Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaptation reproduction and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

Inhaltsverzeichnis Show

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption reproduction and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior?
What does evolutionary approach emphasize?
Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance?
What perspective of psychology looks at how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes?

Chapter 2

Charles Darwin (1859) described natural selection as the evolutionary process by which

those individuals of a species that are best adapted to their environment are the ones

that are most likely to survive and reproduce.

Psychology’s newest approach, evolutionary psychology, emphasizes the

importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping

behavior.

David Buss (2008, 2012, 2015) argues that just as evolution shapes our physical

features, such as body shape and height, it also pervasively influences how we make

decisions, how aggressive we are, our fears, and our mating patterns.

The nucleus of each human cell contains chromosomes, which are threadlike

structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. DNA is a complex molecule that

has a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and it contains genetic

information. Genes, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of DNA,

as you can see in Figure 3. They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble

proteins. Proteins, in turn, are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that

direct the body’s processes

genome-wide association method to identify genetic variations linked to a

particular disorder

Another source of variability comes from DNA. Chance, a mistake by cellular machinery,

or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation may produce a mutated gene,

which is a permanently altered segment of DNA (Freeman & others, 2017).

All of a person’s genetic material makes up his or her genotype

All of the cells in your body, except your sperm or eggs, have 46 chromosomes arranged

in 23 pairs. These cells reproduce by a process called mitosis. During mitosis, the cell’s

nucleus—including the chromosomes—duplicates itself and the cell divides. Two new

cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the

same 23 pairs of chromosomes

a different type of cell division—meiosis—forms eggs and sperm (which also are

called gametes). During meiosis, a cell of the testes (in men) or ovaries (in women)

duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of

which has only half of the genetic material of the parent cell (Colbert & Gonzalez,

2016; Johnson, 2015). By the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has

23 unpaired chromosomes.

During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called

a zygote (see Figure 4). In the zygote, the 23 unpaired chromosomes from the egg

and the 23 unpaired chromosomes from the sperm combine to form one set of 23 paired

chromosomes—one chromosome of each pair from the mother’s egg and the other from

the father’s sperm.

