A Show Of the following questions, which is best addressed by the approach of social cognitive learning? A. How do behavior and environment interact to influence learning? C The approach to learning described as social cognitive emphasizes which of the following? A. How reflection and motivation leads to new knowledge and understanding D Which of the following individuals is one of the main architects of social cognitive theory? A. E. L. Thorndike D Bandura's reciprocal determinism model consists of all of the following main factors except which one? A. Behavior C Which of the following aspects of the person factor has Bandura emphasized in recent years? A. Intelligence D Which of the following statements best describes an important conclusion that arose from the Bobo doll study? A. Children avoid aggressive
behavior whenever possible. A
The Bobo doll study shows that children can learn aggression in which of the following ways? A. Through observation B The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes is which of the following? A. Self-esteem A Researchers have found that self-regulatory learners also often have which of the following traits? A. Are high achieving D Researchers have found that high-achieving students tend to do all of the following except which one? A. Set specific goals C As students in U.S. schools have become more ethnically diverse in recent decades, their teachers A. are equally ethnically diverse. A To make up for the shortage of male teachers, some education programs actively recruit men, especially ethnic minorities, to join the teaching profession. In a recent national survey of college students, however, only _________ of males said their probable career would be an elementary school teacher or administrator and only ___________ indicated an interest in a career in secondary education. A. 1%; 4.7% D According to a recent study, what are some of the benefits to children from watching the television show Sesame Street? A. Conflict resolution skills D Before Terrence begins a large project, he takes time to ask himself these questions, "What do I have to do?" "What can I do right now?" "What might I need help with?" After he successfully completes a project, Terrence positively reinforces himself with such statements as, "Good! I did it!" "All it took was a little planning and effort. I knew I could do it!" Which of the following best describes the cognitive behavior techniques Terrence is using? A. Self-efficacy
strategies B Which of the following individuals is known for his research of helping students become self-regulatory learners? A. E. L. Thorndike A Barry Zimmerman is well known for his work in which of the following areas? A. Helping students become high self-regulatory learners A Mr. Rojas says, "What great behavior Daniel is showing; he is standing quietly in line the way he is supposed to be." Soon, all of the third graders in Mr. Rojas's class are standing in line quietly like Daniel. In this example, what has happened to the class? A. They are imitating Daniel because his behavior was reinforced. D The uses of applied behavior analysis are especially important in doing all of the following except which one? A. Increasing desirable behavior B What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced after a set number of responses? A. Fixed-interval A What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced only after a given period of time has elapsed? A. Fixed-interval A When a child is first learning a new behavior, which of the following strategies helps the child learn the new behavior most quickly? A. Continuous reinforcement C Of the following strategies that might be used by a teacher, which one leads to the greatest persistence in the desired behavior? A. Fixed-interval B Which of the following statements best describes a prompt? A. It is a form of punishment, intended to decrease an undesired response. D Which of the following statements best describes shaping? A. It is a form of punishment, intended to decrease an undesired response. C According to the textbook, of the following strategies for decreasing undesirable behaviors, which strategy should be tried last? A. Terminate positive reinforcement (extinction) C Approximately what percentage of states in the United States allows physical punishment of students? A. 5% D In the United States, which of the following students is most likely to receive physical punishment in school? A. A white female
from a low-income background C According to a 2003 poll, which of the following statements about U.S. parents' attitudes about spanking is true? A. Parents with 3- and 4-year-olds are the least likely to spank their children. D Under which of the following conditions, if any, is physical punishment of students recommended? A. When a student
physically harms another student D Physical punishment can lead to negative student behaviors, including which of the following? A. Fear, rage, and avoidance of school or particular teachers B Research shows that harsh physical punishment of children is linked to which of the following? A. Decreased problem behaviors over time C Time-out is best described as an example of which of the following? A. Positive reinforcement A Which of the following scenarios is most appropriate for the use of terminating positive reinforcement as a strategy for decreasing undesirable behaviors?
