanish expansionism recent immigrants from the Canary Islands settlers who had earlier been forced to leave East Texas by the government 24. What process converted the missions from state-subsidized institutions into parish churches that were self-supporting? degradation acculturation assimilation secularization 25. In the 1770s the king entrusted _____________ to undertake a tour to inspect the military organization and state of defenses in the Far North. San Juan Bautista the Marques de Rubi Gil Ybarbo Jose de Galvez 26. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, an illegal commerce in ______________ flourished between Texas and Louisiana . horses and mules cotton sugar cane liquor 27. In 1810, ______________ led a peasant revolt in Mexico against the privileged classes of New Spain. Jose Joaquin de Arredondo Carlos III Jose de Galvez Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 28. Juan Bautista de Las Casas, and later Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara, led a movement to: win independence from Spain exterminate the Apaches, Comanches, and Wichitas win Louisiana from the French abolish slavery in New Spain 29. Augustus W. Magee was a former U.S. Army officer who: supported the royalist government of Texas accompanied the Gutierrez expedition seeking independence from Spain served as American ambassador to Spain at the time of the Mexican wars for independence made large sums of money in the illegal slave trade 30. Which of the following is NOT an element of Texas culture that originated in the Iberian peninsula? laws protecting debtors African slavery ranching practices family law Chapter 3 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY1. Describe how the empresario system functioned. What were Mexico's reasons for allowing the immigration of Anglo Americans? 2. Give a brief overview of the history of Tejanos during the 1821-1836 period. What dilemmas did Tejanos face during the Revolution, and how did they respond to those dilemmas? 3. Can the Texas Revolution adequately be understood as a conflict between liberty-loving Anglo Americans and a tyrannical Mexican government? MULTIPLE CHOICE1. Agustin Iturbide united all classes and political elements in Mexico, and then establish himself as: a. emperor��������������������������������������������� c. prime minister b. president ����������������������������������������� d. chief justice 2. What was the Plan de Casa Mata? a. a Spanish plan for attacking Texas ������������� c. a plan to relocate the Spanish capital b. a liberal edict issued by Santa Anna ���������� d. a decree abolishing slavery in Texas 3. Philip Nolan, James Wilkinson, and James Long were: a. Americans seeking to import slaves into Texas from Louisiana b. Americans seeking to overthrow Iturbide and place Santa Anna on the throne of Mexico c. American adventurers implicated in various plots against the Spanish in Texas d. British diplomats who were granted empresario contracts in Texas by the Mexican government 4. Who secured the original permission of the Spanish government to allow three hundred settlers into Texas for colonization purposes? a. Moses Austin��������������������������������� c. Haden Edwards b. Green DeWitt ��������������������������������� d. Stephen F. Austin 5. Iturbide's Colonization Law of 1823 was passed largely because of the presence of _______ at the capital of Mexico. a. James Long�������������������������������������� c. Stephen F. Austin b. Moses Austin �������������������������������� d. Baron de Bastrop 6. The Mexican Constitution of 1824 and the National Colonization Law of the same year were the products of ___________ political ideology. a. absolutist����������������������������������������� c. liberal b. socialist ������������������������������������������� d. conservative 7. In 1824 the Mexican government combined the provinces of Tejas and __________ into one state. a. Coahuila������������������������������������������� c. Nuevo Leon b. New Mexico ������������������������������������ d. Sonora 8. Immigration agents who contracted with the Mexican government to establish colonies in Texas were known as: a. jefes politicos���������������������������������� c. deputados b. gobernadores ��������������������������������� d. empresarios 9. As a result of the so-called Fredonian Rebellion of 1826: a. the Mexican government granted a new empresario contract to Haden Edwards b. Stephen F. Austin was forced to flee the state c. Mexicans become more suspicious of Anglo interests in Texas d. Texas was granted separate statehood from Coahuila 10. What was the outcome of the colonists' "consultation" of 1832? a. the federal government sent troops to dissolve the meeting b. the state government endorsed the colonists' demands and forwarded them to the federal government c. the colonists declared independence from Mexico d. the political chief refused to forward the colonists' petitions because the meeting was illegal 11. Stephen F. Austin traveled to Mexico City in 1833 seeking repeal of the Law of 1830 and: a. the abolition of slavery in Texas b. separate statehood for Texas apart from Coahuila c. a new empresario contract for himself d. the cancellation of the impresario contracts of his competitors 12. Stephen F. Austin was thrown in prison in Mexico City because: a. it was found that he had been secretly engaged in illegal slave trading b. it was discovered that he had reserved the best lands in his colonies for members of his own family c. it was learned that he had encouraged Texans to form a state separate from Coahuila d. it was thought that he had secretly plotted the overthrow of Santa Anna 13. The GalvestonBay and Texas Land Company: a. helped establish a flourishing cotton trade on the Texas coast b. imported large numbers of Irish and other European immigrants into south Texas c. fraudulently sold Texas lands to would-be settlers d. attempted to establish textile mills in the Austin colony 14. The repeal of the Law of 1830 resulted in: a. the immediate freeing of all slaves in Texas ��������������� c. the rise to power of Santa Anna b. the voiding of most empresario contracts ����������������� d. a large surge in Anglo immigration to Texas 15. The Texas Gazette, established in 1829, served as a vehicle for: a. the state government of Coahuila y Tejas to make its views known b. the "war party" to stir up resentment against the Mexicans c. Stephen F. Austin to quiet suspicions against Mexico d. Santa Anna's federal government to issue threats against the Texans 16. Which of the following best describes the religious policy of the Mexican government toward Texas? a. it required that Texans join the Catholic Church and attend religious services regularly b. it sent dozens of priests to Texas to conduct marriages, baptisms, and other church functions c. it prosecuted settlers who openly practiced Protestant religions d. it largely neglected Texans' religious needs and generally let them devise their own religious practices 17. Anglo slaveholders tended to settle: a. in the Piney Woods of deep East Texas ���� ���c. in the Brazos, Colorado, and Trinity river valleys b. in the Rio GrandeValley ������������������������������� ���d. in the San Antonio and Victoria areas 18. Which Indian tribe arrived in Texas in 1819-1820, eventually settling in East Texas? a. the Comanches������������������������������������������������ c. the Tonkawas b. the Wichitas ��������������������������������������������������� d. the Cherokees 19. After removing Gomez Farias from power, ___________ abolished the constitution of 1824 and created a centralist state. a. Viesca��������������������������������������������������������������� c. Cos b. Santa Anna ����������������������������������������������������� d. Mier y Teran 20. Like Texas, the Mexican states of Zacatecas and Yucatan : a) invited Anglo-American colonists to settle their lands b) staged federalist revolts against the centralist government c) successfully won their independence and established working republics d) sought for and received exceptions to the government's laws abolishing slavery 21. The Consultation of 1835 declared allegiance to the Constitution of 1824 instead of declaring independence because: a) the delegates hoped to gain support of Mexican liberals b) the delegates were afraid that the United States would intervene c)� the� delegates feared that a declaration of independence would incite frontier Indians to rebel d) the delegates believed that they would be able to negotiate a peaceful restoration of constitutional government in Mexico 22. The Consultation of 1835 sent Stephen F. Austin to: a. raise funds for the Texas cause in the United States b. fortify the Alamo and hold it at all costs c. abandon the presidio at Goliad d. negotiate a peace treaty with the Mexican government 23. A well-known liberal from Yucatan who signed the Texas declaration of independence was: a. Juan Seguin����������������������������������������������������� c. Agustin Viesca b. Martin Perfecto de Cos ��������������������������������� d. Lorenzo de Zavala 24. Traditionally, the most prevalent interpretation of the cause of the Texas Revolution has been that: a) the Revolution was a conspiracy of southern slaveowners to take over Texas b) the Revolution was the result of collusion by Sam Houston and Andrew Jackson c) the Revolution was primarily a constitutional conflict between centralism and federalism d) the Revolution was a revolt by liberty-loving people against Mexican tyranny and intolerance 25. In terms of casualties, the most costly defeat for the Texas cause was: a. the defeat of the defenders of the Alamo b. the battle of San Jacinto c. the execution of Fannin's men at Goliad d. the defeat of Burleson's men at Agua Dulce 26. ______________ commanded the victorious Texas army in the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. a. Sam Houston��������������������������������������������������� c. Mirabeau B. Lamar b. Jim Bowie �������������������������������������������������������� d. Henry Smith Chapter 4 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY: 1. Analyze and compare the politics of Sam Houston and Mirabeau B. Lamar. In which ways were both successful and/or farsighted?� In what ways did both pursue policies that were destined to fail?� Which president do you feel provided the most effective and realistic leadership for the Republic? 2. In economic terms, was the Republic of Texas a success? 3. Discuss the reasons why the United States initially refused to annex Texas in 1836 and why the decision to complete annexation came in 1845. MULTIPLE CHOICE1. Who was the first popularly elected president of Texas? a. Mirabeau Lamar������������������������������ b. Sam Houston c. Thomas J. Rusk������������������������������� d. William H. Wharton 2. Politically, what ideology did Texans prefer? a. Marxism�������������������������������������������� b. republicanism c. socialism������������������������������������������� d. constitutional monarchy 3. ___________ was the first nation formally to recognize the independence of Texas. a. The United States��������������������������� b. Holland c. England�������������������������������������������� d. France 4. Concerning the Indians, Sam Houston believed in a. avoiding military campaigns against them ����������������� b. eliminating the Indians completely c. eliminating only the savage Indians ��������������������������� d. converting the Indians into merchants 5. During Houston's administration, where did the Texas Congress set the southern and western boundary of the republic? a. at the Pacific Ocean ����������������������� b. at the Rocky Mountains ������������������������������� c. at the Rio Grande 6. Lamar dissented from Houston's Indian policy because a. Houston failed to sign an Indian treaty. �������������������� b. Houston failed to eliminate the Indian danger. c. Houston granted land to the Indians. ������������������������ d. Houston raided Indian camps. 