Which of the following statements regarding education in the united states is/are true?

Study guide for exam # 4 (Chapters 12, 13, 15)There are only 95 questions in this study guide, instead of the usual 100. You will still have100 questions in the Exam. By now, you know how to use the study guide. You do not haveto use the guide; you can simply study the chapters and the notes if you prefer.Reminder: This is the last study guide for this class; there is no study guide for the final,which is Exam 5.Good luck!1.The social institution responsible for transmitting knowledge, skills, and cultural valuesin a formally organized structure is:2.All of the following statements regarding education in the United States are true,EXCEPT:3.Functionalists believe that education:4.Manifest functions:5.The major manifest functions of education are:6.All of the following are latent functions of education, EXCEPT:7.The fact that schools are responsible for identifying the most qualified people to fillavailable positions in society is known as a ________ of education.8.The fact that schools are responsible for teaching students the student role, specificacademic subjects, and political socialization is known as a ________ of education.9.The fact that schools are responsible for teaching such values as discipline, respect,obedience, punctuality, and perseverance is known as a ________ of education.10. The fact that schools transmit cultural norms and values to each new generation and playa major role in assimilation is known as a ________ of education.

The Union list has 100 subjects.

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The state legislature makes laws on the subject in the union list.

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The State list initially consisted of 71 subjects.

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The Concurrent list has 52 subjects.

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Solution

The correct options are A The Union list has 100 subjects. C The State list initially consisted of 71 subjects.The Union list has 100 subjects. Only the union legislature can make laws regarding the items on this list. The State list initially consisted of 61 subjects, which include public order in the state, police, prisons, local governments, agriculture, and so on. The state legislatures can only decide on these issues. There is a third list called the Concurrent list, which has 52 subjects including criminal and civil procedures, marriage and divorce, economic and social planning, newspapers, population control, and so on.

The exposure assessment as part of the clinical assessment of a patient exposed or potentially exposed to hazardous substances generally relies on three tools:

  1. the exposure history,
  2. diagnostic testing of blood, urine, or other body fluids or tissues from the exposed person, and
  3. environmental testing.

After compiling a list of chemicals to which the child may have been exposed, you may find it necessary to perform testing. Diagnostic medical laboratory testing for exposure and/or effect along with environmental testing of environmental contamination levels can help determine the presence, estimate dose, and assess the effects of harmful contaminants.

Principles of diagnostic medical laboratory testing.

Dose-response refers to the extent of a biologic effect in relation to the received dose of an agent.

  • Generally, the higher the dose, the greater the effect (although variations exist).
  • One exception, as discussed in the Principles of Pediatric Environmental Medicine, is that low doses of some substances at critical periods of organ development (such as in utero or early in life) may have a greater effect than higher doses at other times.
    • An example of the greater effect of a substance early in life is lead toxicity. Compared to the adult brain, the developing brain of the fetus and the young child is especially sensitive to the effects of lead.

An exposure assessment as part of the clinical assessment of a patient exposed or potentially exposed to an environmental toxicant seeks to estimate as closely as possible the absorbed dose. The estimation is usually done in consultation with specialists, including industrial hygienists, environmental public health assessors, or pediatric environmental medicine specialists. Exposure intensity, duration, and frequency all contribute to the received dose. Testing for health effect can provide valuable information for the clinician, especially when testing for exposure is not available.

There are published national biologic levels of many environmental contaminants. The levels are derived by testing a sample of the population as part of the National Exposure Report from CDC’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). These levels can be accessed at: https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/ .

As described in the case study, it is important to choose a laboratory test of exposure that is based on principles of biological monitoring, in such a way that the measure

  • accurately reflects exposure,
  • can be collected before the substance is excreted from the body,
  • correlates the dose with the health effect, and
  • is the least painful and inconvenient.

Laboratory testing that may be used in the clinical assessment of an exposed patient includes determining biomarkers of exposure that measure the substance in the body directly and biomarkers of effect that assess the effects of the substance on the body’s organs and systems.

Biomarkers of exposure: Many environmental contaminants do not have specific tests for their levels in the body after exposure. For others, there is often the need to

  • have specialized and well-timed collection procedures (24 hour urines, or collection procedures to avoid contaminants),
  • use specialized laboratories, and
  • consult with a specialist to determine the type of measure needed and how to interpret results [Hoffman et al. 2007].

Biomarkers of effect: In order to correctly interpret these results, pediatricians must understand how the substance acts in the body (its toxicology) and the limitations of the tests ordered.

Information about a substance’s toxicokinetics (its metabolism and excretion) can help to predict the type of biologic monitoring that may be useful to measure exposure and effect. Information about half-life can help a pediatrician interpret results of biologic testing. Information about animal and human toxicities helps to focus laboratory testing on organs known to be affected.

Table 6. Examples of Laboratory Tests of Exposure

table 6

SubstanceSpecimen RequiredFactors Affecting LevelsLevels of Concern in Children
Carbon monoxide (CO)- carboxyhemoglobin Blood Cigarette smoking See table in initial check.
Lead Blood Blood lead level >10 ug/dl.*
Mercury** 24 hour urine Fish consumption; dental amalgam fillings
Arsenic – inorganic** 24 hour urine Organo-arsenic from seafood (abstain 3 days before testing) No safe level of inorganic arsenic identified

* The current level of concern; however, this level is under investigation and may be revised downwards.

**Testing for mercury and/or arsenic is not generally done in the context of a general pediatrician’s practice. Consultation with experts in pediatric environmental medicine is recommended if excessive exposure to mercury and/or arsenic is suspected.

NOTE: Several tests, e.g., fat levels of dioxins, are not readily interpretable on a clinical level. These tests are conducted in research settings and should not be ordered for clinical reasons. Similarly, testing hair and nail samples for exposures to such substances as heavy metals should not be done because the results can be inaccurate and hard to interpret.

Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring is often an important component of assessing or estimating exposure dose. Sometimes it is the major component when biological monitoring is not possible or adequate. Such environmental monitoring might include air monitoring (as in the case of CO) and monitoring of such other media as water and soil. Reference ranges are available for acceptable levels of contaminants in drinking water [EPA 2003], ambient (outdoor) air (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/external icon), and indoor air (http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.htmlexternal icon).

It is not expected that a pediatrician in a busy practice perform or interpret environmental monitoring data. However, awareness that this information is often used, if available, to estimate exposure dose is relevant. Consultation with pediatricians with expertise in environmental medicine regarding interpretation of this type of data for use within a clinical context is recommended.

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