Which of these established ways of living or thinking was challenged by the atlantic revolutions?

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If you're in Mrs. Woods class, these are the same questions as on the online textbook.

Terms in this set (37)

How much autonomy did the British colonies in America have in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, before the conflict that led to American independence?
- Just a little
- None at all
- A large amount
- The amount of autonomy varied widely from colony to colony.

A large amount
→ Local elected assemblies in the American colonies achieved something close to self-government and were largely left to their own devices by the British government.

Which of the following was a result of growing nationalist sentiment in the nineteenth century?
- Poles sought greater autonomy within the Austrian Empire.
- Hungarians demanded greater autonomy within the Russian Empire.
- Italy became unified.
- A Zionist movement sought a homeland in Greece.

Italy became unified.
→ Italy did unify for the first time during the nineteenth century.

A distinctive feature of the Atlantic revolutions as compared to other upheavals of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was
- the maintenance of aristocratic privilege everywhere except in Haiti.
- their establishment of a single "official" church.
- the establishment of republican governments in the place of monarchies.
- the attachment of revolutionaries to the concept of the divine right of kings.

The establishment of republican governments in the place of monarchies.
→ While all of the Atlantic revolutions involved the elimination of monarchs, at least temporarily, across Asia and the Middle East bad monarchs were often simply replaced by new monarchs.

Which of the following was an important reverberation of the Atlantic revolutions?
- Efforts to reform societies through revolution ended in Europe, because the populations of those countries were now largely content with their situations.
- Britain withdrew from its Asian colonies in a bid to avoid further expensive rebellions.
- The popularity of constitutions declined as the problems of governing with a constitution became clear.
- Over time, social pressures pushed the major states of Western Europe, the United States, and Argentina to enlarge their voting publics.

Over time, social pressures pushed the major states of Western Europe, the United States, and Argentina to enlarge their voting publics.
→ Voting rights did expand through time in these regions. Universal male suffrage had generally been granted in these regions by 1914.

Who wrote the 1879 play A Doll's House, which riveted audiences across Europe with its story of Nora, a housewife who leaves a loveless and oppressive marriage?
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Henrik Ibsen
- Condorcet
- Jane Addams

Henrik Ibsen
→ In A Doll's House, Henrik Ibsen outraged many with his exploration of the role of women in society.

Which of the following was a distinguishing characteristic of the Haitian Revolution?
- It was not particularly revolutionary at all.
- It occurred later and took much longer to complete than the other revolutions.
- The Haitian Revolution resulted in the adoption of a completely new calendar.
- It was a fully successful slave revolt.

It was a fully successful slave revolt.
→ The Haitian Revolution was the only completely successful slave revolt in human history.

Which of the following was among the radical measures taken by the new revolutionary government in France?
- Giving women the right to fully participate in revolutionary politics
- Instituting a universal male draft
- Freeing the Catholic Church from all state control
- Granting independence to all French colonies

Instituting a universal male draft
→ All adult males were required to serve in the French army, which was the largest in the world.

What happened to Haiti's enormously profitable and huge slave plantations after Haitian independence was won in 1804?
- The land was converted for use in large, urban industrial projects.
- The land was neglected and soon reverted back to jungle, forest, and swampland.
- Former plantation owners were hired to run the plantations as modern companies.
- The land was divided and redistributed among former slaves and free blacks.

The land was divided and redistributed among former slaves and free blacks.
→ The nation of Haiti became one of small-scale farmers producing mostly for their own needs, with a much smaller export sector.

Which of the following was a result of growing nationalist sentiment in the nineteenth century?
- Poles and Ukrainians became more aware of their oppression within the Russian Empire.
- A Zionist movement sought a homeland in Russia.
- People in the Turkish Empire embraced the notion of an Ottoman nation-state.
- African and Asia were decolonized following the discrediting of concepts of empire.

Poles and Ukrainians became more aware of their oppression within the Russian Empire.
→ During this period both the Poles and the Ukrainians became more aware of their oppression within the Russian Empire, sparking nationalist movements.