7. Ordinary citizen soldiers who either volunteered for single expeditions for extended periods, returning home after accomplishing their mission, or stayed on the range for months at a time patrolling the frontier, were known as: a. Regulators���������������������������������������� b. Texas Rangers c. Moderators�������������������������������������� d. Vigilantes 8. Vice-President Lamar blamed the deteriorating financial condition of the Republic of Texas on a. the United States ��������������������������� b. Mexico������������������������������ c. France ���������������������������������������������� d. Sam Houston 9. The Homestead Act of 1839 a. gave all Texas 160 acres of land b. prohibited Mexican immigrants from getting land c. protected Texas citizens from losing their homes, land, tools, and livestock because of debt d. gave large land grants to railroads 10. Henri Castro and Prince Carl von Solms-Braunfels were: a. foreign empresarios ��������������������������������������� b. ambassadors to the Republic of Texas c. famous European stage actors �������������������� d. racehorses 11. Searching for rich cotton and timberlands, Augustus C. and John K. Allen established the town of: a. Houston������������������������������������������� b. Beaumont c. Liberty���������������������������������������������� d. Nacogdoches 12. By the late 1830s what town had emerged as Houston's rival in the cotton trade? a. Galveston����������������������������������������� b. Corpus Christi c. Harlingen������������������������������������������ d. Austin 13. The site of the modern city of Austin was chosen to be the permanent capital of Texas by: a. Lamar������������������������������������������������ b. Houston c. Burnet����������������������������������������������� d. Jones 14. During the period of the Republic, slavery as an economic institution: a. declined in importance ������������������ b. grew slowly �������������������� c. expanded rapidly 15. _________ became a haven for an estimated 3,000 runaway slaves by the early 1850s. a. The United States �������������������������� b. Canada c. Mexico ��������������������������������������������� d. The German settlements in Texas 16. The violent East Texas feud between the Regulators and the Moderators was a conflict between: a. Cherokees and Anglos over Indian policy ���������������� b. Tejanos and Anglos over religion c. East Texas settlers over land titles ������������������������������ d. Texas Rangers and bands of outlaws 17. The Council House incident in 1840 resulted in: a. the impeachment of Lamar �������������������������������������������� b. the recognition of Texas independence by Mexico b. the renewal of hostilities with the Comanches ��������� d. a lasting treaty with the Cherokees 18. After serving as mayor of San Antonio in 1841-42, Juan Seguin: a. was elected vice-president of the Republic of Texas b. was killed by Indians c. was forced by whites to seek refuge in Mexico d. became Texas ambassador to Mexico 19. What best describes education in the Republic of Texas? a. the Lamar administration's public school system was reasonably successful in educating Texas children b. public schools were established by city and county governments in most of the major population areas c. education remained almost entirely in private hands 20. During the period of the Republic, transportation in Texas: a. received generous financial assistance from the government b. improved dramatically because American railroad companies built c. several thousand miles of railroads in Texas d. remained primitive, slow, and hazardous 21. The first European nation to recognize Texas independence was: a. France����������������������������������������������� b. England c. Holland��������������������������������������������� d. Spain 22. The purpose of _____________ was to enhance the possibilities for increased trade and the geographic expansion of Texas. a. the Mier Expedition������������������������ b. the Battle of Neches c. the Santa Fe Expedition����������������� d. Manifest Destiny 23. Twice in 1842, Mexico: a. invaded and occupied San Antonio b. sought U.S. help in regaining Texas c. sent secret agents to assassinate Sam Houston d. made secret treaties with the Comanches against the Texans 24. In 1842, seventeen Texans who drew black beans out of a pot were shot by the Mexican army as punishment for: a. burning a Mexican flag b. attempting the overthrow of the Mexican government c. participating in a counteroffensive into Mexico d. mistreating Mexican women along the border 25. The treaty of annexation negotiated between Texas and the United States in April 1844: a. was rejected by the U.S. Senate b. was rejected by the voters of Texas c. was rejected by President Lamar d. was overwhelming approved by the Texas and U.S. congresses 26. What was an important provision of the final agreement under which Texas became a state of the U.S.? a. Mexico recognized Texas independence b. all Indians in Texas were required to go to Oklahoma c. the state capital was moved back to Houston d. the state retained its public lands Chapter 5 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY1. The 1850s was a decade of unprecedented prosperity for Texas, but all Texans did not share equally in that prosperity. Discuss the sources of the state's prosperity, identifying the major groups who prospered and those who did not. To what extent was successful Texans' prosperity built upon the misfortune of others? 2. Drawing upon evidence from the pre-Civil War years and the war years, how committed would you say that white Texans were to preserving the institution of slavery? 3. Consider Texas�s Confederate legacy.� Include the events that led the state to secede, its experience on the home front, and its fighting role both in Texas and distant theaters of war..� Do you believe that Texans should be proud of their participation as rebels?� If so, why?� If not, explain. MULTIPLE CHOICE1. Between the time Texas achieved statehood and the eve of the Civil War, the population of the state: a.���� remained constant���������������������� b.��� grew slightly c.���� doubled���������������������������������������� d.��� tripled �2. In order to encourage immigration, the state government: a. offered tax breaks to business b. built free churches for any organized religious group c. sent labor agents to Europe d. made the public lands available at very cheap prices 3. The chief Texas exports in 1860 were: a.cotton, sugar, and wool������������������ b.��� cattle, cotton, and oil c.���� hides, wool, and sugar��������������� d.��� tobacco, corn, and cotton 4. Most export goods in the 1850s were transported from the interior to the Gulf Coast on: a.���� steamboats����������������������������������� b.��� railroads c.���� wagons or carts��������������������������� d.��� flatboats 5. Labor organizations in Texas before the Civil War: a. were only faintly present b. grew rapidly in the state's largest cities c. received recognition by the state government d. helped promote the industrialization of the state �6. Railroads in Texas in the 1850s: a. reached every corner of the state b. retarded the growth of slavery and plantation agriculture c. were restricted mainly to the coastal region d. replaced cotton and slavery as the most important form of economic activity �7. Slavery in the 1850s in Texas: a. was a thriving and profitable institution for the planters b. was gradually declining in popularity among whites c. was becoming less important to the state's economy d. divided white Texans into angry pro- and anti-slavery factions 8. Which of the following best describes the family life of slaves? a. slaves generally lived in supportive, two-parent households b. slaveowners tried to discourage slaves from marrying and establishing families c. slave families were usually one-parent households headed by the mother �9. In the 1857 "Cart War": a. Anglo workers went on strike for higher pay b. slaves rebelled against masters who forced them to pull heavy carts c. teams of Mexican drivers raced to see who could reach the coast the fastest d. Tejano teamsters were harassed and assaulted by resentful Anglos 10. The state government's official policy toward Indians in the mid-1850s was to: a.���� slaughter all the Indians ��������������������������� b.��� �drive all the Indians from Texas c.���� put the Indians on reservations �������������� d.���� civilize and Christianize the Indians 11. The Texas population in the 1850s could best be described as disproportionately: a. young and female������� b.��� young and male c.���� old and female������������� d.��� old and male 12. Texas women in the 1850s could: a.��� vote������������������������������������������������ b.��� sue c.��� bear witness in courts����������������� d.��� none of the above 13. Which best describes the state's efforts to support higher education before the Civil War? the state made no effort to establish colleges the state appropriated land to establish a university but did not actually build the university the state endowed the university with public lands and it opened its doors to students the university system was created and then abolished 14. Henderson K. Yoakum is best known for writing: a.��� the constitution of 1845 ����������������������������� b.��� the first serious Texas novel c.��� the first serious history of Texas �������������� d.��� a widely read proslavery tract 15. The largest religious denominations in Texas before the Civil War were: a.���� Methodists and Baptists �������������������������� b.���� Episcopalians and Presbyterians c.���� Catholics and Mormons ��������������������������� d.���� Pentecostals and Jews 16. Church leaders prior to the beginning of the Civil War tended to: defend slavery ������������������������������������ b.��� condemn slavery as immoral c.���� sponsor local abolition drives ����������������� d.��� denounce the Democratic party �17. For Texas, the most important economic consequence of the Compromise of 1850 was: the payment of the state's public debt in return for Texas's surrender of its claims to New Mexico the extension of the slave trade into New Mexico the building of a railroad from Dallas to Houston federal funding to build the Port of Houston �18. Politically, the majority of Texans before the Civil War considered themselves: a.����� Whigs������������������������������������������ b.���� Democrats c.����� Republicans�������������������������������� d.���� Know-Nothings � 19. Which political party existed only briefly in Texas but attracted professionals, merchants, and prosperous planters? a.��� Republicans���������������������������������� b.���� Capitalists c.���� Socialists�������������������������������������� d.���� Whigs 20. In the mid-1850s, the Know-Nothing party attracted many Texans with its criticism of: a.���� immigrants and Catholics ��������� b.���� the expansion of slavery c.���� the Mexican War ������������������������ d.���� Sam Houston 21. Hardin R. Runnels defeated Sam Houston for the governorship in 1857 on a platform supporting: a.���� the abolition of slavery ��������������������������������������������� b.��� support of the Compromise of 1850 c.���� opposition to immigrants and Catholics ���������������� d.��� reopening of the African slave trade �22. The Republican party was established in the mid-1850s by northerners who opposed: a.foreign immigration ��������������������������������������������������������� b.��� the political influence of the Catholic Church c.���� the admission of California to the Union ��������������� d.��� the geographic expansion of slavery 23. Sam Houston's victory in the 1859 gubernatorial race was hailed as a tribute to: a.���� Unionism�������������������������������������� b.��� secessionism c.���� the Republican party������������������ d.��� states' rights 24. In 1861, both the secession convention and the voters of Texas: a. voted overwhelmingly for secession voted overwhelmingly to stay in the Union voted for Texas to become an independent republic once more were almost evenly divided on the question of secession 25. Sam Houston was forced from the governor's office when he: a. called for the secession convention demanded that U.S. army troops surrender to the Confederacy refused to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy accepted Lincoln's offer of troops to keep Texas in the Union 26. In the fall of 1863, Confederate forces under the command of Lt. Richard Dowling turned back a much arger Union invasion force at the battle of: a.