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Terms in this set (36)Chapter 10 - Prejudice - A negative attitude toward an individual solely on the basis of that person's presumed membership in a particular group. Chapter 10 - Stereotypes - Overgeneralized beliefs about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group. Chapter 10 - Discrimination - Negative behavior toward an individual solely on the basis of that person's membership in a particular group. Chapter 10 - The Nature of Prejudice: Pervasiveness and Perspective - Prejudice is probably the most heavily studied topic in social psychology,
likely because of its historical pervasiveness and destructiveness. Chapter 10 - Realistic group conflict theory - asserts that the initial negative feelings between groups are often based on a real conflict or competition regarding scarce resources. Chapter 10 - Intergroup anxiety theory - Theory proposing that intergroup prejudice leads individuals to experience anxiety when they think of or interact with members of an outgroup. Chapter 10 - Ethnocentrism - Viewing the world through our own cultural value system and thereby judging actions and people based on our own culture's views of right and wrong and good and bad. Chapter 10 - Symbolic racism - A tendency to express negative biases held about a racial outgroup not at the group directly, but at social policies seen as benefiting that group. Chapter 10 - Gordon Allport proposed three basic causes of prejudice, each based on fundamental ways that people think and feel - Hostility plus categorization - We tend to feel hostility when we are
frustrated or threatened. Chapter 10 - Gordon Allport proposed three basic causes of prejudice, each based on fundamental ways that people think and feel - Ingroup bias - We prefer what is familiar, including people like us. Chapter 10 - Gordon Allport proposed three basic causes of prejudice, each based on fundamental ways that people think and feel - Threats to one's world view - Our ethnocentrism leads us to judge people from different cultures more
negatively. Chapter 10 - Institutional discrimination - Unfair restrictions on opportunities for certain groups of people through institutional policies, structural power relations, and formal laws. Chapter 10 - Ambivalent racism - The influence on White Americans' racial attitudes of two clashing sets of values: a belief in individualism and a belief in egalitarianism. Chapter 10 - Aversive racism - Conflicting, often nonconscious, negative feelings about African Americans that Americans may have, even though most do in fact support principles of racial equality and do not knowingly discriminate. Chapter 10 - Implicit prejudice - Negative attitudes or affective reactions associated with an outgroup, for which the individual has little or no conscious awareness and which can be automatically activated in intergroup encounters. Chapter 10 - Is Prejudice an Ugly Thing of the Past? - Theories of modern prejudice - Evidence of institutional discrimination reveals how biases can be so embedded in the structure of our society that discrimination can occur without intention. Chapter 10 - Is Prejudice an Ugly Thing of the Past? - Ambivalent and aversive racism - Ambivalent racism is the coexistence of positive and negative attitudes about Blacks resulting from clashing beliefs in individualism and egalitarianism. Chapter 10 - Is Prejudice an Ugly Thing of the Past? - Implicit prejudice - Implicit prejudice refers to automatically activated, negative associations with outgroups.
Chapter 10 - Illusory correlation - A tendency to assume an association between two rare occurrences, such as being in a minority group and performing negative actions. Chapter 10 - Justification suppression model - The idea that people endorse and freely express stereotypes in part to justify their own negative affective reactions to outgroup members. Chapter 10 - Dehumanization - The tendency to hold stereotypic views of outgroup members as animals rather than humans. Chapter 10 - Infrahumanization - The perception that outgroup members lack qualities viewed as unique to human beings, such as language, rational intelligence, and complex social emotions.
Chapter 10 - Sexual objectification - The tendency to think about women in a narrow way as objects rather than full humans, as if their physical appearance is all that matters. Chapter 10 - Objectification theory - Theory proposing that the cultural value placed on women's appearance leads people to view women more as objects and less as full human beings. Chapter 10 - Ambivalent sexism - The pairing of hostile beliefs about women with benevolent but patronizing beliefs about them. Chapter 10 - Outgroup homogeneity effect - The tendency to view individuals in outgroups as more similar to each other than they really are. Chapter 10 - Shooter bias ... Chapter 10 - Ultimate attribution error - The tendency to believe that bad actions by outgroup members occur because of their internal dispositions and good actions by them occur because of the situation, while believing the reverse for ingroup members. Chapter 10 - Linguistic intergroup bias - A tendency to describe stereotypic behaviors (positive ingroup and negative outgroup) in abstract terms while describing counterstereotypic behaviors (negative ingroup and positive outgroup) in concrete terms. Chapter 10 - Stereotyping: The Cognitive Companion of Prejudice - Where do stereotypes come from? - A kernel of truth that is overblown and overgeneralized. Chapter 10 - Stereotyping: The Cognitive Companion of Prejudice - Why do we apply stereotypes? - To simplify the process of social perception and to
conserve mental energy. Chapter 10 - Stereotyping: The Cognitive Companion of Prejudice - How do stereotypes affect judgment? - Categorization increases the perceived
homogeneity of outgroup members, thereby reinforcing stereotypes.
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What do we call negative and or patronizing action toward members of specific groups?discrimination. negative and/or patronizing action toward members of specific groups.
What is the term for negative attitudes toward others based on differences?prejudice. consists of negative attitudes toward others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group.
How do negative attitudes develop?We set unrealistic expectations or try to change too much at one time. Then, when we encounter an obstacle, we overreact and possibly give up on our plan, which reinforces a negative attitude. We think that any uncomfortable feeling is unwarranted and a sign of weakness on our part. Thus, we give up on ourselves.
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Which of the following can be seen as a negative attitude toward an individual based on their presumed membership in a group?
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