One nationalist political ideology that emerged in the nineteenth century defined the nation
- in terms of classes.
- as an abstract and unrealizable concept.
- as a strictly male undertaking.
- in racial terms.

in racial terms.
→ Some nationalist movements, such as the one in Germany, defined the nation in racial terms, excluding those who did not share a common ancestry.

Which of these established ways of living or thinking was challenged by the Atlantic revolutions?
- aristocratic privilege
- republicanism
- free trade
- Freedom of religion

aristocratic privilege
→ Many of the Atlantic revolutions challenged the legal privileges of aristocrats, perhaps most directly in France, where all such privileges and distinctions were abolished.

What radical feminist threw herself in front of the king's horse during a race in 1913 and was trampled to death?
- Jane Addams
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Emily Davison

Emily Davison
→ Emily Davison did throw herself in front of the king's horse in 1913. She was part of a group of committed feminists in Britain who turned to direct action to press for greater rights.

Which of the following questions generated endless controversy among Atlantic revolutionaries?
- How could the state put a stop to human efforts at "engineering" society so that its pure and divinely sanctioned order could be preserved?
- Should more races be enslaved for the good of the many?
- Were liberty and equality compatible?
- How could the divine right to rule be transferred from the privileged aristocracy to a single benevolent ruler?

Were liberty and equality compatible?
→ This was a question associated with the concept of popular sovereignty that engendered significant debate among Atlantic revolutionaries.

The first region involved in the Atlantic slave trade to abolish slavery was
- the United States.
- Great Britain.
- Brazil.
- Latin America.

Great Britain.
→ Britain forbade the sale of slaves within its empire in 1807, and in 1834 it emancipated those who remained enslaved.

In the Islamic world during the nineteenth century, the practice of slavery
- was opposed by a grassroots abolitionist movement similar to antislavery movements in Europe.
- was encouraged by authorities as a means of economic development.
- was abolished, with land being transferred to former slaves and serfs.
- was opposed by some Muslim authorities on the grounds that it violated the Quran's ideals.

was opposed by some Muslim authorities on the grounds that it violated the Quran's ideals.
→ Some Muslim authorities opposed slavery on the grounds that it violated the Quran's ideals of freedom and equality.

What Muslim empire remained largely intact into the mid-nineteenth century?
- The Mughal Empire in India
- The Mfecane Empire in Africa
- The Ottoman Empire in the Middle East
- The Safavid Empire in Persia

The Ottoman Empire in the Middle East
→ Despite the serious threat posed by the Wahhabi movement in Arabia, the Ottoman Empire survived into the nineteenth century largely intact.

Which of the following was among the radical measures taken by the new revolutionary government in France?
- Getting rid of the draft, relying instead on an all-volunteer army
- Granting independence to all French colonies
- Creating an entirely new calendar with Year 1 in 1792
- Giving women the right to hold high public office but not the right to vote

Creating an entirely new calendar with Year 1 in 1792
→ As part of a wider effort to create a wholly new society, a new revolutionary calendar was created with the Year 1 in 1792.

Which of the following was a distinguishing characteristic of the independence movement in Latin America?
- The Spanish American revolutions occurred later and took much longer to complete than the other Atlantic revolutions.
- It was the only fully successful slave revolt in world history.
- The Spanish American revolutions led to more radical social change than did any other Atlantic revolution.
- The most revolutionary aspect was not the revolution itself so much as the kind of society that had already emerged in Latin America.

The Spanish American revolutions occurred later and took much longer to complete than the other Atlantic revolutions.
→ The Spanish American revolutions occurred relatively late in the period of Atlantic revolutions and lasted longer than the others.

The Atlantic revolutions challenged which of these established ways of living or thinking?
- free trade
- the divine right of kings
- Freedom of religion
- equality

the divine right of kings
→ Many prerevolutionary monarchs relied on the theory of divine right for their political legitimacy.

By the 1870s, feminist movements in the West
- were focusing primarily on the issue of women's suffrage.
- had for the most part given up on achieving suffrage rights, focusing instead on securing the right to work.
- had for the most part renounced peaceful protest and persuasion, opting instead for organized campaigns of violence on both sides of the Atlantic.
- had largely achieved suffrage rights for women and had begun to focus on increasing women's educational opportunities.

were focusing primarily on the issue of women's suffrage.
→ Suffrage had become a central issue for many women. By 1914 the National American Woman Suffrage Association claimed 2 million members.

