Which nursing action associated with successful tube feedings follows recommended guidelines?

1.Which laboratory test is the best indicator of a client in need of TPN?

Get answer to your question and much more

2.A physician orders nutritional therapy administered via a central vein for aclient who cannot take foods orally. What is the term for this type of

Get answer to your question and much more

3.A nurse provides discharge education for a client diagnosed with ketosis.

Get answer to your question and much more

4.An athlete wants to increase the intake of complex carbohydrates andasks the nurse about potential sources. Which food is considered a

Get answer to your question and much more

5.A postmenopausal client wishes to increase the amount of vitamin D thatshe consumes to help keep her bones strong. Which food will the nurse6.The nurse is performing a nutritional assessment of an obese client who

Get answer to your question and much more

visits a weight control clinic. What information should the nurse take intoconsideration when planning a weight reduction plan for this client?

Get answer to your question and much more

7.A 45-year-old client on the inpatient unit has just resumed eating a normaldiet. The nurse checks a blood sugar with the morning labs and the resultis 99.10 mg/dL (5.5 mmol/L). How would the nurse interpret this blood

Get answer to your question and much more

8.The nurse is caring for four clients. The nurse recognizes that which client’slifestyle choice contributes most highly to risk for development of

Get answer to your question and much more

9.The nurse is providing care for an older adult client who is recovering frompneumonia on the hospital's medical unit. The nurse sets up the client'sdinner tray on his overbed table. The client then states, “I won't be havingany of this.” What is the nurse's most appropriate response?“Can you tellme why you don't want to have dinner tonight?”

Get answer to your question and much more

11.A nurse is caring for a client who has been ordered a clear liquid diet.

Get answer to your question and much more

12.Which nursing action associated with successful tube feedings followsrecommended guidelines?Check the residual before each feeding or

Get answer to your question and much more

Upload your study docs or become a

Course Hero member to access this document

Upload your study docs or become a

Course Hero member to access this document

End of preview. Want to read all 8 pages?