focusNode

Didn't know it?
click below

Knew it?
click below

Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

Ch 2

Term	Definition
natural selection	Charles Darwin described ___ as the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted to their environment are the ones that are most likely to survive and reproduce.
generation	Those that manage to survive and reproduce in a species pass on their traits to the next ___.
evolutionary psychology	A branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior.
fit	the ability to bear offspring that survive long enough to bear offspring of their own,
reproductive success	Natural selection favors behaviors that increase what?
brain, society	One important concept is than an extended childhood period might have evolved because humans require time to develop a large ___ and learn the complexity of human ___.
food-scarce	the ___ environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods, a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful.
perhaps because older adults can care for the young	Why do humans live so long after their reproductive capacity has ended?
decreases	According to Paul Baltes, the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection ___ with age.
older adults	Natural selection has not weeded many harmful conditions/maladaptive traits that appear among ___.
first half of life	Baltes says selection primary operates during the ___.
Alzheimer disease	irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration.
culture	As the benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age, the need for ___ increases.
post hoc	Common criticisms of evolutionary psychology are that it can't be tested scientifically and that it relies mainly on ___ (after the fact) explanations.
one-sided evolutionism	Bandura also criticizes what he calls "___ ___," which views social behavior as strictly the product of evolved biology.
bidirectional view	___ ___, in which evolutionary pressures created change in biological structures that allowed the use of tools, which enabled our ancestors to manipulate the environment, constructing new environmental conditions.
behavior	Evolution has given us body structures and biological potentialities, but it does not dictate ___.
DNA	Our many traits/characteristics that are genetically influenced have a long evolutionary history that is retained in our ___.
nucleus	The ___ of each human cell contains chromosomes.
chromosomes	Threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
DNA	A complex molecule that has a double helix shape and contains genetic information.
genes	Units of hereditary information composed of DNA. They help cells to reproduce themselves and assemble proteins that direct body processes.
proteins	building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes.
human genome	The complete set of developmental information for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism.
genome-wide association method	Method used to identify genetic variations linked to a particular disorder (like cancers, obesity, depression, suicide, etc.)
Linkage analysis	Method in which the goal is to discover the location of one or more genes in relation to a marker gene (whose position is already known). Often used in the search for disease genes.
21,306	The most recent humane gene figure is:
genetic expression	the activity of genes
methylation	Scientists have found that certain genes are tuned on or off as a result of exercise, mainly through a process called ___, in which tiny atoms attach themselves to the outside of a gene.
biochemical	Methylation makes the gene more or less capable of receiving/responding to ___ signals from the body. In this way the behavior of the gene, but not its structure, is changed.
46	All cells, except your sperm or eggs, have ___ chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
Mitosis	Cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself; two new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.
meiosis	A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (or gametes).
unpaired	By the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has 23 ___ chromosomes.
Fertilization	A stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote.
mutated gene	a permanently altered segment of DNA
Genotype	All of a person’s actual genetic material.
susceptibility genes	Genes that make an individual more vulnerable to accelerated aging or specific diseases such as COVID-19.
Longevity genes	Genes that make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age.
Phenotype	Observable and measurable characteristics of an individual, such as height, hair color, and intelligence.
dominant	When one gene of a pair overrides the potential influence of the other gene, it is called ___.
recessive	When one gene of a pair is overridden by the other gene, it is called ___.
recessive	Most mutated genes are ___.
X-linked inheritance	When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called ___.
genetic imprinting	___ is a chemical process that "silences" one member of the gene pair.
polygenically determined	Characteristics that are determined by the interaction of many different genes are said to be ___.
gene-gene interaction	The term ___ is increasingly used to describe studies that focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development.
Behavior genetics	The field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.
Twin study	A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins.
Adoption study	A study in which investigators seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents, who provided a home environment, or more like their biological parents,
passive genotype-environment correlations	Correlations that exist when the biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
evocative genotype-environment correlations	Correlations that exist when the child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments. Ex: cooperative, attentive children evoke more pleasant responses from adults around them than the opposite kind of children.
active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations	Correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.
niche-picking	refers to finding a setting that is suited to one's genetically influenced abilities.
Epigenetic view	Perspective emphasizing that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.
gene × environment (G × E) interaction	The interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.
conception	When two parental cells, with their unique genetic contributions, join to create a new individual
266 days	Prenatal development lasts around:
birth	prenatal development begins with the germinal period and ends with ___.
germinal period	The period of prenatal development that takes place during the first two weeks after conception; it includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the wall of the uterus.
embryonic period	The period of prenatal development that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception. The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear.
alcohol use	One study confirmed that ethanol crosses the human placenta and primarily reflects maternal what?
oxidative stress	Another study revealed that cigarrete smoke weakens and increases the ___ ___ of fetal membranes from which the placenta develops.
fetal period	The prenatal period of development that begins two months after conception and lasts for seven months, on average.
viable	As early as 6 months of pregnancy, the fetus for the 1st time has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. That is, it is ___.
first	The germinal and embryonic periods occur in the ___ trimester.
end	The fetal period begins towards the ___ of the 1st trimester and continues though the 2nd and 3rd trimesters.
12 weeks	At how many weeks is a human called a fetus?
first two primesters	The basic architecture of the human brain is assembled when?
~21 days after conception	When does the neural tube form?
anencephaly and spina bifida	Two birth defects related to a failure of the neural tube to close are ...?
the highest	When fetuses have anencephaly, what regions of the brain fail to develop?
spinal cord, paralysis	Spina bifida is an imcomplete development of the ___ ___ that results in varying degrees of ___ of the lower limbs.
once the neural tube has closed	When does neurogenesis begin to take place?
15 wks after conception	When does neural migration take place?
~23rd prenatal week	When do connections between neuron begin to form?
ultrasound sonography	noninvasive prenatal medical procedure in which high-frequency sounds waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen.
microencephaly and spina bifida	what fetal diseases/abnormalities can ultrasound detect?
MRI	uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body's organs/structures.
images	MRI provides more detailed ___.
chorionic villus sampling	prenatal medical procedure in which a tiny tissue sample from the placenta is removed and analyzed
amniocentesis	sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn with syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders; small risk of miscarriage.
maternal blood screening	identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects such as spina bifida and down syndrome, as well as congenital heart disease risk.
triple screen	measures 3 substances in the mother's blood in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy
teratogen	Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes.
critical period	a fixed time period early in development during which certain experiences/events can have a long-lasting effect on development
fetal period	at what stage of development are teratogens most likely to cause damage?
no	can you consume caffeine during pregnancy?
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)	A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy.
weight	Prenatal smoking leads to low what in infants?
microcephaly	rubella effect on infant where the head is small and undeveloped.
uterine contractions, baby's head enters birth canal, afterbirth (shortest stage)	labor occurs in three stages:
natural childbirth	Method of childbirth where maternal pain is reduced through education (breathing, relaxation techniques).
prepared childbirth	lamaze method; a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor and provides details about anatomy and physiology.
Aquatic birthing Massage, acupuncture, hypnosis Music therapy	Non-medicated techniques to reduce pain
birthing centers	may or may not be associated with a hospital, provides a safer environment in case of medical problems, while still granting a "home-like" feel and encourages family support.
sitting upright or seated on a birthing stool	most advantageous birthing position
inclined prone position	most used birthing positition in U.S.
cesarean	Fetal Monitoring - heart monitors have saved many infant lives, but have also contributed to many unnecessary ___ deliveries
medications	- can cross the placental barrier and affect infant (typically sluggish, poorer sucking reflex for a time, no evidence for long term effects as of yet)
analgesis	medicine that reduces overall pain levels
anesthetics	block sensations, make it harder for the mother to push during 2nd stage.
induced labor	performed when prolonged pregnancy or labor threatens the health of the fetus or mother (contractions are usually stronger, more irregular, and labor longer).
vernix caseosa	protective skin grease at birth
heart, reflexes, and color	apgar scale assesses what in newborn?
less than 5 ½ lbs	low wight in newborns?
less than 3 lbs	very low weight in newborns?
under 2 lbs	extremely low weight in newborns?
preterm	born in 35 weeks or less after conception
Learning difficulties, more behavioral problems	consequences of low birth weight (2)
kangaroo care	: skin-to-skin contact Stabilizes bodily functions (ie: breathing) Better sleep, weight gain, more alertness
bonding	Needs to occur shortly after birth; Early emotional attachments may create healthy interactions after leaving hospital; Rooming-in arrangements offered; Massages and tactile stimulation for premature infants affect development.

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption reproduction and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior?

Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in psychology that examines cognition and behavior from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations – that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection in human evolution.

What does evolutionary approach emphasize?

Evolutionary theory highlights the adaptive value of within-species variability. Optimal biological and behavioral strategies differ depending on the nature of the environmental context as well as the characteristics of the organism such as age, sex, health, or physical size.