A. Whenever George interrupts the class, the teacher makes him stand in the hallway where he frequently talks to friends. C A teacher who uses pop quizzes to reinforce good study behaviors is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? A. Fixed-interval B Under which of the following conditions is time-out the most appropriate strategy in reducing undesirable behavior? A. Maria frequently
forgets to complete her homework. C Verbal reprimands are most effective under which of the following conditions? A. When the teacher reprimands the student several hours after the student
has engaged in the undesirable behavior C If a teacher compliments a certain student for good behavior an average of once per hour, regardless of how often the student displays the good behavior, the teacher is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? A. Fixed-interval B Mary's teacher compliments her every third time that she answers a question correctly. Mary's teacher is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? A. Fixed-interval A Mr. Bristol hands his eighth graders an agenda that tells them the due dates for all of their assignments are exactly one month apart. What type of reinforcement schedule did Mr. Bristol put his eighth graders on? A. Fixed-ratio B In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when C In operant conditioning, reinforcement occurs when A. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed. C Punishment results in A.
a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed. D In classical conditioning, a generalization occurs when A. a previously reinforced response is no longer
reinforced but continues to be observed. A Which of the following individuals is best known for his investigations of classical conditioning? A. Ivan Pavlov C Which of the following researchers is considered the primary architect of operant conditioning? A. Ivan Pavlov B In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the sound of the bell ringing just prior to the presentation of food is best described as which of the following? A. Conditioned response B A situation in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of the occurrence of that behavior is best known as which of the following? A. Classical conditioning B Which of the following is the best example of classical conditioning? A. Julia develops a fear of public speaking because some of Julia's classmates snicker when she asks questions about math. D Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has a locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with friends. In the preceding scenario, what is most likely the unconditioned stimulus? A. Kathy's heart rate B Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has a locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with friends. In the preceding scenario, which of the following is best described as the conditioned stimulus? A. Kathy's heart rate A Several weeks ago, Jonathan bought a new car. For the first few weeks, the buzzer went off every time he started the car because he had forgotten to buckle his seatbelt. Now, he always buckles his seatbelt as soon as he sits down, before starting the car. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus? A. The buzzer B Several weeks ago, Jonathan bought a new car. For the first few weeks, the buzzer went off every time he started the car because he had forgotten to buckle his seatbelt. Now, he always buckles his seatbelt as soon as he sits down, before starting the car. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus? A. The buzzer A A social studies teacher frequently ignores the quiet child in the social studies class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus? A. Being in the social studies classroom C A social studies teacher frequently ignores the quiet child in the social studies class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus? A. Being in the social studies classroom B At the end of the day, Isaac hears a car pull in the driveway. A few minutes later, his father walks through the side door to the house. Isaac smiles, then runs to the door to greet his father. This scene is repeated for several days. Then, one evening, Isaac runs to the side door as soon as he hears a car pull into the driveway. Isaac's behavior of running to the door when he hears the car can best be described as which of the following? A. Conditioned stimulus C Isaac runs to the door whenever he hears a car pull into the driveway during the late afternoon. This is when Isaac's dad usually comes home from work. Isaac never runs to the door during the morning, and he never runs to the door if he hears a truck. Isaac's behavior can best be described as which of the following? A. Extinction D Which of the following scenarios best depicts systematic desensitization? A. George stops raising his hand because the teacher usually criticizes the way he presents his answer, even when his answer is correct. B Which of the following scenarios best depicts negative reinforcement? A. A student raises
her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions. A Which of the following scenarios best depicts positive reinforcement? A. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her
hand to answer questions. A Of the following scenarios, which is the best example of negative reinforcement? A. The teacher makes John stay in his seat until he finishes an assignment while all the other children are allowed to play. C Mr. Roberts had to step out of the class for a moment and tells Megan to watch the class. Megan begins to get teased by her classmates for being a goody-goody and the teacher's pet. When Mr. Roberts returns, Megan tells him that she does not ever want to be left in charge of the class again. In this situation, Megan was A. positively reinforced by her classmates. C Ms. Santos is explaining geometric angles, when she sees Stanley poke his pencil in Sharon's arm. Sharon winces but does not say anything. Ms. Santos immediately tells Stanley that he has lost 10 minutes of recess. In this scenario, Ms. Santos used: A. Positive reinforcer B Mr. Elliot is walking around the learning centers in the room helping his students with their activity. Jack tells Mr. Elliot that Jan is not doing her part of the work—in fact she is distracting them by telling them