Upload your study docs or become a

Course Hero member to access this document

Nutrition, Vitamin, Feeding tube, best indicator of a client

1. Cockfield A, Philpot U. Feeding size 0: the challenges of anorexia nervosa. Managing anorexia from a dietitian’s perspective. Proc Nutr Soc. 2009;68:281–288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Zuercher JN, Cumella EJ, Woods BK, Eberly M, Carr JK. Efficacy of voluntary nasogastric tube feeding in female inpatients with anorexia nervosa. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003;27:268–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Freeman C, Ricevuto A, DeLegge MH. Enteral nutrition in patients with dementia and stroke. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2010;26:156–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Gomes CA, Lustosa SA, Matos D, Andriolo RB, Waisberg DR, Waisberg J. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD008096. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Al-Zubeidi D, Rahhal RM. Safety techniques for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in Pierre Robin Sequence. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35:343–345. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Colomb V, Goulet O. Nutrition support after intestinal transplantation: how important is enteral feeding? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12:186–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Barclay AR, Beattie LM, Weaver LT, Wilson DC. Systematic review: medical and nutritional interventions for the management of intestinal failure and its resultant complications in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:175–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Gramlich L, Kichian K, Pinilla J, Rodych NJ, Dhaliwal R, Heyland DK. Does enteral nutrition compared to parenteral nutrition result in better outcomes in critically ill adult patients? A systematic review of the literature. Nutrition. 2004;20:843–848. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P, Taylor B, Ochoa JB, Napolitano L, Cresci G. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33:277–316. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Pritchard C, Duffy S, Edington J, Pang F. Enteral nutrition and oral nutrition supplements: a review of the economics literature. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30:52–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Braunschweig CL, Levy P, Sheean PM, Wang X. Enteral compared with parenteral nutrition: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:534–542. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Heyland DK, Stephens KE, Day AG, McClave SA. The success of enteral nutrition and ICU-acquired infections: a multicenter observational study. Clin Nutr. 2011;30:148–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. McGeer AJ, Detsky AS, O’Rourke K. Parenteral nutrition in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. Nutrition. 1990;6:233–240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Fang JC, Delegge MH. Enteral feeding in the critically ill: the role of the gastroenterologist. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:1032–1037; quiz 1038. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Crosby J, Duerksen D. A retrospective survey of tube-related complications in patients receiving long-term home enteral nutrition. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50:1712–1717. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Crosby J, Duerksen DR. A prospective study of tube- and feeding-related complications in patients receiving long-term home enteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007;31:274–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Blomberg J, Lagergren J, Martin L, Mattsson F, Lagergren P. Complications after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:737–742. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Richter-Schrag HJ, Richter S, Ruthmann O, Olschewski M, Hopt UT, Fischer A. Risk factors and complications following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a case series of 1041 patients. Can J Gastroenterol. 2011;25:201–206. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Lee C, Im JP, Kim JW, Kim SE, Ryu DY, Cha JM, Kim EY, Kim ER, Chang DK. Risk factors for complications and mortality of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a multicenter, retrospective study. Surg Endosc. 2013;27:3806–3815. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Park RH, Allison MC, Lang J, Spence E, Morris AJ, Danesh BJ, Russell RI, Mills PR. Randomised comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding in patients with persisting neurological dysphagia. BMJ. 1992;304:1406–1409. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Kwon RS, Banerjee S, Desilets D, Diehl DL, Farraye FA, Kaul V, Mamula P, Pedrosa MC, Rodriguez SA, Varadarajulu S, et al. Enteral nutrition access devices. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;72:236–248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Halloran O, Grecu B, Sinha A. Methods and complications of nasoenteral intubation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35:61–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. de Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Kudsk KA. Clinical costs of feeding tube placement. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007;31:269–273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Levy H. Nasogastric and nasoenteric feeding tubes. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1998;8:529–549. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. McClave SA, Chang WK. Complications of enteral access. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:739–751. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Zaloga GP. Bedside method for placing small bowel feeding tubes in critically ill patients. A prospective study. Chest. 1991;100:1643–1646. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Rivera R, Campana J, Hamilton C, Lopez R, Seidner D. Small bowel feeding tube placement using an electromagnetic tube placement device: accuracy of tip location. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35:636–642. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Ott DJ, Mattox HE, Gelfand DW, Chen MY, Wu WC. Enteral feeding tubes: placement by using fluoroscopy and endoscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157:769–771. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Mann NS, Nair PK, Mann SK, Lehman BH, Harder GL, Knox AL, Howland CC, Reddy AB. Nasoenteral feeding tube insertion via fiberoptic endoscope for enteral hyperalimentation. J Am Coll Nutr. 1984;3:333–339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Wiggins TF, DeLegge MH. Evaluation of a new technique for endoscopic nasojejunal feeding-tube placement. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:590–595. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. O'Keefe SJ, Foody W, Gill S. Transnasal endoscopic placement of feeding tubes in the intensive care unit. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003;27:349–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Wiegand N, Bauerfeind P, Delco F, Fried M, Wildi SM. Endoscopic position control of nasoenteral feeding tubes by transnasal re-endoscopy: a prospective study in intensive care patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1271–1276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Black H, Yoneda K, Millar J, Allen J, Belafsky P. Endoscopic placement of a novel feeding tube. Chest. 2010;137:1028–1032. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Brandt CP, Mittendorf EA. Endoscopic placement of nasojejunal feeding tubes in ICU patients. Surg Endosc. 1999;13:1211–1214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Damore LJ, Andrus CH, Herrmann VM, Wade TP, Kaminski DL, Kaiser GC. Prospective evaluation of a new through-the-scope nasoduodenal enteral feeding tube. Surg Endosc. 1997;11:460–463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Patrick PG, Marulendra S, Kirby DF, DeLegge MH. Endoscopic nasogastric-jejunal feeding tube placement in critically ill patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;45:72–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Külling D, Bauerfeind P, Fried M. Transnasal versus transoral endoscopy for the placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes in critically ill patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;52:506–510. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Sparks DA, Chase DM, Coughlin LM, Perry E. Pulmonary complications of 9931 narrow-bore nasoenteric tubes during blind placement: a critical review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35:625–629. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Bourgault AM, Heyland DK, Drover JW, Keefe L, Newman P, Day AG. Prophylactic pancreatic enzymes to reduce feeding tube occlusions. Nutr Clin Pract. 2003;18:398–401. