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Terms in this set (37)Assessment The process of gathering information about people's symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms. Diagnosis A label for a set of symptoms that often occur together
Validity The accuracy of a test in assessing what it is supposed to measure. Face validity When on face value, the items seem to measure what the test is intended to measure. For example, a questionnaire for anxiety that asks "Do you feel jittery much of the time?" Content validity The extent to which a test assesses all the important aspects of a phenomenon that it purports to measure. For example, if a measure of anxiety asked only about physical symptoms and not cognitive symptoms, then we might not consider it a good measure of anxiety. Concurrent (or convergent) validity The extent to which a test yields the same results as other, established measures of the same behavior, thoughts, or feelings. A person's score on a new anxiety questionnaire should bear some relation to information gathered from the person's answers to an established anxiety questionnaire. Predictive validity A test has this if it is good at predicting how a person will think, act, or feel in the future. An anxiety measure has good predictive validity if it correctly predicts which people will behave in anxious ways when confronted with stressors in the future and which people will not. Construct validity The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure and not something else altogether. Reliability Indicates a test's consistency in measuring what it is supposed to measure. Test-retest reliability Describes how consistent the results of a test are over time. Alternate form reliability When people answers to different forms of a test are similar. Internal reliability When there is similarity in people's answers among different parts of the same test Interrater reliability Different raters or judges who administer and score the interview or test should come to similar conclusions when they are evaluating the same people. Mental status exam Assesses the person's general functioning. In the mental status exam, the clinician probes for five things. Structured interview The clinician asks the respondent a series of questions about symptoms he or she is experiencing or has experienced in the past. The format of the questions and the entire interview is standardized, and the clinician uses concrete criteria to score the person's answers. At the end of the interview, the clinician should be able to determine whether the respondent's symptoms qualify for a diagnosis of any major psychological problems. Symptom questionnaire Used when clinicians or researchers want a quick way to determine a person's symptoms. These can cover a wide variety of symptoms representing several different disorders. Other questionnaires focus on the symptoms of specific disorders. Personality inventories Questionnaires meant to assess people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. These inventories are used as part of an assessment procedure to obtain information on people's well-being, self-concept, attitudes and beliefs, ways of coping, perceptions of their environment, and social resources, and vulnerabilities. Behavioral observation In which the clinician looks for specific behaviors and what precedes and follows these behaviors. Role-playing When direct observation is not possible, a clinician may act out situations with the client, such as the client's interactions with an employer. Self-monitoring When direct observation or role-playing is not possible, clinicians may require individuals to keep track of their own specific behaviors, such as counting how many cigarettes they have a day. Intelligence tests Used in clinical practice to get a sense of an individual's intellectual strengths and weaknesses, particularly when mental retardation or brain damage is suspected. Neuropsychological tests Used when the clinician suspects neurological impairment in a person, and can be useful in detecting specific cognitive deficits such as a memory problem, such as dementia. Computerized tomography (CT) An enhancement of X-ray procedures. In a CT scan, narrow x-ray beams are passed through the person's head in a single plane from a variety of angles. The amount of radiation absorbed by each beam is measured, and from these measurements a computer program constructs an image of a slice of the brain.By taking these images, the computer can construct a 3D image of the brain's major structures, and reveal brain injury, tumors, and structural abnormalities. Positron-emission tomography (PET) Provides a picture of activity in the brain. PET requires injecting the patient with a harmless radioactive isotope (FDG). This substance travels through the blood and into the brain. The parts of the brain that are active need the glucose in the substance for nutrition, so it accumulates in active parts of the brain. Subatomic particles in FDG called positrons are emitted as the isotope decays. These positrons collide with electrons, and both are annihilated and converted to two photons traveling away from each other in opposite directions. The PET scanner detects these photons and the point at which they are annihilated and constructs an image of the brain, showing those areas that are most active. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) The procedures of SPECT are similar to those of PET except a much different tracer substance is injected. It is less accurate than PET but also less expensive. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) This type of brain imaging has several advantages over CT, PET, and SPECT technology. It does not require exposing the patient to any radiation or injecting radioisotopes, so it can be used repeatedly. MRI involves creating a magnetic field around the brain that causes a realignment of hydrogen atoms in the brain. When the magnetic field is turned off and on, the hydrogen atoms change position, causing them to emit magnetic signals. These signals are read by a computer, which reconstructs a 3D image of the brain. It provides much more finely detailed pictures of the anatomy of the brain than do other technologies, and it can image the brain at any angle. Structural MRI provides static images of brain structure. Functional MRI provides images of brain activity. Psychophysiological tests Alternative methods to CT, PET, SPECT, and MRI used to detect changes in the brain and nervous system that reflect emotional and psychological changes. Electroencephalogram (EEG) Measures electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of specific neurons in the brain. EEG is used most often to detect seizure activity in the brain and can also be used to detect tumors and stroke. Projective test Based on the assumption that when people are presented with an ambiguous stimulus, such as an oddly shaped inkblot or a captionless picture, they will interpret the stimulus in line with their current concerns and feelings. For example, the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Resistance to providing information A great challenge to obtaining valid information from an individual. Sometimes, the person does not want to be assessed or treated. Other times, they may have a strong interest in the outcome of the assessment and may be highly selective in the information, or lie to the assessor. Evaluating children Even when children talk readily, their understanding of the causes of their behaviors and emotions may not be well-developed. Children simply cannot describe their feelings or associated events as easily as adults can. Evaluating across cultures In cross cultural conservations between clinician and client, things can be mistranslated or mistaken. With an interpreter, different words in different languages can mean different things. Ex: "blue" for sad Syndrome The set of symptoms that tend to occur together. Typically, several symptoms make up a syndrome, but people differ in which of these symptoms they experience most strongly. Classification system A set of syndromes and the rules for determining whether an individual's symptoms are part of one of these syndromes constitute a classification system Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) The classification system for mental disorders used in the US. Europe and many other countries use the International Classification of Disorders, or ICD Multiaxial system The system used in the DSM that provides assessment along five axes describing important mental health factors Comorbidity Being diagnosed with one disorder and also fitting the criteria for at least one other disorder. 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If direct observation or role-playing is not possible, clinicians may require individuals to:
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