jokes. Mr. Elliot tells Jan that she will have to go back to her seat and work independently if she does not stop telling jokes. Jan does not cause further problems in her group. In this example, Mr. Elliot used ________, and it was ________. A. punishment; ineffective C Alex loses his best friend, Tyler, when he tattles on Tyler at recess. Alex learns that tattling on friends is not a good idea. The loss of Tyler's friendship is an example of which of the following? A. Positive reinforcer C As a member of the debate team, Wesley becomes very angry with a peer, yells at him, and calls him names during a debate. To his dismay, he is immediately removed from the team. Wesley's removal from the team is an example of which of the following? A. Positive reinforcer C Natalie is Ms. Smitren's class clown. Natalie is very popular with her classmates because of her witty personality. Ms. Smitren has decided that the reason Natalie shows off is that she wants to be in the spotlight, so she decides to ignore Natalie when Natalie begins her comedy routines. However, much to Ms. Smitren's dismay, Natalie's behavior does not decrease. What did Ms. Smitren use in this example? A. Punishment A Felicia is constantly tardy to class. Her teacher decides to tell Felicia that he will subtract five points for every day that she is tardy, hoping that Felicia will begin to come to class on time. Felicia continues to be late to class and is now in danger of failing the class based on lack of points. What is this an example of? A. Negative reinforcer that was ineffective C Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's office. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's office, Sully gets tense and anxious. In this situation, the dentist is which of the following? A. Unconditioned stimulus A Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's office. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's office, Sully gets tense and anxious. Sully's mother takes him to a new dentist, Dr. Theron, who makes sure that Sully's visits are painless. Sully is anxious at first, but after a few visits, he no longer resists going to the new dentist. Sully's change in behavior can probably best be explained in terms of which of the following? A. Extinction B Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's office. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's office, Sully gets tense and anxious. Sully then does not go to see the dentist for several years. On his next visit, Sully employs a method based on classical conditioning that reduces anxiety by getting himself to associate relaxation with going to the dentist. This is an example of which of the following? A. Discriminative learning B Mr. Billow knows that the students in his 11th-grade history class are very friendly with each other and really like to do all of their assignments in groups. Thus, when a student does not bring in his homework completed, Mr. Billow makes him go to the library and work on an independent assignment. Mr. Billow's tactic is an example of which of the following? A. Positive reinforcement A In the middle of a difficult exam, Sam tells his teacher that his stomach hurts, and the teacher immediately sends him to the school nurse, who lets Sam lie down and take a nap. Sam's teacher takes notice that on several later occasions when Sam has a difficult test or assignment, Sam again tells the teacher that he doesn't feel well. Each time the teacher sends him to the school nurse without completing his work, and without being penalized. Sam is being: A. positively reinforced. D Katy has not done well on her spelling tests in the past. In fact, spelling is the only subject that Katy has ever failed. When Katy's third-grade teacher announces that the class will be having their spelling test during lunch, Katy becomes very anxious and begins to feel sick. What is this situation best illustrating? A. Operant conditioning with Katy being positively reinforced D A behaviorist's research would most likely address which of the following questions? A. Why do children get angry when teachers criticize them? A The importance of associative learning is emphasized in which of the following approaches to learning? A. Behavioral C Which of the following scenarios provides the best example of a mental process? A. A child draws a
picture of a car. A Of the following scenarios, which is the best example of associative learning? A. When Douglas asks a good question, the teacher smiles. D Which of the following is the best example of a learned situation? A. Abigail steps on a pebble and yells "ouch." A Research shows that teaching students strategies as well as self-regulation skills is critical in many academic areas. For students in a high school writing class, which of the following is a strategy? A. Outlining and creating a thesis statement Who is the main architect of social cognitive theory?Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) started as the Social Learning Theory (SLT) in the 1960s by Albert Bandura. It developed into the SCT in 1986 and posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior.
What is the social cognitive theory quizlet?The social cognitive theory assumes that humans learn behaviour through observational learning. It states that (unlike some learning) we do not need positive reinforcement (a reward) to continue our behaviour, we just need the model to be rewarded/punished for behaviour. Bandura called this vicarious reinforcement.
Which of the following is are associated with Bandura's model of observational learning?Observational learning is a major component of Bandura's social learning theory. He also emphasized that four conditions were necessary in any form of observing and modeling behavior: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
Which of the following statements best illustrates social cognitive theorist notion of reciprocal causation?Which one of the following statements best illustrates social cognitive theorists' notion of reciprocal causation? The environment affects students' behavior, but their behavior also affects the environment they experience.
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Which of the following individuals is one of the main architects of social cognitive theory?
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