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Bosco JJ, Gordon F, Zelig MP, Heiss F, Horst DA, Howell DA. A reliable method for the endoscopic placement of a nasoenteric feeding tube. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40:740–743. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Itkin M, DeLegge MH, Fang JC, McClave SA, Kundu S, d’Othee BJ, Martinez-Salazar GM, Sacks D, Swan TL, Towbin RB, et al. Multidisciplinary practical guidelines for gastrointestinal access for enteral nutrition and decompression from the Society of Interventional Radiology and American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute, with endorsement by Canadian Interventional Radiological Association (CIRA) and Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) Gastroenterology. 2011;141:742–765. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Jain R, Maple JT, Anderson MA, Appalaneni V, Ben-Menachem T, Decker GA, Fanelli RD, Fisher L, Fukami N, Ikenberry SO, et al. The role of endoscopy in enteral feeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74:7–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Kurien M, Leeds JS, Delegge MH, Robson HE, Grant J, Lee FK, McAlindon ME, Sanders DS. Mortality among patients who receive or defer gastrostomies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:1445–1450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Gauderer MW, Ponsky JL, Izant RJ. Gastrostomy without laparotomy: a percutaneous endoscopic technique. J Pediatr Surg. 1980;15:872–875. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Löser C, Aschl G, Hébuterne X, Mathus-Vliegen EM, Muscaritoli M, Niv Y, Rollins H, Singer P, Skelly RH. ESPEN guidelines on artificial enteral nutrition--percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) Clin Nutr. 2005;24:848–861. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Larson DE, Burton DD, Schroeder KW, DiMagno EP. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Indications, success, complications, and mortality in 314 consecutive patients. Gastroenterology. 1987;93:48–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Hull MA, Rawlings J, Murray FE, Field J, McIntyre AS, Mahida YR, Hawkey CJ, Allison SP. Audit of outcome of long-term enteral nutrition by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Lancet. 1993;341:869–872. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Hoepffner N, Schröder O, Stein J. Enteral Nutrition by Endoscopic Means; II. Complications and Management. Z Gastroenterol. 2004;42:1393–1398. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Hogan RB, DeMarco DC, Hamilton JK, Walker CO, Polter DE. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy--to push or pull. A prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 1986;32:253–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Bleck JS, Reiss B, Gebel M, Wagner S, Strassburg CP, Meier PN, Boozari B, Schneider A, Caselitz M, Westhoff-Bleck M, et al. Percutaneous sonographic gastrostomy: method, indications, and problems. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:941–945. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Russell TR, Brotman M, Norris F. Percutaneous gastrostomy. A new simplified and cost-effective technique. Am J Surg. 1984;148:132–137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Dewald CL, Hiette PO, Sewall LE, Fredenberg PG, Palestrant AM. Percutaneous gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy with gastropexy: experience in 701 procedures. Radiology. 1999;211:651–656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Chadha KS, Thatikonda C, Schiff M, Nava H, Sitrin MD. Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement using a T-fastener gastropexy device in head and neck and esophageal cancer patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25:658–662. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Dormann AJ, Glosemeyer R, Leistner U, Deppe H, Roggel R, Wigginghaus B, Huchzermeyer H. Modified percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) with gastropexy--early experience with a new introducer technique. Z Gastroenterol. 2000;38:933–938. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Shastri YM, Hoepffner N, Tessmer A, Ackermann H, Schroeder O, Stein J. New introducer PEG gastropexy does not require prophylactic antibiotics: multicenter prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;67:620–628. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Dormann AJ, Huchzermeyer H. Endoscopic techniques for enteral nutrition: standards and innovations. Dig Dis. 2002;20:145–153. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. DeLegge MH, Patrick P, Gibbs R. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy with a tapered tip, nonweighted jejunal feeding tube: improved placement success. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1130–1134. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Parasher VK, Abramowicz CJ, Bell C, Delledonne AM, Wright A. Successful placement of percutaneous gastrojejunostomy using steerable glidewire--a modified controlled push technique. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41:52–55. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Udorah MO, Fleischman MW, Bala V, Cai Q. Endoscopic clips prevent displacement of intestinal feeding tubes: a long-term follow-up study. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55:371–374. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Mellert J, Naruhn MB, Grund KE, Becker HD. Direct endoscopic percutaneous jejunostomy (EPJ). Clinical results. Surg Endosc. 1994;8:867–869; discussion 869-870. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Shike M, Latkany L, Gerdes H, Bloch AS. Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomies for enteral feeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44:536–540. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Rumalla A, Baron TH. Results of direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy, an alternative method for providing jejunal feeding. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:807–810. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Gauderer MW. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and the evolution of contemporary long-term enteral access. Clin Nutr. 2002;21:103–110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Foutch PG, Talbert GA, Gaines JA, Sanowski RA. The gastrostomy button: a prospective assessment of safety, success, and spectrum of use. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;35:41–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Willwerth BM. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy or skin-level gastrostomy tube replacement. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2001;17:55–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Kozarek RA, Payne M, Barkin J, Goff J, Gostout C. Prospective multicenter evaluation of an initially placed button gastrostomy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41:105–108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. George J, Crawford D, Lewis T, Shepherd R, Ward M. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a two-year experience. Med J Aust. 1990;152:17–19. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Brown DN, Miedema BW, King PD, Marshall JB. Safety of early feeding after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1995;21:330–331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Choudhry U, Barde CJ, Markert R, Gopalswamy N. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a randomized prospective comparison of early and delayed feeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44:164–167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. McCarter TL, Condon SC, Aguilar RC, Gibson DJ, Chen YK. Randomized prospective trial of early versus delayed feeding after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:419–421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Stein J, Schulte-Bockholt A, Sabin M, Keymling M. A randomized prospective trial of immediate vs. next-day feeding after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1656–1660. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Bechtold ML, Matteson ML, Choudhary A, Puli SR, Jiang PP, Roy PK. Early versus delayed feeding after placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:2919–2924. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Grant MD, Rudberg MA, Brody JA. Gastrostomy placement and mortality among hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries. JAMA. 1998;279:1973–1976. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Mathus-Vliegen LM, Koning H. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy: a critical reappraisal of patient selection, tube function and the feasibility of nutritional support during extended follow-up. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;50:746–754. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. DiSario JA. Endoscopic approaches to enteral nutritional support. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20:605–630. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Longcroft-Wheaton G, Marden P, Colleypriest B, Gavin D, Taylor G, Farrant M. Understanding why patients die after gastrostomy tube insertion: a retrospective analysis of mortality. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33:375–379. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Safadi BY, Marks JM, Ponsky JL. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1998;8:551–568. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Chung RS, Schertzer M. Pathogenesis of complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. A lesson in surgical principles. Am Surg. 1990;56:134–137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Lipp A, Lusardi G. Systemic antimicrobial prophylaxis for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD005571. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Jafri NS, Mahid SS, Minor KS, Idstein SR, Hornung CA, Galandiuk S. Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent peristomal infection following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25:647–656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Kajiyama M, Fujii H, Tanaka N. Nasopharyngeal decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus can reduce PEG peristomal wound infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:274–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Sriram K, Jayanthi V, Lakshmi RG, George VS. Prophylactic locking of enteral feeding tubes with pancreatic enzymes. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1997;21:353–356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Powell KS, Marcuard SP, Farrior ES, Gallagher ML. Aspirating gastric residuals causes occlusion of small-bore feeding tubes. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1993;17:243–246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Behnken I, Gaschott T, Stein J. [Enteral nutrition: drug administration via feeding tube] Z Gastroenterol. 2005;43:1231–1241. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Schrag SP, Sharma R, Jaik NP, Seamon MJ, Lukaszczyk JJ, Martin ND, Hoey BA, Stawicki SP. Complications related to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. A comprehensive clinical review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16:407–418. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Marcuard SP, Stegall KL, Trogdon S. Clearing obstructed feeding tubes. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1989;13:81–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Dandeles LM, Lodolce AE. Efficacy of agents to prevent and treat enteral feeding tube clogs. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45:676–680. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Baskin WN. Acute complications associated with bedside placement of feeding tubes. Nutr Clin Pract. 2006;21:40–55. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Lin HS, Ibrahim HZ, Kheng JW, Fee WE, Terris DJ. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: strategies for prevention and management of complications. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1847–1852. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Tsang TK, Eaton D, Falconio MA. Percutaneous ostomy dilation: a technique for dilating the closed percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy sites and reinserting gastrostomies. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;35:336–337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Amann W, Mischinger HJ, Berger A, Rosanelli G, Schweiger W, Werkgartner G, Fruhwirth J, Hauser H. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). 8 years of clinical experience in 232 patients. Surg Endosc. 1997;11:741–744. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Anderson MA, Ben-Menachem T, Gan SI, Appalaneni V, Banerjee S, Cash BD, Fisher L, Harrison ME, Fanelli RD, Fukami N, et al. Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70:1060–1070. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Richter JA, Patrie JT, Richter RP, Henry ZH, Pop GH, Regan KA, Peura DA, Sawyer RG, Northup PG, Wang AY. Bleeding after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is linked to serotonin reuptake inhibitors, not aspirin or clopidogrel. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74:22–34.e1. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Anagnostopoulos GK, Kostopoulos P, Arvanitidis DM. Buried bumper syndrome with a fatal outcome, presenting early as gastrointestinal bleeding after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement. J Postgrad Med. 2003;49:325–327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Dharmarajan TS, Yadav D, Adiga GU, Kokkat A, Pitchumoni CS. Gastrostomy, esophagitis, and gastrointestinal bleeding in older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2004;5:228–232. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Guloglu R, Taviloglu K, Alimoglu O. Colon injury following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube insertion. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2003;13:69–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Friedmann R, Feldman H, Sonnenblick M. Misplacement of percutaneously inserted gastrostomy tube into the colon: report of 6 cases and review of the literature. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007;31:469–476. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Berger SA, Zarling EJ. Colocutaneous fistula following migration of PEG tube. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37:86–88. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Yamazaki T, Sakai Y, Hatakeyama K, Hoshiyama Y. Colocutaneous fistula after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a remnant stomach. Surg Endosc. 1999;13:280–282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Ponsky JL, Gauderer MW. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: indications, limitations, techniques, and results. World J Surg. 1989;13:165–170. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. Marcy PY, Magné N, Lacroix J, Bailet C. Late presentation of a gastrocolic fistula after percutaneous fluoroscopic gastrostomy. JBR-BTR. 2004;87:17–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Strodel WE, Lemmer J, Eckhauser F, Botham M, Dent T. Early experience with endoscopic percutaneous gastrostomy. Arch Surg. 1983;118:449–453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Kim HS, Lee DK, Baik SK, Kwon SO. Endoscopic management of colocutaneous fistula after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Endoscopy. 2002;34:430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Gyökeres T, Burai M, Hamvas J, Varsányi M, Mácsai M, Paput L, Köveskuti A, Fekete C, Pap A. Conservative vs. endoscopic closure of colocutaneous fistulas after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy complications. Endoscopy. 2003;35:246–247; author reply 248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Bumpers HL, Collure DW, Best IM, Butler KL, Weaver WL, Hoover EL. Unusual complications of long-term percutaneous gastrostomy tubes. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7:917–920. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. Hussien M, Fawzy M, Carey D. Percutaneous endoscopic gastroscopy tube migration: a rare cause of a common surgical problem. Int J Clin Pract. 2001;55:557–559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Köhler DM. [The wandering gastrostomy tube] Ugeskr Laeger. 2000;162:3344–3345. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Finocchiaro C, Galletti R, Rovera G, Ferrari A, Todros L, Vuolo A, Balzola F. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a long-term follow-up. Nutrition. 1997;13:520–523. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109. Venu RP, Brown RD, Pastika BJ, Erikson LW. The buried bumper syndrome: a simple management approach in two patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:582–584. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Braden B, Brandstaetter M, Caspary WF, Seifert H. Buried bumper syndrome: treatment guided by catheter probe US. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:747–751. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Lee TH, Lin JT. Clinical manifestations and management of buried bumper syndrome in patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:580–584. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112. Rino Y, Tokunaga M, Morinaga S, Onodera S, Tomiyama I, Imada T, Takanashi Y. The buried bumper syndrome: an early complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49:1183–1184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. Gençosmanoğlu R, Koç D, Tözün N. The buried bumper syndrome: migration of internal bumper of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube into the abdominal wall. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:1077–1080. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