���� Brownsville���������������������������������� b.���� Matagorda Bay c.���� Galveston������������������������������������� d.���� Sabine Pass 27. The two highest-ranking Texans in the Confederate army were: a.���� Peter Bell and Hardin Runnels ����������������� b.���� Sam Houston and Mirabeau B. Lamar c.���� Albert Sidney Johnston and John Bell Hood �������� d.���� Francis R. Lubbock and Juan Cortina 28. Texas was economically important to the Confederacy because: a. the state contained one of the south's largest cannon foundries b. West Texas silver mines furnished much-needed hard currency c. California gold was funneled through Texas to the Confederate government d. the Confederacy was able to conduct foreign trade through Mexico by way of Texas e. 29. In 1862, forty-four men were hanged in Cooke County for: a. plotting to secede North Texas from the Confederacy b. cattle rustling c. cooperating with the Mexican bandit, Juan Cortina d. illegally trading with the Comanche Indians e. 30. The so-called "Battle of Nueces" was actually: a. a Union naval exercise against the port of Corpus Christi b. a riot between Tejanos and Texas Rangers in the Rio Grande Valley c. a massacre of German Unionists near Brackettville d. the destruction of a Comanche village in West Texas Chapter 6 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY1. Compare and contrast the constitutions of 1866, 1869, and 1876.� How did the political philosophies of each group of framing fathers influence their documents?�� 2. Between 1865 and 1876, black Texans enjoyed progress and endured disappointments in their fight for civil rights.� By the end of Reconstruction, did that progress outweighed the disappointments? 3. Radical Reconstruction and particularly the administration of Edmund J. Davis have been the targets of much criticism and denunciation over the last century.� Why have the Republicans received so much criticism?� Has the criticism been legitimate? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Whites' response to black freedom in 1866-1867 could best be described as: a.� moderate�������������������������� b.�� violent ����������� c.� apathetic�������������������������� d.�� peaceful 2. Many scholars today believe that Republicans: a. secretly helped the Democrats regain power b. supported black voting rights only to gain office for themselves c. encouraged and supported the Ku Klux Klan d. sincerely believed in racial equality 3. The term ab initio means: a. that all official acts passed by the legislature during the Civil War were null and void b. that the governor may propose legislation to the legislature c. that official acts passed with consent of the voters are law d. that absentee voting is legal 4. The Republican-authored Constitution of 1869 could best be described as: a. a slight modification of the old 1845 Texas Constitution b. a major blow to those who desired equal rights for blacks c. a sharp departure from the Texas political tradition d. an effort to strengthen county governments and weaken the governor 5. Union soldiers: a. were welcomed by most white Texans because they restored law and order b. were resented by the freedmen because the soldiers did little to protect black rights c. were appreciated by whites because they helped rebuild the state's shattered railroad system d. were resented and despised by whites as northern meddlers 6. ___________ was an important black leader who was seated in the state senate, worked as a teacher for the Freedman's Bureau in Galveston, and served as an influential speaker for the Union League? a.�� Edmund J. Davis����������� b.��� Richard Allen �������������� c.�� George T. Ruby����������������������������� d.��� Bill Bailey 7. By the end of Reconstruction, ________ had become the dominant labor arrangement for freedmen. a.��� black codes��� � b.��� sharecropping ����������� c.��� small-farm ownership������������������ d.��� urban factory labor 8. __________ greatly weakened public education in the state. a.��� The Union military officials ����������������������� b.��� The Radical Republicans c.��� The Freedmen's Bureau ����������������������������� d.��� The Constitution of 1876 9. The day on which African Americans in Texas celebrate the end of slavery is called a.�� V-J Day����������� b.��� Juneteenth �� �����c.�� Inauguration Day��������������������� d.��� Freedom Day 10. Which of the following best describes the Reconstruction policy implemented in 1865 by President Andrew Johnson and his appointed provisional governor for Texas, Andrew Jackson Hamilton? a. a lenient, conservative plan aimed at making white Texans acknowledge the wrongfulness of secession and the end of slavery b. a harsh, vengeful plan aimed at punishing white Texans and taxing them into bankruptcy c. an idealistic plan aimed at giving blacks full civil and politi�cal 11. What was the significance of James Throckmorton's election to the governorship in 1866? a. It indicated that most white Texas wanted to move aggressively to grant blacks greater civil rights b. It indicated that most white Texans wanted to restore the state to its prewar status c. It indicated that most white Texans were willing to let the Republican party administer the state 12. The 1866 State Legislature enacted ________, regarding blacks' employment, child apprenticeship, holding of office, voting, testifying in court, and other aspects of African-American life. a. Jim Crow laws����� ������������������������ b.� black codes���� c.��� The fifteenth amendment ����������� d.��� The emancipation proclamation 13. Which of these organizations protected the rights of former slaves after the Civil War and helped them make the adjustment from slavery to freedom? a.�� NAACP���������� b.��� Ku Klux Klan ��������������� c.�� Freedmen's Bureau������� d.��� Grange 14. E. M. Gregory was transferred out of the Texas Freedmen's Bureau because: a. he failed to adequately protect the freedmen's rights b. he was found guilty of embezzling Bureau funds c. white Texans thought him too sympathetic to the freedmen's rights d. he was afraid of being assassinated by disgruntled Freedmen 15. In 1867 Congress implemented Congressional Reconstruction when it passed the: a.��� Thirteenth Amendment���� b.� black codes���� c.��� Confiscation Acts������������������� d.��� Reconstruction Acts 16. After the establishment of the Republican party in Texas, the state's Republicans divided into moderate and Radical factions over the issue of: a. the impeachment of Andrew Johnson �������������������� b.���� taxation policy c.��� repudiation of the Confederate debt ������������������������ d.���� civil rights for blacks 17. Unionists and Republicans began implementing their policies when General Philip Sheridan: a. removed James Throckmorton and other Democrats from office b. removed Freedmen's Bureau Chief E. M. Gregory from office c. appointed Edmund J. Davis interim governor d. threatened to divide Texas into two states 18. Eighty-two percent of registered black voters participated in the election of February 1868, electing men sympathetic to: a.�� Radical Reconstruction���� b.� the Democratic Party���� c.�� Whiggery���� d.��� secession 19. Freedmen's Bureau agents such as William Kirkman and Charles Culver: a. were inept and disinterested in their work b. cooperated actively with ex-Confederates in depriving the freedmen of their rights c. rendered valuable service to the black community d. used the Bureau to launch prominent political careers 20. The gubernatorial election of 1869 between E. J. Davis and J. Hamilton was a contest between: a. a Radical Republican and a Moderate Republican b. a Radical Republican and a Conservative Democrat c. a white Republican and a black Republican d. a Unionist Democrat and a Secessionist Democrat 21. The record of black legislators during Reconstruction could best be described as: a.�� corrupt���� b.�� incompetent���� c.�� disloyal to their party���������� d.��� competent 22. Which of the following best describes the role of "carpetbaggers" in Texas? a. they held all the major political offices under the Radical Republican government b. they greatly outnumbered their "scalawag" allies c. they succeeded in electing one of their fellow carpetbaggers, E. J. Davis, to the governorship d. they were not very numerous and played a very minor role in Texas Reconstruction 23. Which did Edmund J. Davis NOT do? a.� attempt to reestablish law and order �������������������������� b.�� order the protection of the frontier c.� support the Ku Klux Klan �������������������������������������������� d.�� help with the financing of public schools 24. Under the Davis administration, state taxes: a.�� were reduced���� b.�� stayed at prewar levels���� c.�� increased���� d.�� were rebated at a premium 25. Which of the following best describes the development of segregation in post-Civil War Texas? a. segregation was imposed by an intricate set of new laws b. segregation was outlawed by the legislature c. segregation did not develop until the end of the century d. segregation arose as a social custom immediately after the war 26. During Reconstruction, ____________ emerged as the focal point of the black community. a.�� public schools���� b.�� city government����� c.�� the church����� d.�� organized sports 27. In a controversial ruling, the so-called "semicolon court": a. abolished the Black Codes b. annulled the constitution of 1868 c. abolished the ironclad oath d. invalidated the election of Richard Coke 28. The term "Redeemers" refers to: a. the Union troops who occupied Texas after the war b. agents of the Freedmen's Bureau c. northern missionaries who ministered to southern blacks d. conservative Democrats who ended Republican rule in the South 29.__________� exercised significant influence over the constitutional convention of 1876. a. Freedmen b. The military c. Grangers 30. The constitution of 1876 ___________ government power in the state. a. centralized b. decentralized Chapter 7 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY1. The Comanches (and later the Kiowas) have been said to have formed a barrier to settlement in western Texas.� To what extent is this a valid argument?� To what extent did other factors impede the Texans' westward movement?� Consider the Indians' strengths and changing situation over time as well as the forces that brought about their demise. 2. What factors brought about the demise of the cattle empire?� What adjustments allowed the surviving operations to continue? 3. The Texas population grew dramatically in the last three decades of the nineteenth century.� What factors caused this growth? 4. By 1890, Anglo Texans had established their dominance over the state.� Describe the obstacles they had to overcome and the methods they used between 1870 and 1890 in order to achieve that dominance. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In 1871, ___________ resulted in a new military offensive in Texas against the Indians by the U.S. army. a. the Battle of Little Bighorn ��������������������������� b.� the Massacre at Wounded Knee c. the Linnville Raid ������������������������������������������� d.� the Salt Creek Massacre 2. ____________ made the defeat of the Comanches and Kiowas possible. a. The use of Indian informers b. The collapse of Grant's Quaker Indian Policy c. The alliance between the army and the "civilized" tribes of East Texas Indians d. The virtual extermination of the buffalo 3. Along with transportation and ecological problems, ________ reduced the size of the grazing range and helped bring the era of the great cattle drives to an end. a. the growth of the large buffalo herds b. the burning of the prairie by the army c. the introduction of sheep to the Texas panhandle d. the introduction of barbed wire 4. Between 1870 and 1900, Texas exceeded all but two other southern states in: a.� the amount of wool produced ��������������������� b.� the number of banks robbed c.� the number of railroads established ����������� d.� the number of blacks lynched 5. The teaching profession in the 1870s was: a.� dominated by men ������������������������ b.� split about equally between men and women c.� dominated by women ������������������� d.� actually, there was no teaching �profession� 6. By 1900, the population of Texas was about ______ times larger than it was in 1860. a.