Which of the following ethical issues form the foremost part of Hippocratic Oath

Inhaltsverzeichnis Show

What are the basic principles of the Hippocratic Oath?
What is the purpose of the Hippocratic Oath?
Is Hippocratic Oath an ethical code?
Which of the following precepts is of primary importance in both the Hippocratic Oath and the principle of Nonmaleficence?

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Sample records for hippocratic oath

[Bioethics and the Hippocratic oath].
Science.gov (United States)
Kapocsi, Erzsébet; Jenei, Ilona
2003-07-20
Throughout the long centuries of medical activity, the Hippocratic Oath always had a distinguished place and role within the self definition of curative practice: it contains in a condensed form those ethical principles and moral norms that determine the doctors' behavior and their relationships with their patients and colleagues. The Hippocratic Oath is not the only oath but it is surely the best known and most famous one, that contains both timeless and age dependent norms. The ceremonial taking of the Oath is still a symbol of moral commitment for doctors. The millennia long adherence to the Oath perhaps suggests a timeless stature above all changes of society, but tracing its history, it becomes apparent that, though the text remained essentially the same, the interpretation is greatly influenced by the values and norms of the given age. Even so, the Oath's deontological, normative attribute has made it possible to fulfill its morally regulating role both of level of the profession and the individual, up to the middle of the 20. century. Today, however, classic, bipolar medicine has become complex and varied. Medicine and society have both undergone changes. Bioethics has appeared and become widely accepted. All this raises the question whether the Oath is still suitable for a modern statement of the moral identity of medical practitioners. Does it still have a compulsory force beyond keeping the tradition, and can its norms still be realized in practice? Both the study of texts used for the Oath in Hungarian universities, and the international proposal for modernization--together with the arguments that followed--indicate that if the traditional oath wishes to fulfill its function in the age of modern medicine, it has to adhere to the more up-to-date principles of bioethics, that better correlate with today's expectations.
The Hippocratic Oath and its Relevance to Medical Deontology
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Vlasta Močnik Drnovšek
2008-07-01
Full Text Available The text of the Hippocratic Oath is translated and interpreted in the light of the Hippocratic Corpus writings and the modern concepts of consumer protection, safety and quality of medical services, where one of the possible definitions of quality could be related to customer satisfaction and to the respect for human rights, among them the right to human dignity, to life, integrity, to the protection of personal data and respect for private life. In this broad and complex field of medicine and public health, where moral and human rights issues are interlinked with the technical questions of modern medical science, we search for the ancient foundations of medical ethics and science promoting biopsychosocial approaches to health and an assessment of human functioning in the framework of the social and natural environment. The Oath clearly expresses the commitment of the Hippocratic physician to the highest medical and ethical standards. Moral and technical norms of medicine as stated in the eight parts of the Hippocratic Oath are interpreted from the perspective of the patient’s expectations to preserve his dignity in the therapeutic relation with the physician and to receive the best possible treatment. The Hippocratic physician is well aware that he must gain the trust of the patient and his family in order to be successful in his practice and achieve the best treatment results. To attain these goals, he needs to secure the patient’s cooperation as an essential element of the treatment process. To gain this fundamental trust, the physician must be an honourable and trustworthy person who abstains from all intentional wrong-doing and harm, corruption, sexual abuse, or any other act that might endanger the life of the patient. His primary ethical guidance must be the best interests of the patient and consideration of the highest medical technical standards. For these purposes he must constantly examine and critically analyse his practice and
[The evolution of the Hippocratic oath].
Science.gov (United States)
Iacovelli, G
1989-01-01
The oath was the result of the new course of the Greek philosophy, following the thought of Anaxagoras of Clazomenes, who joined physis and techne in a rational sequence of observations. Thus, the oath lay the foundation for medical schools (relationship teacher-pupils) and for medicine (relationship physician-patient); the rules (including prohibitions) of the oath have been the rules of medicine for centuries, present in other rules, like the Constitutiones melphitanae of Frederich 2nd or the prayer of Maimonides (which is a forged manuscript, made in the XVIII century, important for the contents because it is a more modern version of an oath). Finally in recent years the World Health Organization and National Medical Councils with public declarations or deontological codes have revised the principles of medical ethics twenty-five centuries after the Hippocratic oath.