114. Ma MM, Semlacher EA, Fedorak RN, Lalor EA, Duerksen DR, Sherbaniuk RW, Chalpelsky CE, Sadowski DC. The buried gastrostomy bumper syndrome: prevention and endoscopic approaches to removal. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41:505–508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

115. Müller-Gerbes D, Aymaz S, Dormann AJ. [Management of the buried bumper syndrome: a new minimally invasive technique--the push method] Z Gastroenterol. 2009;47:1145–1148. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

116. Hodges EG, Morano JU, Nowicki MJ. The buried bumper syndrome complicating percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33:326–328. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

117. Boreham B, Ammori BJ. Laparoscopic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy removal in a patient with buried-bumper syndrome: a new approach. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2002;12:356–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

118. Wiesen AJ, Sideridis K, Fernandes A, Hines J, Indaram A, Weinstein L, Davidoff S, Bank S. True incidence and clinical significance of pneumoperitoneum after PEG placement: a prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64:886–889. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

119. Nazarian A, Cross W, Kowdley GC. Pneumoperitoneum after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy among adults in the intensive care unit: incidence, predictive factors, and clinical significance. Am Surg. 2012;78:591–594. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120. Blum CA, Selander C, Ruddy JM, Leon S. The incidence and clinical significance of pneumoperitoneum after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a review of 722 cases. Am Surg. 2009;75:39–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

121. Alley JB, Corneille MG, Stewart RM, Dent DL. Pneumoperitoneum after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients in the intensive care unit. Am Surg. 2007;73:765–767; discussion 768. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

122. Dulabon GR, Abrams JE, Rutherford EJ. The incidence and significance of free air after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Am Surg. 2002;68:590–593. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

123. Chaer RA, Rekkas D, Trevino J, Brown R, Espat J. Intrahepatic placement of a PEG tube. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:763–765. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

124. Gubler C, Wildi SM, Bauerfeind P. Liver injury during PEG tube placement: report of two cases. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61:346–348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

125. Wiggins TF, Kaplan R, DeLegge MH. Acute hemorrhage following transhepatic PEG tube placement. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:167–169. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. Cruz I, Mamel JJ, Brady PG, Cass-Garcia M. Incidence of abdominal wall metastasis complicating PEG tube placement in untreated head and neck cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:708–711; quiz 752, 753. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

127. Volkmer K, Meyer T, Sailer M, Fein M. [Metastasis of an esophageal carcinoma at a PEG site--case report and review of the literature] Zentralbl Chir. 2009;134:481–485. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

128. Cappell MS. Risk factors and risk reduction of malignant seeding of the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy track from pharyngoesophageal malignancy: a review of all 44 known reported cases. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1307–1311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

129. Couto G. Overtube for preventing abdominal-wall metastasis after PEG-tube placement. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:1087. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

130. Montejo JC. Enteral nutrition-related gastrointestinal complications in critically ill patients: a multicenter study. The Nutritional and Metabolic Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:1447–1453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

131. Montejo JC, Zarazaga A, López-Martínez J, Urrútia G, Roqué M, Blesa AL, Celaya S, Conejero R, Galbán C, García de Lorenzo A, et al. Immunonutrition in the intensive care unit. A systematic review and consensus statement. Clin Nutr. 2003;22:221–233. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

132. Schröder O, Hoepffner N, Stein J. Enteral nutrition by endoscopic means; I. Techniques, indications, types of enteral feed. Z Gastroenterol. 2004;42:1385–1392. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

133. Marvin RG, McKinley BA, McQuiggan M, Cocanour CS, Moore FA. Nonocclusive bowel necrosis occurring in critically ill trauma patients receiving enteral nutrition manifests no reliable clinical signs for early detection. Am J Surg. 2000;179:7–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

