The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?

1. The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________.

C. continuous development

2. Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains?

3. How is lifespan development defined?

A. The study of how we grow and change from conception to death.

4. The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.

5. Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?

6. According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?

7. Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

8. The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________.

9. What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?

10. Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________.

11. The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?

12. The frontal lobes become fully developed ________.

13. Who created the very first modern hospice?

14. Which of the following is the order of stages in Kübler-Ross’s five-stage model of grief?

C. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

15. Describe the nature versus nurture controversy, and give an example of a trait and how it might be influenced by each?

The nature versus nurture controversy seeks to understand whether our personalities and traits are the product of our genetic makeup and biological factors, or whether they are shaped by our environment, which includes such things as our parents, peers, and culture. Today, psychologists agree that both nature and nurture interact to shape who we become, but the debate over the relative contributions of each continues. An example would be a child learning to walk: Nature influences when the physical ability occurs, but culture can influence when a child masters this skill, as in Aché culture.

16. Compare and contrast continuous and discontinuous development.

Continuous development sees our development as a cumulative process: Changes are gradual. On the other hand, discontinuous development sees our development as taking place in specific steps or stages: Changes are sudden.

17. Why should developmental milestones only be used as a general guideline for normal child development?

Children develop at different rates. For example, some children may walk and talk as early as 8 months old, while others may not do so until well after their first birthday. Each child’s unique contexts will influence when he reaches these milestones.

18. What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation? Provide examples of each.

Assimilation is when we take in information that is comparable to what we already know. Accommodation is when we change our schemata based on new information. An example of assimilation is a child’s schema of “dog” based on the family’s golden retriever being expanded to include two newly adopted golden retrievers. An example of accommodation is that same child’s schema of “dog” being adjusted to exclude other four-legged furry animals such as sheep and foxes.

19. Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Gilligan criticized Kohlberg because his theory was based on the responses of upper class White men and boys, arguing that it was biased against women. While Kohlberg concluded that women must be deficient in their moral reasoning abilities, Gilligan disagreed, suggesting that female moral reasoning is not deficient, just different.

20. What is egocentrism? Provide an original example.

Egocentrism is the inability to take the perspective of another person. This type of thinking is common in young children in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. An example might be that upon seeing his mother crying, a young child gives her his favorite stuffed animal to make her feel better.

21. What are some known teratogens, and what kind of damage can they do to the developing fetus?

Alcohol is a teratogen. Excessive drinking can cause mental retardation in children. The child can also have a small head and abnormal facial features, which are characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Another teratogen is nicotine. Smoking while pregnant can lead to low-birth weight, premature birth, stillbirth, and SIDS.

22. What is prenatal care and why is it important?

Prenatal care is medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and fetus. It’s important to receive prenatal care because it can reduce complications to the mother and fetus during pregnancy.

23. Describe what happens in the embryonic stage of development. Describe what happens in the fetal stage of development.

In the embryonic stage, basic structures of the embryo start to develop into areas that will become the head, chest, and abdomen. The heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function. The neural tube forms along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and brain. In the fetal stage, the brain and body continue to develop. Fingers and toes develop along with hearing, and internal organs form.

24. What makes a personal quality part of someone’s personality?

The particular quality or trait must be part of an enduring behavior pattern, so that it is a consistent or predictable quality.

25. Describe some of the newborn reflexes. How might they promote survival?

The sucking reflex is the automatic, unlearned sucking motions that infants do with their mouths. It may help promote survival because this action helps the baby take in nourishment. The rooting reflex is the newborn’s response to anything that touches her cheek. When you stroke a baby’s cheek she will naturally turn her head that way and begin to suck. This may aid survival because it helps the newborn locate a source of food.

26. Compare and contrast the four attachment styles and describe the kinds of childhood outcomes we can expect with each.

With the authoritative style, children are given reasonable demands and consistent limits, warmth and affection are expressed, the parent listens to the child’s point of view, and the child initiates positive standards. Children raised by authoritative parents tend to have high self-esteem and social skills. Another parenting style is authoritarian: The parent places a high value on conformity and obedience. The parents are often strict, tightly monitor their children, and express little warmth. This style can create anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy kids. The third parenting style is permissive: Parents make few demands, rarely use punishment, and give their children free rein. Children raised by permissive parents tend to lack self-discipline, which contributes to poor grades and alcohol abuse. However, they have higher self-esteem, better social skills, and lower levels of depression. The fourth style is the uninvolved parent: They are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes called neglectful. The children raised in this parenting style are usually emotionally withdrawn, fearful, anxious, perform poorly in school, and are at an increased risk of substance abuse.

27. What is emerging adulthood and what are some factors that have contributed to this new stage of development?

Emerging adulthood is a relatively new period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s, characterized as a transitional time in which identity exploration focuses on work and love. According to Arnett, changing cultural expectations facilitate the delay to full adulthood. People are spending more time exploring their options, so they are delaying marriage and work as they change majors and jobs multiple times, putting them on a much later timetable than their parents.

28. Describe the five stages of grief and provide examples of how a person might react in each stage.

The first stage is denial. The person receives news that he is dying, and either does not take it seriously or tries to escape from the reality of the situation. He might say something like, “Cancer could never happen to me. I take good care of myself. This has to be a mistake.” The next stage is anger. He realizes time is short, and he may not have a chance to accomplish what he wanted in life. “It’s not fair. I promised my grandchildren that we would go to Disney World, and now I’ll never have the chance to take them.” The third stage is bargaining. In this stage, he tries to delay the inevitable by bargaining or pleading for extra time, usually with God, family members, or medical care providers. “God, just give me one more year so I can take that trip with my grandchildren. They’re too young to understand what’s happening and why I can’t take them.” The fourth stage is depression. He becomes sad about his impending death. “I can’t believe this is how I’m going to die. I’m in so much pain. What’s going to become of my family when I’m gone?” The final stage is acceptance. This stage is usually reached in the last few days or weeks before death. He recognizes that death is inevitable. “I need to get everything in order and say all of my good-byes to the people I love.”

29. What is the purpose of hospice care?

Hospice is a program of services that provide medical, social, and spiritual support for dying people and their families.

In what stage do children see the world in an egocentric way?

Is a parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as the child explores the surroundings?

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

In which type of parenting does the parent place high value on conformity and obedience?