� two������������������� b. three c.� four������������������� d. five 7. Between 1870 and 1900, the vast majority of emigrants to Texas came from: a.� the states of the former Confederacy ������������������������ b.� the Midwest c.� the New England States ����������������������������������������������� d.� foreign countries 8. Until the 1870s, the dominant military power on the plains of West Texas were ______________. a.� the Texas Rangers������������������������� b.� the state police c.� U.S. army troops���������������������������� d.� the Comanche Indians 9. By _____, most of the West Texas Indians had been killed or forced onto reservations. a.� 1875������������������ b.� 1880 ����������������� c.� 1885������������������ d.� 1900 10. The earliest out-of-state destination for the great long-distance cattle drives was: a.� Abilene, Kansas����������������������������� b.� Tulsa, Oklahoma c.� Omaha, Nebraska ����������� ��������������� d.� Sedalia, Missouri 11. The Matador Land and Cattle Company and the Spur Ranch were ________ -owned. a.� Texan������������������������������� b.� Mexican c.� German����������������������������� d.� British 12. The Chicago-based syndicate that owned the XIT ranch received the land in exchange for: a.� building the state capitol ����������������������������� b.� building a railroad to Kansas c.� building the University of Texas d.� importing the first pureblood Hereford cattle into Texas 13. Abilene, Sweetwater, Big Spring, Midland, and Odessa came into being because of: a.� the railroad ��������������������� ������������������������������� b.� the Kansas cattle drives c�� the need to service army posts ������������������� d.� the spread of the cotton kingdom 14. George Wilkins Kendall is known for: a.� helping to establish the cattle kingdom in Texas ����� ���b.� helping to establish the sheep business in Texas c.� helping to bring the railroad to the Panhandle ��������� ���d.� building the state capitol 15. By the late nineteenth century, ________ had become the state's leading sheep and goat raising region. a.� the Rio GrandeValley�������������������� b.� the Panhandle c.� the Cross Timbers�������������������������� d.� the EdwardsPlateau 16. The cases of the Taylor-Sutton feud and John Wesley Hardin support the theory that a major cause of the violence that plagued late nineteenth-century Texas was: a.� animosity against the railroads ����������������������������������� b.� hatred of immigrants c.� conflicts between cattlemen and farmers ������������������ d.� the bitterness arising from the Civil War 17. ______ killed more than twenty men between 1868 and 1878, more than any other old-west outlaw. a.� Billy the Kid������������������������������������ b.� Jesse James c.� John Wesley Hardin���������������������� d.� Colt Younger 18. In 1891-1892, Catarino Garza used South Texas: a.� to publish a newspaper critical of the Democratic party b.� to rob stagecoaches c.� to establish the citrus industry d.� to launch an attempted revolution against Mexico 19. The Salt War of 1877 was a conflict between: a.� blacks and Anglos ���������������������������������������� b.� blacks and Mexican Americans c.� Mexican Americans and Anglos ���������������� d.� immigrants and natives 20. Sheepmen and cattlemen: a.� cooperated against their common enemy, the railroads b.� competed against each other to see who could pay the highest wages to hired hands c.� often mingled their herds to maximize profit d.� frequently came into violent conflict over grazing rights 21. Which of the following best describes the Texas Rangers in the post-Civil War period: a. a disciplined fighting force which performed most of the state's law-enforcement duties b. a small elite force used only for frontier defense against Indi�ans and foreign invasion c. an effective but often violent and lawless fighting force d. an elite unit under the command and control of the U.S. army 22. In 1900, how many Texas cities had a population greater than 50,000? a.� one������������������� b.� five ������������������ c.� ten�������������������� d.� twenty 23. The cattle trade of the 1860s and 1870s transformed __________ into one of the state's largest towns. a.� Houston���������� b.� Galveston ������� c.� Dallas��������������� d.� Fort Worth 24. A majority of Texas women in the late 19th century: a. worked in low-paying menial jobs b. worked until they were in their mid-twenties and then got married c. did not work outside the home d. were illiterate 25. The most popular religious denomination among Texas blacks was: a.� the Methodists������������������������������� b.� the Presbyterians c.� the Baptists��������������������� d.� the Pentecostals 26. The "buffalo soldiers" were: a. professional hunters hired by the U.S. army to slaughter the buffalo b. Texas Rangers c. black U.S. army troops d. cowboys on the great trail drives 27. At the end of the nineteenth century, the Mexican-American population of Texas: a. was overwhelmingly Texas-born b. was overwhelmingly Mexican-born c. was about equally divided between those born in Texas and Mexico 28. Among European ethnic groups in late nineteenth-century Texas, the most numerous were the: a.� Italians������������� b.� Irish ����������������� c.� Poles���������������� d.� Germans Chapter 8 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY 1. Why did agriculture remain the cornerstone of the Texas econo�my in the late nineteenth century, even though so many Texans wanted the state to industrialize? 2. Why is this chapter entitled "Texas in the Age of Agrarian Discontent?" 3. How do you explain the failure of third parties such as the Greenbackers and the Populists to dislodge the Democratic party from power in the late nineteenth century? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The principal method of financing railroad construction in late nineteenth-century Texas was: a. private financing by wealthy Texas ranchers and planters b. direct cash loans by the state government c. large land grants to the railroads by the state government d. low-interest federal loans to the railroads 2. Texas cities and counties: a. often refused to grant right-of-way to railroads that wanted to pass through their area b. resisted the offers of railroads to pass through their area because of their pollution and fire hazards� c. wanted railroads to pass through their area but could not afford to offer incentives to the railroads d. often granted subsidies and bonuses to railroads to get them to pass through their area 3. In terms of number of miles of railroad tracks, Texas went from twenty-eighth in the nation in 1872 to ___________ in the nation in 1904. a. first�������������������� b. tenth ���������������� c. twentieth�������������������������� d. thirtieth 4. Which of the following was NOT a common criticism of the railroads by Texans? a. railroads discriminated between shippers b. railroads charged more for long hauls than for short ones c. railroads granted free passes to political friends d. the railroads gave poor or inadequate service 5. ___________ fixed rates and eliminated competition in the Texas railroad industry in the 1880s. a. Richard Coke and Lawrence Sullivan Ross ��������������� b. John H. Reagan and James S. Hogg c. Collis P. Huntington and Jay Gould ���������������������������� d. Henry J. Lutcher and G. Bedell Moore 6. From 1882 on, farmers demanded that the state: a. revoke the railroads' charters and operate them as nonprofit corporations b. deregulate the railroads in order to lower freight rates c. prohibit foreign ownership of railroads d. create a railroad commission to regulate the railroads 7. Conflicts over land and water rights resulted in _________ in West Texas in the mid-1880s. a. construction of reservoirs���� b. frequent lawsuits���� c. a decline in population��� d. fence-cutting wars 8. Small-scale farming failed to gain much of a foothold in West Texas in the late 1800s because: a. farmers did not know how to produce crops in the arid environment b. the railroads already owned most of the good land and refused to sell it at any price c. the state charged exorbitantly high prices for the public lands d. farmers there had no way to keep the cattle out of their fields 9. Under the land legislation of the late nineteenth century, the bulk of the public lands went to: a.� small farmers �������������������������������������������������� b. small cattle and sheep ranchers��� c. large banks and commercial farmers ����������� d.� large ranchers and railroads 10. The first multimillion-dollar firm in Texas was a lumber company owned by: a. John Henry Kirby����������� b. James Stephen Hogg�������� c. John Ireland��������� d. Oran M. Roberts 11. In the lumber industry, African-American workers: a. were barred from holding jobs�� ������������������� b. comprised about one-third of the labor force c. held almost all the jobs ��������������������������������� d. held many of the highest-paid positions 12. The attitude of the timber-company owners toward organized labor could best be described as: a. mutually beneficial partnership����� b. grudging cooperation�������� c. hostile opposition 13. Which statement best describes industrial growth in nineteenth-century Texas? a. industry grew very little between 1870 and 1900 b. industry grew rapidly but Texas still remained far behind other industrial states c. industry grew rapidly and placed Texas in the first rank of industrial states 14. ____________ was the leading industrial center in Texas in 1905, with flour and grist milling and printing as its major industries. a. Dallas���������������� b. Houston ��������� ���c. Galveston���������������������� d. Beaumont 15. Before the development of the oil industry, the most important mineral resource in Texas was: a.� lead������������������� b. sulphur ������������ c. iron�������������������� d. coal 16. The most important labor union in late nineteenth-century Texas was: a.� the AFL-CIO �������������������������������������������������� b .the� International Workers of the World c.� the United Lumbermen's Union ������������������ d. the Knights of Labor 17. The Great Southwest Strike of 1886 was a strike against: a. the lumber monopoly of John H. Kirby ���������������������������������� b. the Galveston and Houston cotton compress companies c. large cattle ranchers in the Texas panhandle d. Jay Gould's railroad lines 18. In terms of dollar value, the most important cash crop in Texas in 1870, 1880, 1890, and 1900 was: a. corn������������������� b. wheat ��������������� c. oats������������������� d. cotton 19. Farming on "halves" means: a. farming on a 320-acre (half a section) farm b. paying half of one's cotton crop in rent c. planting half of one's crop in cotton, the other half in corn d. taking half of one's land out of cultivation in order to receive a government subsidy 20. Throughout the late nineteenth century, the state financed its prison system by: a. levying sales taxes on consumers b. levying property taxes on landowners c. selling bonds to build penitentiaries d. leasing out convict labor 21. ___________ opened its doors in 1876 as the first publicly supported college in Texas. a. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas ����������������� b. The Sam Houston Normal School c. AustinCollege ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� d. The University of Texas 22. After the death of Edmund J. Davis, the Republican party of Texas was led by ____________, an African-American. a. Lawrence Sullivan Ross������ b. George Clark������ c. Norris Wright Cuney������� d. Thomas L. Nugent 23. An agrarian reform party of the 1870s and 1880s favoring monetary inflation was: a. the Democratic party������ b. the Republican party ����� c. the Workingman's party��� d. the Greenback party 24. In the 1880s, the _________ replaced the Grange as the largest agrarian reform organization in Texas. a. the Farmers' Alliance������ b. the Patrons of Husbandry��� c. the Knights of Labor��� d. the Farmers' Union 25. The Alliance Exchange was established mainly to: a. help promote the Populist political agenda b. help farmers exchange outdated agricultural implements for more modern equipment c. help eliminate middlemen and extend credit to farmers d. revive the sagging membership of the Grange 26. The foremost reformer to occupy the governor's office in the late nineteenth century was: a.