134. Montejo JC, Grau T, Acosta J, Ruiz-Santana S, Planas M, García-De-Lorenzo A, Mesejo A, Cervera M, Sánchez-Alvarez C, Núñez-Ruiz R, et al. Multicenter, prospective, randomized, single-blind study comparing the efficacy and gastrointestinal complications of early jejunal feeding with early gastric feeding in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:796–800. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

135. Majid HA, Emery PW, Whelan K. Definitions, attitudes, and management practices in relation to diarrhea during enteral nutrition: a survey of patients, nurses, and dietitians. Nutr Clin Pract. 2012;27:252–260. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

136. Whelan K, Schneider SM. Mechanisms, prevention, and management of diarrhea in enteral nutrition. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2011;27:152–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

137. Jack L, Coyer F, Courtney M, Venkatesh B. Diarrhoea risk factors in enterally tube fed critically ill patients: a retrospective audit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2010;26:327–334. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

138. Stroud M, Duncan H, Nightingale J. Guidelines for enteral feeding in adult hospital patients. Gut. 2003;52 Suppl 7:vii1–vii12. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

139. Ritz MA, Fraser R, Tam W, Dent J. Impacts and patterns of disturbed gastrointestinal function in critically ill patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:3044–3052. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

140. Btaiche IF, Chan LN, Pleva M, Kraft MD. Critical illness, gastrointestinal complications, and medication therapy during enteral feeding in critically ill adult patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25:32–49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

141. Mylonakis E, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB. Clostridium difficile--Associated diarrhea: A review. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:525–533. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

142. Bliss DZ, Johnson S, Savik K, Clabots CR, Willard K, Gerding DN. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving tube feeding. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:1012–1019. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

143. Stück K, Faul K, Hylla S, Stein J, Breves G. The application of a semi-continuous colon simulation technique (Cositec) for studying the effects of clindamycin on microbial hindgut metabolism. Z Gastroenterol. 1995;33:241–246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

144. Eisenberg P. An overview of diarrhea in the patient receiving enteral nutrition. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2002;25:95–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

145. Elia M, Engfer MB, Green CJ, Silk DB. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the clinical and physiological effects of fibre-containing enteral formulae. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:120–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

146. Schultz AA, Ashby-Hughes B, Taylor R, Gillis DE, Wilkins M. Effects of pectin on diarrhea in critically ill tube-fed patients receiving antibiotics. Am J Crit Care. 2000;9:403–411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

147. Spapen H, Diltoer M, Van Malderen C, Opdenacker G, Suys E, Huyghens L. Soluble fiber reduces the incidence of diarrhea in septic patients receiving total enteral nutrition: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, and controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2001;20:301–305. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

148. Nakao M, Ogura Y, Satake S, Ito I, Iguchi A, Takagi K, Nabeshima T. Usefulness of soluble dietary fiber for the treatment of diarrhea during enteral nutrition in elderly patients. Nutrition. 2002;18:35–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

149. Rushdi TA, Pichard C, Khater YH. Control of diarrhea by fiber-enriched diet in ICU patients on enteral nutrition: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2004;23:1344–1352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

150. Sobotka L, Brátova M, Slemrová M, Manák J, Vizd’a J, Zadák Z. Inulin as the soluble fiber in liquid enteral nutrition. Nutrition. 1997;13:21–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

151. Halmos EP, Muir JG, Barrett JS, Deng M, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Diarrhoea during enteral nutrition is predicted by the poorly absorbed short-chain carbohydrate (FODMAP) content of the formula. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32:925–933. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

152. Meier R, Gassull M. Consensus recommendations on the effects and benefits of fibre in clinical practice. Clin Nutr. 2004;10:73–80. [Google Scholar]

153. Whelan K. Enteral-tube-feeding diarrhoea: manipulating the colonic microbiota with probiotics and prebiotics. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007;66:299–306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

154. Whelan K, Gibson GR, Judd PA, Taylor MA. The role of probiotics and prebiotics in the management of diarrhoea associated with enteral tube feeding. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2001;14:423–433. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

155. McFarland LV. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:2202–2222. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

156. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Bollen TL, van Ramshorst B, Witteman BJ, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371:651–659. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

157. Whelan K, Myers CE. Safety of probiotics in patients receiving nutritional support: a systematic review of case reports, randomized controlled trials, and nonrandomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:687–703. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

158. McClave SA, DeMeo MT, DeLegge MH, DiSario JA, Heyland DK, Maloney JP, Metheny NA, Moore FA, Scolapio JS, Spain DA, et al. North American Summit on Aspiration in the Critically Ill Patient: consensus statement. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;26:S80–S85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

159. NAGLER R, SPIRO HM. PERSISTENT GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX INDUCED DURING PROLONGED GASTRIC INTUBATION. N Engl J Med. 1963;269:495–500. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

160. Gomes GF, Pisani JC, Macedo ED, Campos AC. The nasogastric feeding tube as a risk factor for aspiration and aspiration pneumonia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003;6:327–333. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