Which of the following was among the radical measures taken by the new revolutionary government in France?
- Turning some churches into "Temples of Reason"
- Making an alliance with the Haitian rebels, whom French revolutionaries described as their brothers in arms
- Giving women the right to fully participate in revolutionary politics
- Giving everyone in society a noble title, thus granting every French subject the privileges formerly enjoyed by a relative few

Turning some churches into "Temples of Reason"
→ The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was one of many churches around France that were converted at least temporarily into Temples of Reason.

Which of the following nations continued to import large numbers of slaves even after the slave trade was declared illegal in the nineteenth century?
- The United States
- Britain
- Haiti
- Brazil

Brazil
→ Brazil and Cuba imported millions of slaves after the trade was declared illegal.

The Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion that began in 1810 was
- a partially successful rebellion by slaves in British Caribbean colonies in support of the Haitian revolt.
- an unsuccessful peasant revolt in Mexico.
- an abortive rebellion of Native Americans in Peru.
- a slave revolt on Saint Domingue that was brutally repressed.

an unsuccessful peasant revolt in Mexico.
→ A peasant insurrection under the leadership of two priests, Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos, did take place in the early nineteenth century but was ultimately crushed. It became known as the Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion.

Which of the following was a result of growing nationalist sentiment in the nineteenth century?
- Italy became unified.
- Poles sought greater autonomy within the Austrian Empire.
- A Zionist movement sought a homeland in Greece.
- Hungarians demanded greater autonomy within the Russian Empire.

Italy became unified.
→ Italy did unify for the first time during the nineteenth century

Which of the following was a result of the Seven Years' War (1754-1763)?
- A concerted attempt by the French government to raise new revenues from landowners
- The immediate emancipation of all slaves in the French colonies
- The reduction of taxes on the British North American colonies to avoid further unrest
- The crushing of the Haitian slave revolt

A concerted attempt by the French government to raise new revenues from landowners
→ The French monarchy did seek new revenue from its landowners in order to pay for the war. This contributed to the outbreak of the French Revolution.

Which of the following is true of the early challenges to patriarchy in late-eighteenth-century Europe?
- Condorcet, a male French writer, called for an equality of rights between the sexes.
- Enlightenment thinkers uniformly opposed any change to current thinking on the inferiority of women.
- Mary Wollstonecraft was one of the chief opponents of the new concept of a feminist consciousness.
- Women successfully secured political liberty and equality during the French Revolution.

Condorcet, a male French writer, called for an equality of rights between the sexes.
→ Condorcet did call for the complete destruction of prejudices that had created and perpetuated an inequality of rights between the sexes.

How much autonomy did the British colonies in America have in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, before the conflict that led to American independence?
- None at all
- A large amount
- Just a little
- The amount of autonomy varied widely from colony to colony.

A large amount
→ Local elected assemblies in the American colonies achieved something close to self-government and were largely left to their own devices by the British government.

In Africa following the collapse of the Atlantic slave trade,
- the price of slaves increased.
- slavery ceased to exist.
- slavery persisted but went into steep decline.
- the use of slaves increased.

the use of slaves increased.
→ The use of slaves increased, especially in the production of the export crops that the world economy now sought.

In what way did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution?
- The French Revolution resulted in women securing far greater political rights and freedoms.
- The French Revolution was accompanied by less dramatic social transformations.
- The French Revolution was far more radical in its first five years.
- The French revolutionaries protected church lands rather than selling them off.

The French Revolution was far more radical in its first five years.
→ The French Revolution was much more violent, far-reaching, and radical in character than its American counterpart. It was a profound social upheaval, and opposition to its reforms produced a fear that the revolution might be overturned. By 1793 the most radical revolutionaries sought to create a wholly new society through such measures as the creation of a new calendar and new names for cities and people.