� A. J. Rose�������� b. Charles W. Macune ������ c. James Throckmorton������ d. James S. Hogg 27. ___________ advocated government ownership of railroads, abolition of the national banking system, and establishment of the subtreasury system. a. Populists���������� b. Grangers ���������� c. Redeemers�������� d. Greenbackers 28. Violence on the local level and "fusion" with the Democrats on the national level: a. brought the Republicans to power briefly in Texas b. resulted in the election of William Jennings Bryan to the presidency c. enabled the prohibitionists to pass a constitutional amendment banning alcohol d. destroyed the Populist movement 29. The passage of the poll tax in 1902: a. finally enabled the state to pay off the public debt b. resulted in the abolition of the convict lease system c. helped strengthen the Republican party in Texas d. disfranchised many poor whites and blacks Chapter 9 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY1. Although prosperity did not come to most Texans between 1900 and 1930, the economy did begin to modernize. Discuss the most important elements in that modernization process and identify the aspects in which Texas remained premodern. 2. The early twentieth century is often described as the lowest point in the history of race relations in the United States. Explain why this either does or does not hold true for Texas. 3. Discuss the major developments in literature and the arts in early twentieth-century Texas. What handicaps did creative people in Texas face? Would you characterize Texans' achievements as being greatest in the area of "high" culture or in popular culture? MULTIPLE CHOICE1. Captain A. F. Lucas, with financial backing from the Mellon interests, made the most important oil discovery in Texas history in Southeast Texas at: a. Katy�� b. Spindletop ������ c. Burkburnett������ d. Ranger 2. James Hogg and Ross Sterling were both: a. planters and railroad men ������������������������������������� b. financiers and factory owners c. cattle ranchers and university presidents ���������� d. governors and oilmen 3. In the 1920s, Texas was predominately: a. urban and industrial������������������������������� b. rural and agricultural 4. In 1913, which Texas city acquired one of the twelve national branches of the Federal Reserve System and took on the personality of a major financial and business center? a. San Antonio������������ b. Houston ���������� c. Dallas���������������� d. Fort Worth 5. The commission form of city government, first developed in ___________, served as a model for city reform that spread throughout the nation. a. Fort Worth��������������� b. Austin ������������� c. Amarillo������������ d. Galveston 6. In the 1920s, the number of women in the workforce: a. decreased��������� b. stayed the same ������������� c. increased 7. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, labor union membership in Texas: a. increased slightly������������ b. increased dramatically �� c. held steady������ d. declined 8. The Open Port Law allowed the governor to: a. intervene militarily to end strikes b. nullify federal import duties c. create a series of new ports on the Gulf Coast d. keep ports open year-round 9. Throughout the 1920s, Texas led all other states in: a. the number of banks established ������������������������ b. the number of railroads built c. the number of industrial jobs created ����������������� d. the amount of cotton grown 10. Between 1900 and 1929, the number of ______________ in Texas decreased, a sign that the Old West was passing. a. dairy cattle and mules������������������������������������ b. sheep and goats c. beef cattle and horses������������������������������������ d. oil wells and refineries 11. Between 1900 and 1920, most Texas cotton farmers: a. began growing crops other than cotton ���������������������������� b. dramatically increased their net income c. ceased being tenants and got out of debt ������������������������� d. remained poor 12. In 1929, ___________ Texas farms had electricity. a. all������������������������������� b. most ����������������� c. about half������������������������� d. very few 13. Which of the following best describes Texas roads in 1929? a. the majority of them were paved with concrete or asphalt b. about half of them were paved c. most were unpaved 14. During the first decades of the twentieth century, the size of the average Texas family: a. increased���������� b. stayed the same ������������� c. decreased 15. In the 1920s, black Texans: a. had a higher infant mortality rate and longer life expectancy than whites b. had a lower infant mortality rate and longer life expectancy than whites c. had a higher infant mortality rate and shorter life expectancy than whites d. had a lower infant mortality rate and shorter life expectancy than whites 16. _____________ had goals similar to those of the Farmers Alliance. a. The Knights of Labor����������������������������� b. The Farm Bureau c. The Farmers' Congress�������������������������� d. The Farmers' Union 17. In the 1927 Nixon v. Herndon case, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that _____________, prompting the legislature to declare the next year that political parties were private organizations. a. the poll tax was unconstitutional b. segregation was unconstitutional c. the Republican party could organize in Texas d. the state's all-white primary rule was unconstitutional 18. Between 1900 and 1910, over 100 black Texans: a. served as army officers ����������������������������������������� b. graduated from the University of Texas c. were elected mayors of Texas cities ���� d. were lynched 19. After a 1906 racial disturbance in Brownsville, President Theodore Roosevelt: a. desegregated the armed forces b. prohibited the enlistment of blacks in the armed forces c. dishonorably discharged 160 black soldiers d. had 84 black servicemen deported from the United States 20. Rural black farmers' organizations such as the Farmers' Improvement Society advocated: a. nonviolent protest b. accommodation and self-help c. direct confrontation with whites d. political action 21. Most urban blacks in Texas in the early twentieth century worked as: a. skilled craftsmen b. longshoremen and stevedores c. public employees such as firemen and policemen d. servants and unskilled laborers 22. The largest occupational group of black professionals were: a. ministers and teachers��������������������������� b. doctors and lawyers c. dentists and professors������������������������� d. bankers and stockbrokers 23. A black boxer from Galveston named ___________ was world heavyweight champion from 1908 to 1915, prompting the legislature to ban the showing of films of his fights. a. Rube Foster������������� b. Carter Wesley ���������������� c. Joe Frazier������������������������ d. Jack Johnson 24. Blind Lemon Jefferson and Huddie Ledbetter were pioneers of: a. black baseball leagues b. Texas blues music c. the black newspaper industry d. black education 25. In the early twentieth century, the majority of Tejanos earned their living as: a. urban laborers b. agricultural hands c. small merchants d. skilled craftsmen 26. Which of the following best describes LULAC? a. it was founded as a radical Tejano-rights organization b. it advocated Tejano separatism c. it was created to encourage the return of Tejanos to Mexico d. it has generally been moderate and accommodationist 27. After Mexicans, the largest white ethnic group in early twentieth-century Texas was: a. Jews�������������������������� b. Germans ���������� c. Polish���������������� d. Italians 28. ________ taught the first college course on Texas history and organized the state historical association. a. George P. Garrison������������������ b. Francis R. Lubbock c. Katherine Anne Porter��������������������������� d. William C. Brann 29. Several of the state's most distinguished fiction writers, including Katherine Anne Porter, Dorothy Scarborough, and Ruth Cross, ______________________ to practice their craft. a. joined the faculty at the University of Texas b. moved to the East Coast c. retired to isolated farms in West Texas 30. Elizabeth Ney earned fame as: a. an opera singer b. an actress c. a painter d. a sculptor Chapter 10 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY1. In the 1920s, demographic changes created tensions between rural and urban Americans as more and more people moved from farms to the cities.� How did these tensions manifest themselves in Texas? 2. While Texas progressivism successfully enacted many reforms, it also had its limitations and failures.� Identify and explain those limitations and failures. 3. How do you explain the appeal of James and Miriam Ferguson? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following does NOT describe Southern Progressivism? a. it took place within the Democratic party b. it was an indigenous Texas movement c. it strove for expanded minority rights d. it placed emphasis on social control 2. Forces under the leadership of ___________ fought for increased railroad regulation in the first years of the twentieth century. a. Col. Edward M. House������������������� b. Gov. S. W. T. Lanham c. Gov. Joseph Sayers������������������������ d. ex-Gov. James Hogg 3. The 1903 and 1905 Terrell Election Laws: a. helped eliminate fraud in elections b. extended the right to vote to African Americans and Tejanos c. abolished the poll tax d. abolished political primaries 4. The Waters-Pierce Oil Company was ousted from Texas because: a. it was partially controlled by the Standard Oil trust (of New Jersey) b. it had knowingly polluted the environment in Southeast Texas c. its officials had lied about the amount of oil they produced in the state d. Senator Joseph Weldon Bailey conducted a political campaign against it 5. Elected in 1906, the most reform-minded state government in Texas history was led by Governor: a. Thomas M. Campbell����� b. Joseph Sayers ��������������� �����c. Joseph Weldon Bailey�������������� d. Oscar Colquitt 6. Tensions ran high in South Texas after 1910 because of: a. the severe drought and resulting unemployment of farm workers b. the disruptions caused by the Mexican Revolution c. the rapid industrialization and resulting labor unrest of the region d. political battles over prohibition 7. By 1920, in comparison with other southern states, Texas ranked ___________ in literacy. a. First��������������� b. fifth ������������������ c. ninth������������������ d. last 8. _______ were created in Denton, San Marcos, Alpine, and Commerce between 1899 and 1917. a. Research universities �������������������� b. Agricultural experiment stations � c. Technical institutes ����������������������� d. Normal schools 9. Which of the following was NOT an element in progressive agricultural reform? a. the establishment of demonstration farms b. the creation of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station c. agricultural vocational training in public schools d. low-interest government loans to farmers to buy modern equipment 10. ____________ made the state prison system more humane but more expensive to operate. a. The creation of forty new state district courts b. The abolition of electrocution as a method of capital punishment c. The abolition of the convict lease system d. The requirement that prison guards hold college degrees 11. The Texas Forestry Association: a. was a monopolistic cartel of timber companies b. lobbied to bring lumber mills to Texas c. lobbied the legislature to build roads into timber areas d. worked for conservation of the state's forests 12. A political unknown, James Ferguson won the governorship in 1914 on a platform promising relief to: a. railroads������������ b. urban labor ����� c. the liquor interests���������� d. tenant farmers 13. A movement to impeach James Ferguson picked up strength after he vetoed state appropriations for the: a. University of Texas��� �������������������� b. State Highway Department�� c. Texas Forestry Association ��������� d. Texas Brewers' Association 14. The majority of the actual charges that resulted in the impeachment of James Ferguson were related to: a.