Which of the following correctly describes sources of legitimacy in two ap course countries?

Civil society organizations and broad movements of protest can facilitate collective action by popular groups of the poor and disenfranchised endowing them with a greater capacity to shape institutions and policy agendas. . . . With the growth of inequality in many countries . . . conditions for the empowerment of and civic action by popular groups are much less [positive]. . . . [T]he material insecurity provoked by deindustrialization and labor market deregulation have contributed to the loss of the material and organizational resources essential for collective action. . . ." Some argue, "that growing inequalities not only "inevitably install large resource disparities in the political arena," they also "inhibit coalition formation. . . ."
[T]hese conditions have had a particularly profound impact in the democracies that have emerged since the 1970s, most of which inherited highly inegalitarian social and political structures caused by prolonged periods of authoritarianism. In many new democratizing settings . . . globalization and austerity policies reinforced inherited patterns of inequality. . . . Thus, socioeconomic inequality itself makes it harder for the poor to organize and contest the growth of inequality. This trap affects many new democracies and, at its root, is caused by the fact that they have, on average, weaker civil societies compared to older, established democracies.
Source: "Civil Society and Democracy in an Era of Inequality," Comparative Politics (April 2017), pp. 391-409
1) Which of the following best describes the author's claim in the passage?
2) Which of the following recommendations would the author most likely agree with in regard to democratic transitions?

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