The Industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources. The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a great effect on the economic and cultural conditions in the United Kingdom, and then spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. Show Although the Industrial Revolution occurred around the same time as the French, American, Latin American, and Haitian Revolutions, the Industrial Revolution was really the most revolutionary of the bunch. Its start marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. Before the Industrial Revolution, not much changed about the way we disposed of waste or located drinking water or acquired clothing. Most people lived on or very closed to the land that provided their food. Except for a few exceptions, life expectancy never rose above 35. Education was a privilege not a right. In all these millennia, we had never developed a weapon that could kill more than a couple dozen people at once, or a way to travel faster than horseback. For 15,000 years, most humans never owned or used a single item made outside of their communities. Simon Bolivar didn't change that, and neither did the American Declaration of Independence. Before the Industrial Revolution, about 80% of the world's population was engaged in farming to keep itself and the other 20% of people from starving. Today, in the U.S. less than 1% of people list their occupation as farming. In an explosion of creativity, inventions now revolutionized industry, spurring technological advantages. Britain's textile industry clothed the world in wool, linen, and cotton. Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the process by which spinners and weavers made cloth. In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, which dramatically increased the speed of
weaving (doubled the work a weaver could do in a day) ➡️ a demand for yarn ➡️ inventions like the Spinning Jenny (invented by James Hargreaves, allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time). All these changes in industrial organization and new technology came together➡more cotton that could be cleaned faster than ever before, more yarn made that could be spun and bleached faster and cheaper than ever before➡️increased production, efficiency, and profits The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution: waterways, roads, and railroads. Transportation was important because people were starting to live in the West. During this time period, transportation via water was the cheapest way to move heavy products (such as coal and iron). As a result, canals were widened and deepened to allow more boats to pass. Robert Fulton made the first steam-powered engine to power a steamboat, and in 1807 he demonstrated its use by going from New York City to Albany via the Hudson River. His steamboat was able to carry raw materials across the Atlantic Ocean by the mid 1800's. The roads also improved immensely during this time period. Previously, people traveled using animals or by foot, but there were many problems with the conditions of the roads. In 1751, turnpikes were created for easier transportation, especially for the horse-drawn wagons. John Loudon McAdam made "macadam" road surfaces which consisted of crushed rock in thin layers. Thomas Telford made new foundations in roads with large flat stones. Soon after, roads across America were improved based on these techniques. The closest to trains were horses, commonly used to pull freight cars along rails. In 1801, Richard Trevithick made the first steam locomotive. These improvements on waterways, roads, and railroads all made traveling safer, and it allowed goods to be moved more efficiently. The water frame, the spinning mule, and the power loom were bulky and expensive machines. They took the world of spinning and weaving out of the house. Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in large buildings called factories. For centuries, most Europeans had lived in rural areas. After 1800, the balance shifted toward
cities. The growth of the factory system - manufacturing goods in a central location - brought waves of jobseekers to figure and towns. Between 1800 and 1850, the number of European cities boasting more than 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 47. Most of Europe's urban areas at least doubled in population. This period was one of urbanization - city building and the movement of people to cities. Some cities, such as Glasgow and Berlin, tripled or even quadrupled in size. 1. Poor city dwellers: because no plans, sanitary codes, or building regulations controlled the rampant growth of English cities, the poor lacked adequate housing and many were forced
to live in dark, filthy, overcrowded slums under very unhealthy and unsafe conditions. Size of Cities: Living Conditions: Working Conditions: Emerging Social Classes: Laissez faire = the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. That policy favors a free market unregulated by the government. Adam Smith defended the idea of a free economy. According to him, economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. Smith claimed that government need not interfere in the economy. He argued that if individuals freely followed their own self-interest the world would be an orderly and progressive place. After all, sellers made money by producing things that other people wanted to buy. Buyers spent money for the things they wanted most. In such a market place, Smith thought, social harmony would result without any government direction, "as if by individual hand." Smith's ideas were central to the development of capitalism. Individual ownership and competition➡️ What's bad about capitalism? •Adam Smith's capitalism dominated the IR- Led to bad working conditions. French reformers such as Charles Fourier, Saint-Simon, and others sought to offset the effects of industrialization with a new kind of economic system called socialism. In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. Socialism is the stage between Capitalism and Communism. It builds upon the previous system (Capitalism) by nationalizing the "means of production" (i.e. corporations, resources, banks, etc.), but not by making everyone equal. People are paid wages based on several factors (social need, difficulty, amount of schooling required, etc.), so not everyone will make the same wage. Socialists argued that the government should actively plan the economy rather than depending on free-market capitalism to do the job. They argued that government control of factories, mines, railroads, and other key industries would abolish poverty and promote equality. Public ownership, they believed, would help the workers, who were at the mercy of greedy employers. What are the long term consequences of the Industrial Revolution?During the times of industrial revolution, living conditions Improved as time went on, but back when the industrial revolution was just getting started, cities lacked sanitary codes or building codes, Housing water, and social services were scarce, and epidemics swept through the city.
What were the long term consequences of the Industrial Revolution for the environment?The Industrial Revolution impacted the environment. The world saw a major increase in population, which, along with an increase in living standards, led to the depletion of natural resources. The use of chemicals and fuel in factories resulted in increased air and water pollution and an increased use of fossil fuels.
What are some long term causes of the Industrial Revolution?Historians have identified several causes for the Industrial Revolution, including: the emergence of capitalism, European imperialism, efforts to mine coal, and the effects of the Agricultural Revolution. Capitalism was a central component necessary for the rise of industrialization.
What are the long term consequences of the Industrial Revolution quizlet?LONG TERM EFFECT: Workers won higher wages, shorter hours, & better conditions. Workers stilled overworked and underpaid. Overseers & skilled workers=lower middle class. Factory owners & merchants=upper middle class.
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