���� his opposition to women's suffrage ������������������������ b. his firing of university administrators c. his support of prohibition ���������������������������������������� d. his financial wrongdoing 15. James Ferguson returned to political power by: a. winning election to the U.S. senate b. getting his wife elected governor c. persuading the supreme court to overturn his conviction d. resigning from office and then winning re-election to the governor's office 16. Texas progressives played a major role in the nomination and administration of President: a. William McKinley��� b. Theodore Roosevelt���� c. William Howard Taft��� d. Woodrow Wilson 17. Texas was the first southern state to ratify the amendment to the U.S. Constitution granting: a. citizenship to blacks �������������������������������������� b. amnesty to illegal aliens c. the right to vote to 18-year-olds ������������������ d. the right to vote to women 18. In the prohibition battles of the early twentieth century, dry strength was centered in: a. North Texas����� b. South Texas ���� c. the Hill Country��������������� d. San Antonio 19. The dominant issue in Texas politics between 1908 and 1920 was: a. education reform �������������������������������������������� b. regulating the oil industry ������������ c. the manufacture and sale of alcohol ����������� d. minority voting rights 20. The entry of the U.S. into World War I resulted in: a. the creation of the Texas Brewers' Association b. the granting of expanded rights to black soldiers c. legalization of alcohol everywhere in Texas d. discrimination against German Texans 21. ____________ took place in Port Arthur and Longview in 1919. a. Race riots��������� b. Book burnings ������������������������������� c. lynchings��������� d. Labor strikes 22. Governors William P. Hobby and Pat M. Neff are best described as: a. liberal crusaders������������������������������ b. antiprohibitionists c. social activists��������������������������������� d. business progressives 23. Pat Neff's relationship with the legislature and his overall effectiveness suffered because of: a. scandals associated with his closest advisors b. his overemphasis on enforcing prohibition laws c. his attempts to destroy the Ku Klux Klan d. his opposition to good roads and state parks 24. In the early 1920s, _____________ recruited extensively in the white middle class. a. the Ku Klux Klan b. the Texas Brewers' Association c. the Socialist party d. the Roman Catholic Church 25. Which of the following best describes the goals of religious fundamentalists in the 1920s? a. they sought to attract new industry to the state in order to increase church membership b. they opposed prohibition laws because they viewed drinking as an individual moral choice c. they strongly opposed the Ku Klux Klan because it gave protestants a bad name d. they sought to uphold rural values in a rapidly urbanizing society 26. In the 1920s, religious fundamentalists made several attempts to ban: a. the Standard Oil Company from doing business in Texas b. the Ku Klux Klan from marching in public parades c. prayer in public schools d. the teaching of evolution in public schools 27. Which of the following best describes Miriam Ferguson's gubernatorial administration of 1925-1927? a. inspired by business progressivism b. controlled by the Ku Klux Klan c. clouded by ethical problems d. dominated by prohibitionists 28. Which of the following best describes Dan Moody's gubernatorial administration? a. he successfully defeated most progressive reform proposals b. he championed the reforms of business progressivism but had little success achieving them c. he became the most successful of all of the business progressive governors of the twentieth century 29. Many Texas Democrats opposed the Democratic party's 1928 presidential nominee, Al Smith, because: a. he was a Catholic b. he was a former Republican c. he was a prohibitionist d. he was a member of the Klan 30. Business progressivism collapsed because of: a. the corruption of Governors Hobby and Neff, which discredited the movement b. the impeachment of its greatest champion, James Ferguson c. the embarrassment caused it by the Ku Klux Klan d. the Great Depression, which made business goals less attractive Chapter 11 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY1. What parts of the New Deal appealed most to a majority of Texans?� What parts of it did many Texans oppose?� How do you explain that opposition? 2. How did New Deal legislation help members of minority groups in Texas?� What were its limitations? 3. Compare the political careers of W. Lee O'Daniel and Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1930s. Which man's career seemed more in keeping with Texas political tradition? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. After voting for Herbert Hoover in 1928, a large majority of Texans supported _____________ for president in 1932. a. Warren G. Harding���������� b. Woodrow Wilson ���������� c. Calvin Coolidge��������������� d. Franklin Roosevelt 2. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the New Deal? a. it brought the country out of the Great Depression b. it transformed the national economy from a capitalist to a socialist system c. it used the resources of the federal government to attack the problems of poverty and despair d. a majority of Texans opposed it and its creator 3. The 1929 stock market crash: a. caused tens of thousands of bankruptcies in Texas b. badly hurt Texas tenant farmers c. made agrarian Texans feel sorry for the eastern financial establishment d. did not immediately affect most Texans 4. Private charities in Texas cities: a. carried most of the burden of relief throughout the Great Depression b. received large infusions of financial aid from the state government to continue their work c. quickly proved inadequate to the task of providing sufficient relief to the unemployed 5. During the early part of the Great Depression, some cities in West Texas organized ____________ to help feed the unemployed. a. food stamp programs��������������������� b. rabbit hunts c. canned-food drives������������������������ d. municipal bond issues 6. Before being elected governor, Ross Sterling was: a. president of Mobil Oil Company ����������������� b. chairman of the Railroad Commission c. mayor of Dallas ���������������������������������������������� d. president of the A.& M.College 7. First tapped in 1930, one of the greatest oil discoveries in history was located in the area surrounding: a. Kilgore�������������� b. Beaumont �������� c. Odessa�������������� d. Lufkin 8. The Railroad Commission began prorating oil production in East Texas because: a. overproduction threatened to deplete the field too soon b. too much money was being wasted because of careless production methods c. overproduction threatened the environment d. overproduction threatened to ruin the market for oil 9. Ross Sterling sent troops to East Texas to control trafficking in: a. illegal drugs����� b. hot oil �������������� c. bootleg liquor������������������ d. prostitution 10. State plans to limit the production of cotton in the early 1930s: a. were enthusiastically supported by Governor Sterling b. were successful in Texas but failed to win support in Louisiana c. were effectively enforced by the Railroad Commission d. were ineffective 11. Ross Sterling suffered political damage that cost him re-election in 1932 because of: a. his anti-labor and anti-Civil Rights positions b. his attempts to regulate cotton and oil production c. his endorsement by the Ku Klux Klan and the John Birch Society d. his opposition to the major oil companies and banks 12. �Ma" Ferguson's second gubernatorial administration: a. was tainted by charges of corruption b. ended when the legislature impeached her c. doubled state taxes in order to provide poor-relief and balance the budget d. opposed all New Deal legislation and broke with the Roosevelt administration 13. ___________ was a Texas congressman and speaker of the house before becoming Franklin D. Roosevelt's first vice president. a. John Nance Garner��������� b. W. Lee O'Daniel ������������� c. Martin Dies������ d. Lyndon Johnson 14. Houston banker Jesse Jones exercised enormous power in Washington and helped save the nations' banking system as chairman of the: a. Reconstruction Finance Corporation ��������� b. House Banking Committee c. Federal Reserve Bank of Houston �������������� d. Congress of Industrial Organizations 15. Congressman Maury Maverick, a liberal New Dealer, later became: a. an opponent of Roosevelt ���������������������������� b. ambassador to Mexico c. vice president of the United States ������������� d. mayor of San Antonio 16. Among major Texas politicians, the most consistent supporters of Roosevelt and the New Deal were: a. Patman, Johnson, and Rayburn ������������������� b. Dies, Stevenson, and O'Daniel c. Garner, Moody, and Sumners ���������������������� d. Kirby, Ferguson, and Sterling 17. Which of the following best describes the effect of New Deal banking legislation in Texas? a. it increased the number of small banks b. it made the banking system even more unstable than before c. it helped the banking industry by removing government legislation and increasing competition d. it created stability by strengthening the larger banks 18. What effect did the Wagner Act have in Texas? a. it enabled labor unions to begin organizing in the GulfCoast refining and defense industries b. it gave the Railroad Commission power to prorate oil production c. it oversaw the construction of hundreds of schools, libraries, parks, and other public works projects d. it made direct cash payments to the unemployed 19. The CWA, WPA, CCC, and NYA all were New Deal agencies that: a. provided employment to the unemployed ����������������� b. provided loans and subsidies to farmers c. overhauled the nation's banking system ������������������� d. helped to rebuild heavy industry 20. The 26-year-old LBJ served the Roosevelt administration for two years as state director of the: a. Red Cross �������������������������������������������������������� b. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas ��� � c. National Youth Administration ������������������� d. Postal Service 21. In Texas, the Agricultural Adjustment Act: a. failed to help to plight of farmers b. helped farmers to increase their production of cotton c. eliminated all government assistance to farmers d. greatly reduced the amount of cotton produced 22. The New Deal helped induce most African Americans to switch their political allegiance to: a. the Republicans�������������� b. the Democrats c. the Populists�������������������� d. the Socialists 23. LULAC's principal purpose was to: a. secure equal pay for women b. end the segregation of African Americans in Texas c. fight discrimination against Texas Mexicans d. lobby the federal government for farm subsidies 24. As governor, ______________ strongly supported the New Deal and cooperated closely with federal programs for combating the Depression. a. John H. Kirby������������������ b. James V. Allred �������������� c. W. Lee O'Daniel�������������� c. Coke Stevenson 25. Hatton Sumners in the House and John Nance Garner in the Senate combined to defeat what plan of Roosevelt's in 1937? a. the plan to increase the number of Supreme Court justices b. the plan to create the National Youth Administration c. the plan to name Harry Truman as his running mate d. the plan to fund the Texas centennial celebration 26. _______________ led the new southern Democrat-Republican coalition that opposed further expansion of New Deal programs in the late 1930s. a. Sam Rayburn������������������� b. Wright Patman ��������������� c. James Allred�������������������� d. John Nance Garner 27. Martin Dies, an early supporter of the New Deal, later exercised power in Congress as chairman of the: a. Joint Chiefs of Staff ������������������������������������������������������� b. House Appropriations Committee c. Reconstruction Finance Corporation ������������������������� d. House Un-American Activities Committee 28. W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel became prominent in Texas (and was later elected governor) because of his popularity as a: a. sports hero������� b. radio personality ������������ c. movie actor���������������������� d. rodeo cowboy 29. During Coke Stevenson's World War II gubernatorial administration, Texas: a. greatly expanded civil rights for African Americans b. became known as a pro-organized labor state c. raised taxes and greatly expanded state services d. erased its state debt and amassed a budget surplus 30. Which of the following does NOT describe the Texas Regulars in 1944? a. they supported Franklin Roosevelt's re-election campaign b. they supported white supremacy c. they opposed communism d. they opposed the New Deal Chapter 12 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY1. Most historians believe that World War II did more than the New Deal to end the Great Depression.