161. Ukleja A. Altered GI motility in critically Ill patients: current understanding of pathophysiology, clinical impact, and diagnostic approach. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25:16–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

162. Jacobs S, Chang RW, Lee B, Bartlett FW. Continuous enteral feeding: a major cause of pneumonia among ventilated intensive care unit patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1990;14:353–356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

163. Olivares L, Segovia A, Revuelta R. Tube feeding and lethal aspiration in neurological patients: a review of 720 autopsy cases. Stroke. 1974;5:654–657. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

164. Marik PE, Zaloga GP. Gastric versus post-pyloric feeding: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2003;7:R46–R51. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

165. Silk DB. The evolving role of post-ligament of Trietz nasojejunal feeding in enteral nutrition and the need for improved feeding tube design and placement methods. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35:303–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

166. Waseem S, Moshiree B, Draganov PV. Gastroparesis: current diagnostic challenges and management considerations. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:25–37. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

167. Strong RM, Condon SC, Solinger MR, Namihas BN, Ito-Wong LA, Leuty JE. Equal aspiration rates from postpylorus and intragastric-placed small-bore nasoenteric feeding tubes: a randomized, prospective study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1992;16:59–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

168. White H, Sosnowski K, Tran K, Reeves A, Jones M. A randomised controlled comparison of early post-pyloric versus early gastric feeding to meet nutritional targets in ventilated intensive care patients. Crit Care. 2009;13:R187. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

169. Neumann DA, DeLegge MH. Gastric versus small-bowel tube feeding in the intensive care unit: a prospective comparison of efficacy. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:1436–1438. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

170. Esparza J, Boivin MA, Hartshorne MF, Levy H. Equal aspiration rates in gastrically and transpylorically fed critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27:660–664. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

171. Davies AR, Froomes PR, French CJ, Bellomo R, Gutteridge GA, Nyulasi I, Walker R, Sewell RB. Randomized comparison of nasojejunal and nasogastric feeding in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:586–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

172. Montecalvo MA, Steger KA, Farber HW, Smith BF, Dennis RC, Fitzpatrick GF, Pollack SD, Korsberg TZ, Birkett DH, Hirsch EF. Nutritional outcome and pneumonia in critical care patients randomized to gastric versus jejunal tube feedings. The Critical Care Research Team. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:1377–1387. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

173. Day L, Stotts NA, Frankfurt A, Stralovich-Romani A, Volz M, Muwaswes M, Fukuoka Y, O’Leary-Kelley C. Gastric versus duodenal feeding in patients with neurological disease: a pilot study. J Neurosci Nurs. 2001;33:148–149, 155-159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

174. Heyland DK, Drover JW, MacDonald S, Novak F, Lam M. Effect of postpyloric feeding on gastroesophageal regurgitation and pulmonary microaspiration: results of a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1495–1501. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

175. Kortbeek JB, Haigh PI, Doig C. Duodenal versus gastric feeding in ventilated blunt trauma patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma. 1999;46:992–996; discussion 996-998. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

176. Ho KM, Dobb GJ, Webb SA. A comparison of early gastric and post-pyloric feeding in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:639–649. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

177. Gonçalves RR, Leite HP, Nogueira PC. Does small bowel feeding decrease the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28:60; author reply 61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

178. Schnitker MA, Mattman PE, Bliss TL. A clinical study of malnutrition in Japanese prisoners of war. Ann Intern Med. 1951;35:69–96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

179. KEYS A. The residues of malnutrition and starvation. Science. 1950;112:371–373. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

180. Marinella MA. The refeeding syndrome and hypophosphatemia. Nutr Rev. 2003;61:320–323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

181. Byrnes MC, Stangenes J. Refeeding in the ICU: an adult and pediatric problem. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14:186–192. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

182. Vignaud M, Constantin JM, Ruivard M, Villemeyre-Plane M, Futier E, Bazin JE, Annane D. Refeeding syndrome influences outcome of anorexia nervosa patients in intensive care unit: an observational study. Crit Care. 2010;14:R172. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

183. Terlevich A, Hearing SD, Woltersdorf WW, Smyth C, Reid D, McCullagh E, Day A, Probert CS. Refeeding syndrome: effective and safe treatment with Phosphates Polyfusor. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:1325–1329. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

184. Zeki S, Culkin A, Gabe SM, Nightingale JM. Refeeding hypophosphataemia is more common in enteral than parenteral feeding in adult in patients. Clin Nutr. 2011;30:365–368. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

185. Marinella MA. Refeeding syndrome in cancer patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62:460–465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

186. O'Connor LR, Wheeler WS, Bethune JE. Effect of hypophosphatemia on myocardial performance in man. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:901–903. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

187. Sacks GS. Refeeding syndrome: awareness is the first step in preventing complications. J Support Oncol. 2009;7:19–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

188. Mehanna HM, Moledina J, Travis J. Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it. BMJ. 2008;336:1495–1498. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