A distinctive feature of the Atlantic revolutions as compared to other upheavals of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was
- their establishment of a single "official" church.
- the maintenance of aristocratic privilege everywhere except in Haiti.
- the establishment of republican governments in the place of monarchies.
- the attachment of revolutionaries to the concept of the divine right of kings.

the establishment of republican governments in the place of monarchies.
→ While all of the Atlantic revolutions involved the elimination of monarchs, at least temporarily, across Asia and the Middle East bad monarchs were often simply replaced by new monarchs.

In what ways did Europe's modern transformation weaken older identities and loyalties?
- Europe experienced less migration, allowing individuals to become more attached to their home region.
- As part of their push to foster new national identities, political authorities self-consciously promoted new national identities as definitive breaks with the past.
- The publishing industry standardized various dialects into a smaller number of European languages.
- The discrediting of science during the nineteenth century strengthened ties to older religious traditions.

The publishing industry standardized various dialects into a smaller number of European languages.
→ This process of standardization allowed a growing reading public to think of themselves as members of a common linguistic group or nation.

The American Revolution differed from the Spanish American revolutions in that
- the British North American colonies were ruled in a more authoritarian manner.
- after the revolutions the United States declined in importance relative to Latin America, as population and agricultural production in the former Spanish colonies grew much more rapidly.
- ultimately the British North American colonies emerged as a single state, while the Latin American colonies fragmented into numerous smaller states.
- the process in Latin America was much quicker because violence was directed almost entirely against foreign Spanish troops.

ultimately the British North American colonies emerged as a single state, while the Latin American colonies fragmented into numerous smaller states.
→ Despite efforts to form a United States of Latin America, the region ultimately fragmented into many smaller sovereign states. Several factors made unity more difficult to engineer in Latin America. Distances between the colonies and geographic obstacles to effective communication were greater in Latin America. Moreover, the longer colonial period in Latin America had given rise to more distinct and deeply rooted regional identities.

Who was the Latin American revolutionary leader known as the "great liberator" who had sought but failed to secure greater political unity among the former colonies in Latin America?
- Jean-Jacques Dessalines
- Simón Bolívar
- José Morelos
- Miguel Hidalgo

Simón Bolívar
→ Simón Bolívar was an important military leader in the revolt against Spanish colonial rule in Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela. By his death he was known as the "great liberator" because of his successful military campaigns, but despite his efforts he was not able to bring the former Spanish and Portuguese Latin American colonies into a unified political framework.

What was distinctive about the Haitian Revolution in the history of the Atlantic revolutions?
- It was the only revolution to draw on Enlightenment ideas.
- It was the only revolution to succeed in securing a colony's independence from foreign rule.
- It was the only revolution to end with the reestablishment of colonial oversight.
- It was the only completely successful revolution led by slaves.

It was the only completely successful revolution led by slaves.
→ The Haitian Revolution was the only wholly successful slave revolt in the Atlantic world. Indeed, it was the only successful slave revolt in world history.

A new idea central to the agenda promoted by Atlantic revolutionaries was
- divine right legitimacy for the state.
- popular sovereignty.
- social stability through government-sanctioned churches.
- state control of trade.

popular sovereignty.
→ Popular sovereignty was a fundamental political principle that underpinned concepts of republican government central to the Atlantic revolutions.

Who was a prominent leader in the successful Haitian slave revolt?
- Simón Bolívar
- Maximilien Robespierre
- Toussaint Louverture
- José Morelos

Toussaint Louverture
→ The former slave Toussaint Louverture overcame internal resistance and outmaneuvered foreign powers in order to secure Haiti's independence in the only fully successful slave revolt in human history.

Whom did the third estate of the Estates General represent?
- The nobility
- The clergy
- The 98 percent of the French population not in the clergy, the nobility, or the royal family
- The king

The 98 percent of the French population not in the clergy, the nobility, or the royal family
→ The third estate was made up of commoners, defined as those who were not members of the clergy or the nobility.

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What did the Atlantic revolutions challenge?

What was one key long term impact of the Atlantic revolutions?

Which of the following was an important reverberation of the Atlantic revolutions?

What were the most important outcomes of the Atlantic revolutions?