� Does the experience of Texas in the 1940s support this argument? 2. Discuss the legal steps taken in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s to end segregation and discrimination against African Americans and Mexican Americans.� Why did the civil rights movement rely so heavily on test cases in the courts? 3. In what ways did the rising affluence of the state change the ways Texans spent their leisure time? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following best describes the impact of World War II on Texas? a. it helped to prolong the Great Depression b. it had little impact except on those who entered the armed services c. it brought prosperity to the state 2. What effect did the war have on industrialization in Texas? a. the war retarded industrialization b. the war had little effect on industrialization c. the war greatly accelerated industrialization 3. The "most decorated" soldier in the U.S. Army in World War II was Texan: a. Lyndon Johnson b. Gene Autry c. Alvin York d. Audie Murphy 4. During the war, Oveta Culp Hobby of Houston: a. ran the Houston Chronicle b. served as lieutenant governor of Texas c. managed a munitions plant in Houston d. commanded the Women's Army Corps 5. Which of the following best describes the experience of black troops during the war? a. they were generally treated as equals by white soldiers b. they rarely were assigned to bases in Texas because of the hot climate and opposition of southern congressmen c. most of them were dismissed from the service for demanding equal pay d. they generally endured segregated facilities and discrimination in order to serve their country 6. Texas was the location of over thirty: a. submarine bases b. aircraft carrier fleets c. prisoner-of-war camps d. helicopter factories 7. A new industry that helped to turn the GulfCoast into the home of the world's largest petrochemical industry was: a. poison gas b. nuclear weapons fuel c. synthetic rubber d. biological warfare agents 8. During the 1940s, the number of wage earners in the state: a. declined sharply b. increased sharply c. remained constant 9. Which of the following best describes public support for the war effort in Texas ? a. most Texans cooperated enthusiastically with the war effort b. rural Texans tended to support the war effort while urban Texans opposed it c. older Texans tended to support the war effort while younger Texans opposed it d. white Texans tended to support the war effort while minorities tended to oppose it 10. During World War II, Texas farms: a. became larger, more numerous, and more valuable b. became larger, fewer, and more valuable c. became smaller, fewer, and less valuable d. became smaller, more numerous, and less valuable 11. During World War II, the center of the cotton industry shifted: a. to the trans-Pecos and EdwardsPlateau b. to East Texas and Central Texas c. to South Texas and the High Plains d. to the Hill Country and the Big Bend 12. By 1950, Houston had become the ______ -leading port in the nation. a. 2nd b. 8th c. 18th d. 25th 13. The state's economy was helped by the establishment of _____________ near Houston in 1961. a. the navy's largest military shipyard b. the manned-spacecraft center c. General Motors' largest automobile factory d. the nation's first nuclear-weapons plant 14. By the 1960s, a majority of black Texans lived in: a. rural East Texas b. inner cities c. the suburbs d. South and West Texas 15. Passed in 1947, the state's "right to work" law: a. guaranteed all Texans a job b. guaranteed all Texans the right to join a Union c. made it illegal for an employer to discriminate against minorities in hiring practices d. made it illegal to require a worker to join a union 16. Postwar labor unions enjoyed the greatest success in: a. GulfCoast refineries b. East Texas lumber mills c. high-tech industries such as electronics d. the citrus industry of the Rio GrandeValley 17. ___________ revolutionized the cotton farm, making farming more of a. a large-scale, capital-intensive business and less of a family-centered enterprise b. Labor unions c. The mechanical cotton picker d. The availability of Mexican migrant labor 18. In July 1954, state, county, and federal authorities implemented "Operation Wetback," which: a. stocked the lakes of East Texas with gamefish b. built public swimming pools in poor neighborhoods c. built deep-water ports along the Texas coast d. rounded up and deported suspected illegal immigrants 19. In the postwar decades, the divorce rate in Texas : a. Decreased b. increased 20. The Gilmer-Aiken laws of 1949: a. reorganized and modernized the public school system b. made the state more receptive to organized labor c. encouraged high-tech industries to locate in Texas d. struck down the poll tax and white primaries 21. The passage by Congress of the G.I. Bill of Rights resulted in: a. the rapid growth of higher education in Texas b. the rapid growth of defense contracts in Texas c. the election of veterans to political offices in Texas d. the employment of veterans in the aerospace industry 22. The 1948 Hernandez v. Bastrop Independent School District case ruled that: a. Mexican Americans could not be denied voting rights b. Mexicans could not be deported without a hearing c. public schools were required to hire Mexican-American teachers d. segregated schools for Mexican American were unconstitutional 23. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the 1950 Sweatt v. Painter case that: a. the University of Texas Law School must be integrated b. the AFL-CIO labor union could not exclude blacks because of race c. state agencies must hire minority employees d. segregation in higher education was legal as long as blacks had "separate but equal" facilities 24. The largest protestant religious denomination in postwar Texas was: a. the Baptists b. the Methodists c. the Presbyterians d. the Episcopalians 25. Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias of Beaumont gained fame as: a. the first black woman to enter the University of Texas b. the worlds' greatest woman athlete c. the first Texas woman in the U.S. Senate d. the first female to own a professional baseball team 26. Following the example of jazz great Benny Goodman, ___________� employed a string section in his band to create the music known as a. �western swing." b. Buddy Holly c. Roy Orbison d. Bob Wills e. Tex Ritter 27. Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, and Jerry Jeff Walker made what Texas city a well-known music center in the 1960s? a. Austin b. Lubbock c. El Paso d. Corpus Christi 28. What organization publishes the Southwestern Historical Quarterly and The Handbook of Texas? a. the TexasState Library b. the Texas Institute of Letters c. the TexasState Historical Association d. the Texas Folklore Society 29. ___________ earned a reputation as one of the nation's leading historians with his 1931 book, The Great Plains? a. Alan Lomax b. Walter Prescott Webb c. Roy Bedichek d. J. Frank Dobie 30. The state's best-known modern novelist, who won a Pulitzer Prize for Lonesome Dove, is: a. Dan Jenkins b. Larry L. King c. Larry McMurtry d. John Graves Chapter 13 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY1. From Lyndon Johnson's early days in Congress through his presidency, he had a major impact on Texas politics. Discuss that impact, focusing on the shifting political and ideological Positions that Johnson took over the years. 2. Describe the political gains achieved by women and minorities in Texas in the 1960s and 1970s. How did these gains change party politics in the state? 3. Explain the significance of JohnTower in Texas political history. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ___________ was a former University of Texas president who ran for governor in 1946 with the support of labor, minorities, and other liberals. a. Beauford Jester b. Allan Shivers��� c. Homer Rainey��� d. Coke Stevenson 2. The term, "Texas Establishment," refers to: a. the owners of Texas independent oil producers b. conservative businessmen and state leaders of the Democratic party c. academics and liberal Democratic politicians d. influential alumni of the University of Texas and Texas A&M 3. The Fiftieth Legislature established Texas Southern University and expanded graduate education at Prairie View A&M in an attempt to: a. train more qualified teachers for the newly integrated public schools b. thwart Heman Sweatt's application to enter the University of Texas c. boost the local economies of Houston and Hempstead d. hasten the integration of public universities in Texas 4. The Texas Regulars and other southern conservatives defected from the Democratic party in 1948 and formed the ___________, which nominated Strom Thurmond for president. a. Republicans b. Libertarians c. Union Labor party d. Dixiecrats 5. __________ distanced himself from organized labor and civil rights and won a controversial election to the U.S. senate in 1948. a. Lyndon Johnson b. Beauford Jester c. Coke Stevenson d. Pappy O'Daniel 6. Sam Rayburn served as ___________ during most of the period from 1955 until 1961, exercising great power in Washington. a. Speaker of the House b. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court c. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff d. Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board 7. Under the guidance of O. B. Ellis, what agency of the state government was modernized and made more efficient in the 1950s? a. the state court system b. the state prison system c. the state welfare system d. the state parks and wildlife department 8. Allan Shivers greatly enlarged the powers of the office of: a. lieutenant governor b. governor c. speaker of the house d. state supreme court justice 9. The Tidelands controversy was a disagreement between Texas and the federal government over: a. oil rights off the Texas coast b. pollution regulations along the coast c. protection of endangered species in coastal wetlands d. the development of the Intracoastal Waterway 10. In 1952 conservative Democrat Allan Shivers won control of the Democratic party state executive committee and endorsed ___________ for president. a. Eisenhower b. Truman c. Stevenson d. Dewey 11. An East Texas judge, ___________, emerged as the leader of Texas liberals in the 1950s. a. Price Daniel b. Alan Shivers c. Lyndon Johnson d. Ralph Yarborough 12. In 1956, Democratic voters and the state legislature overwhelmingly: a. opposed integration b. endorsed a state income tax c. favored abolishing the poll tax d. opposed the state's right-to-work law 13. Texas liberals were bitter toward Lyndon Johnson from the mid-1950s into the 1960s because: a. Johnson opposed women's rights issues in the senate b. Johnson supported Republican candidates for president c. Johnson denounced the Brown v. Board of Education decision d. Johnson supported Price Daniel's wing of the state Democratic party instead of Yarborough's 14. John F. Kennedy was able to carry Texas and win the presidency in 1960 because: a. Texans approved of his Roman Catholic religious beliefs b. Lyndon Johnson and Sam Rayburn supported him in the primaries c. Allan Shivers organized the "Texans for Kennedy" d. he chose Lyndon Johnson as his running mate 15. In 1961 JohnTower became the first: a. Texan to sit on the U.S. Supreme Court b. African American to graduate from the University of Texas law school c. liberal to be elected governor since James V. Allred d. Republican senator from Texas since Reconstruction 16. John F. Kennedy was assassinated in: a. Houston b. San Antonio c. Dallas