189. Gentile MG, Pastorelli P, Ciceri R, Manna GM, Collimedaglia S. Specialized refeeding treatment for anorexia nervosa patients suffering from extreme undernutrition. Clin Nutr. 2010;29:627–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

190. Gentile MG NICE. Eating disorders - core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. London: NICE; 2009. [Google Scholar]

191. Crook MA, Hally V, Panteli JV. The importance of the refeeding syndrome. Nutrition. 2001;17:632–637. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

192. Havala T, Shronts E. Managing the complications associated with refeeding. Nutr Clin Pract. 1990;5:23–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

193. Boateng AA, Sriram K, Meguid MM, Crook M. Refeeding syndrome: treatment considerations based on collective analysis of literature case reports. Nutrition. 2010;26:156–167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

194. Wesley JR. Nutrition support teams: past, present, and future. Nutr Clin Pract. 1995;10:219–228. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

195. Hassell JT, Games AD, Shaffer B, Harkins LE. Nutrition support team management of enterally fed patients in a community hospital is cost-beneficial. J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94:993–998. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

196. Powers DA, Brown RO, Cowan GS, Luther RW, Sutherland DA, Drexler PG. Nutritional support team vs nonteam management of enteral nutritional support in a Veterans Administration Medical Center teaching hospital. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1986;10:635–638. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

197. Brown RO, Carlson SD, Cowan GS, Powers DA, Luther RW. Enteral nutritional support management in a university teaching hospital: team vs nonteam. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987;11:52–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

198. Elia M, Stratton RJ. A cost-utility analysis in patients receiving enteral tube feeding at home and in nursing homes. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:416–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

199. Scott F, Beech R, Smedley F, Timmis L, Stokes E, Jones P, Roffe C, Bowling TE. Prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind trial of the costs and consequences of systematic nutrition team follow-up over 12 mo after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Nutrition. 2005;21:1071–1077. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

200. Schneider PJ. Nutrition support teams: an evidence-based practice. Nutr Clin Pract. 2006;21:62–67. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

201. Klek S, Szybinski P, Sierzega M, Szczepanek K, Sumlet M, Kupiec M, Koczur-Szozda E, Steinhoff-Nowak M, Figula K, Kowalczyk T, et al. Commercial enteral formulas and nutrition support teams improve the outcome of home enteral tube feeding. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35:380–385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

202. Bischoff SC, Kester L, Meier R, Radziwill R, Schwab D, Thul P. Organisation, regulations, preparation and logistics of parenteral nutrition in hospitals and homes; the role of the nutrition support team - Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition, Chapter 8. Ger Med Sci. 2009;7:Doc20. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

203. Mohandas KM, Shastri YM, Shirodkar M. Enteral nutrition by tube feeding in adults. Natl Med J India. 2001;14:285–289. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

204. Heimburger DC, Sockwell DG, Geels WJ. Diarrhea with enteral feeding: prospective reappraisal of putative causes. Nutrition. 1994;10:392–396. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

205. Alberda C, Gramlich L, Meddings J, Field C, McCargar L, Kutsogiannis D, Fedorak R, Madsen K. Effects of probiotic therapy in critically ill patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:816–823. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

206. Frohmader TJ, Chaboyer WP, Robertson IK, Gowardman J. Decrease in frequency of liquid stool in enterally fed critically ill patients given the multispecies probiotic VSL#3: a pilot trial. Am J Crit Care. 2010;19:e1–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

207. Ferrie S, Daley M. Lactobacillus GG as treatment for diarrhea during enteral feeding in critical illness: randomized controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35:43–49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

208. Barraud D, Blard C, Hein F, Marçon O, Cravoisy A, Nace L, Alla F, Bollaert PE, Gibot S. Probiotics in the critically ill patient: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:1540–1547. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

209. Bleichner G, Bléhaut H, Mentec H, Moyse D. Saccharomyces boulardii prevents diarrhea in critically ill tube-fed patients. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23:517–523. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

210. Schlotterer M, Bernasconi P, Lebreton F. Value of Saccharomyces boulardii in the digestive acceptability of continuous-flow enteral nutrition in burnt patients. Nutr Clin Metabol. 1987;1:31–34. [Google Scholar]

211. Tempé JD, Steidel AL, Blehaut H, Hasselmann M, Lutun P, Maurier F. [Prevention of diarrhea administering Saccharomyces boulardii during continuous enteral feeding] Sem Hop. 1983;59:1409–1412. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

212. Fuhrman MP. Diarrhea and Tube Feeding. Nutr Clin Pract. 1999;14:83–84. [Google Scholar]

Page 2

Tube-related complications of enteral tube feeding[203]

Which intervention should the nurse take for a client who is receiving continuous tube feeding?

Which nursing action is performed according to guidelines for aspirating fluid from a small bore feeding tube?

What are the 3 main feeding methods?

For which of the following clients should the nurse anticipate the need for a pureed diet?