d. Fort Worth 17. __________ was a former Johnson aide who was elected governor in 1962 and wounded in the Kennedy assassination. a. Ralph Yarborough b. John Connally c. JohnTower d. Price Daniel 18. LBJ's "Great Society": a. opposed the further expansion of civil rights for minorities b. attempted to make peace with Communist regimes in China and the Soviet Union c. called for lower taxes and less government regulation d. greatly expanded government social programs 19. President George Bush's first elective office was: a. governor of Texas b. U.S. senator from Texas c. attorney general of the United States d. congressman from Houston 20. In 1970, ____________, a conservative millionaire, defeated Ralph Yarborough in the Democratic primary and George Bush in the general election to become U.S. senator from Texas. a. Lloyd Bentsen b. Bill Clements c. John Connally d. Richard Nixon 21. The Supreme Court decisions in Baker v. Carr in 1962 and Reynolds v. Sims in 1964 ruled that: a. segregation would be prohibited in public schools b. Johnson could not run for president again c. the state legislature must be apportioned on a one man, one vote basis d. large cities must elect candidates on an at-large basis 22. State and local voting restrictions were outlawed and federal election monitoring was provided for by the: a. Terrell Election Law of 1905 b. Smith v. Allright decision c. Roe v. Wade decision d. Voting Rights Act of 1965 23. In 1966, Barbara Jordan became the first: a. woman mayor of San Antonio b. African-American woman in the state senate c. woman to hold a federal cabinet appointment d. woman to run for governor of Texas 24. Which of the following best describes the desegregation of most Texas hotels, theaters, and restaurants? a. they desegregated only after civil rights organization obtained court orders b. they desegregated only after violent demonstrations threatened to shut them down c. they closed down rather than desegregate d. fear of bad publicity or lost business caused most of them to desegregate voluntarily 25. After 1965, __________ became the slogan of many young African Americans in Texas . a. �black power" b. "peaceful resistance" c. "nonviolent protest" d. "segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" 26. Mexican Americans signaled their unwillingness to be ruled by an Anglo minority in 1963 when: a. they elected Henry B. Gonzalez governor of Texas b. they elected Henry Cisneros mayor of San Antonio c. they elected an all-Mexican-American slate of candidates to the city council of Crystal City d. they occupied the state capitol and the governor's mansion in Austin 27. Texas lawyer Sarah Weddington successfully argued the Roe v. Wade case, in which the U.S. Supreme Court: a. overturned state laws that banned abortions b. ruled that minorities must be represented in city and county governments c. outlawed employment discrimination against homosexuals d. returned offshore oil drilling rights to the state 28. Elected state treasurer in 1982, ____________ was the first woman elected to statewide office in fifty years. a. Betty Friedan b. Ann Richards c. Frances Farenthold d. Kay Bailey Hutchison 29. In the early 1970s, ____________ led to a massive turnover in the state legislature, conviction of several state officials, and calls for reform. a. the Iran-Contra affair b. the Watergate scandal c. the Tidelands controversy d. the Sharpstown scandal Chapter 14 Review, The History of Texas ESSAY1. What new demands will be made on the state government in the coming years?� What changes will have to be made if the government is to succeed in meeting those demands? 2. As Texas enters the twenty-first century, the numbers of racial and ethnic minority-group members and of the elderly will be greater than ever.� How are these demographic changes likely to affect state politics? 3. No issue has been more important and controversial in the 1980s and 1990s than education.� Why has education been such a major issue?� What new challenges does the state face in its efforts to educate its citizens? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Demographers predict that by the early twenty-first century, Anglos will comprise what proportion of the Texas population? a. 90 percent b. three-quarters c. two-thirds d. less than half 2. The dominant characteristic of the transition in the population of Texas over the next twenty years will be: a. the increase in the number of Latinos b. the increase in the native-born white population c. the overall decline in the total population d. the decline of Asian immigration 3. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986: a. ended all Asian immigration to the United States b. gave illegal Hispanic immigrants six months to leave the country c. offered amnesty to Hispanics living illegally in the U.S. before 1982 d. curtailed immigration for all except those designated "political refugees" 4. The economic boom of the 1970s and the bust of the 1980s were both caused by fluctuations in the world price of: a. oil b. cattle c. timber d. cotton 5. Approximately what percent of Texans in 1993 were farmers or ranchers? a. 1.3 percent b. 10.5 percent c. 41.4 percent d. 60.8 percent 6. Which of the following best describes the rural/urban mix of Texas today? a. mostly rural b. slightly more rural than urban c. slightly more urban than rural d. mostly urban 7. What sector of the Texas economy generates the most jobs today? a. small businesses b. multinational corporations c. farming and ranching d. county and local government 8. Which area of Texas has enjoyed the greatest economic growth in the past thirty years? a. the Dallas-Fort Worth/San Antonio-Austin/Houston triangle b. East Texas c. far West Texas d. the Rio GrandeValley 9. Which of the following best describes the efforts to create a comprehensive water plan for the state? a. few state leaders have recognized the need for such a plan b. East Texans have supported such plans, but West Texans have opposed them c. the Texas Water plan largely solved the state's water problems d. budgetary problems and regional rivalries have frustrated the state's efforts to solve its water problems 10. Which of the following has traditionally been the LEAST-favored method of raising revenue for the state government? a. "sin taxes" (cigarettes, alcohol, etc.) b. the sales tax c. state income tax d. severance taxes on oil and gas 11. The _____________ tax has discouraged many businesses from entering Texas because it taxes capital investment. a. sales b. personal income c. severance d. franchise 12. �Snowbirds" are: a. Midwesterners who live in the Rio GrandeValley in the wintertime b. large flocks of white geese that attract hunters to the GulfCoast c. cocaine addicts in the big-city ghettos d. affluent Texans who flock to the Colorado and New Mexico ski resorts for wintertime recreation 13. In the 1980s, the infant mortality rates for African-American children in the inner cities of Dallas and Houston and for Tejanos in the Rio GrandeValley were: a. lower than the rate for whites b. the same as the rate for whites c. about the same as the rate in the industrialized nations of western Europe d. comparable to the rate in some Third World countries 14. In the 1970s and 1980s, where has Texas generally ranked in terms of welfare assistance to the poor? a. among the top ten most-generous states b. at about the national average c. among the ten least-generous states 15. Which of the following best describes Texas families in the 1990s: a. most families are composed of two parents and their children b. single-parent families are rare c. the family has changed little since World War II d. no single description describes Texas families 16. In a majority of modern Texas two-parent households: a. the adult male works and the adult female is a housewife b. both adults work outside the home 17. Members of which ethnic group are least likely to graduate from high school and least likely to complete college? a. Anglos b. Hispanics c. African-Americans d. Asians 18. The school reform legislation of 1984 known as House Bill 72, which included the controversial "no pass-no play" provision, was devised by a committee headed by: a. Ross Perot b. Bill Clements c. Henry B. Gonzales d. Jim Hightower 19. In the late 1980s, courts ruled the state school system unconstitutional because: a. most schools remained illegally segregated b. school funding was vastly unequal from one district to another c. too many teachers lacked proper teaching certification d. too many students failed state-mandated exams 20. Opposition to education reform and concern over higher taxes resulted in Bill Clements's 1986 gubernatorial victory over: a. Ann Richards b. Jim Mattox c. Mark White d. Bill Hobby 21. By the late 1980s, Anglos comprised approximately what percent of the student enrollment in the Houston and Dallas public schools? a. 20 percent b. 40 percent c. 60 percent d. 80 percent 22. As a result of a 1984 law, the Permanent University Fund, valued at over $2 billion, can be drawn upon by: a. all state institutions of higher learning b. all four-year and graduate colleges c. all colleges in the Texas A&M and University of Texas systems d. all colleges in the Southwest Conference 23. LULAC, the G.I. Forum, and several other groups brought suit against the state in 1987, demanding: a. the admission of more Hispanics to Texas A&M and the University of Texas b. the hiring of more Hispanic faculty at state universities c. the ending of segregation in campus housing at state universities d. the expansion of higher education institutions and programs in the Rio GrandeValley 24. As a result of the Ruiz v. Estelle lawsuit, a federal judge ordered sweeping reforms in the: a. state prison system b. state university system c. state welfare system d. state legislature 25. In 1993, about ______________ of Texans said that they attended church regularly, a figure that exceeded the national average by 10 percent. a. 15 b. 45 c. 65 d. 85 26. Conservative religious fundamentalists have generally allied themselves with which political party? a. Democratic b. Republican c. Libertarian d. Socialist 27. In 1978 ____________ became the first Republican to win the Texas governorship since Reconstruction. a. Mark White b. Bill Clements c. John Tower d. George Bush 28. In the 1980s and 1990s, a majority of Hispanic Texans supported which political party? a. Democratic b. Republican c. Libertarian d. Socialist 29. With the election of George W. Bush to the governorship and Phil Gramm and Kay Bailey Hutchison to the U.S. Senate, __________ held more high offices in Texas than ever before. a. Democrats b. Republicans c. Libertarians d. Independents 30. Which of the following was NOT a factor in the defeat of Ann Richards by George W. Bush in the 1994 gubernatorial election. a. a well-run campaign by Bush b. the perception that Richards was soft on crime c. a sharp downturn in the economy d. the growing popularity of the Republican party in Texas Which statement best describes how the majority of the Southern slaveholding elite in the 1830s had acquired their wealth?Which statement best describes how the majority of the southern slaveholding elite in the 1830s had acquired their wealth? Almost all slave owners had inherited their wealth.
Which best describes where the wealthy tended to live in late nineteenth century urban areas?Which best describes where the wealthy tended to live in late-nineteenth-century urban areas? They scattered, buying up prime real estate all over the city.
What was true of the South and slavery in nineteenth century America?What was true of the South and slavery in nineteenth-century America? The Old South had developed into the largest and most powerful slave society the modern world has known. In the nineteenth century, which product was the world's major crop produced by slave labor?
What motivated most nineteenth century immigrants to leave their homes?What motivated most nineteenth-century immigrants to leave their homes? The search for better jobs than the ones they held at home.
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Which of the following term best describes the elite of the South during the late nineteenth century
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