The relevance of the Hippocratic Oath to the ethical and moral values of contemporary medicine. Part I: The Hippocratic Oath from antiquity to modern times.
Science.gov (United States)
Askitopoulou, Helen; Vgontzas, Antoniοs N
2017-10-27
The present paper discusses the relevance and significance of the Hippocratic Oath to contemporary medical ethical and moral values. It attempts to answer the questions about some controversial issues related to the Oath. The text is divided in two parts. Part I discusses the general attributes and ethical values of the Oath, while Part II presents a detailed analysis of each passage of the Oath with regard to perennial ethical principles and moral values. Part I starts with the contribution of Hippocrates and his School of Cos to medicine. It continues by examining the moral dilemmas concerning physicians and patients in the Classical Times and in the Modern World. It also investigates how the Hippocratic Oath stands nowadays, with regard to the remarkable and often revolutionary advancements in medical practice and the significant evolution in medical ethics. Further, it presents the debate and the criticism about the relevance of the general attributes and ethical values of the Oath to those of modern societies. Finally, it discusses the endurance of the ethical values of the Hippocratic Oath over the centuries until today with respect to the physicians' commitment to the practice of patient-oriented medicine. Part I concludes with the Oath's historic input in the Judgment delivered at the close of the Nuremberg "Doctors' Trial"; this Judgement has become legally binding for the discipline in the Western World and was the basis of the Nuremberg Code. The ethical code of the Oath turned out to be a fundamental part of western law not only on medical ethics but also on patients' rights regarding research.
Updating the Hippocratic Oath to include medicine's social contract.
Science.gov (United States)
Cruess, Richard; Cruess, Sylvia
2014-01-01
It is widely understood that reciting a contemporary version of the Hippocratic Oath has two purposes. It constitutes a public commitment on the part of the prospective doctor to preserving the traditional values of the medical profession and to meeting the obligations expected of a doctor. It is also an important symbolic ritual in the process of professional identity formation. A portion of the 1964 version of the Hippocratic Oath is examined for its relevance to the current practice of medicine. Its closing paragraph reads: 'If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, be respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.' This is interpreted as representing the doctor's expectations of the practice of medicine: job satisfaction; status, and prestige. It also conveys the understanding that enjoying these benefits is contingent upon the doctor's adherence to the terms of the Oath. Our current understanding of the relationship between medicine and society is that a social contract exists under which members of the profession are granted a privileged position in society on the understanding that they will meet society's reasonable expectations. These expectations entail obligations not only to patients and to the profession, but to wider society. The Oath under consideration, which concentrates on medicine's obligations to patients and to the profession, does not adequately reflect its obligations to society. It is suggested that versions of the Hippocratic Oath used in the future should be updated to better reflect the obligations of both individual doctors and the medical profession to society. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Hippocratic Oath and its Relevance to Medical Deontology
OpenAIRE
Vlasta Močnik Drnovšek
2008-01-01
The text of the Hippocratic Oath is translated and interpreted in the light of the Hippocratic Corpus writings and the modern concepts of consumer protection, safety and quality of medical services, where one of the possible definitions of quality could be related to customer satisfaction and to the respect for human rights, among them the right to human dignity, to life, integrity, to the protection of personal data and respect for private life. In this broad and complex field of medicine an...
The Hippocratic Oath: the Transformation of its Semantics and the Revival of its Pragmatics
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Melik-Gaykazyan, Irina
2015-01-01
Full Text Available The Hippocratic Oath enjoys imperishable value in the western traditions of medicine. In modern culture, its postulates have frequently been interpreted as the foundations for the principles of bioethics and a basis of paternalistic practice, typical for modern medicine and opposite to bioethics. According to the authors of this contribution the semantics of the Hippocratic Oath underwent a serious transformation in the course of centuries, while contemporary bioethics revives its archaic pragmatics.
[Hippocratic Oath: professional or ethic code?].
Science.gov (United States)
Popović, Milos
2011-01-01
In order to study the historical relationship of early medical professional codex and contemporary demands and challenges, which are currently being placed before physicians, the first such text, known as Hippocratic Oath has been re-translated. According to the source, it is clear that this is a Code of professional conduct, primarily for the welfare of patients, and in order to maintain and preserve medical authority. All parts of the Oath have been discussed and presented, as well as the historical data from which one can see how the system in ancient Greece and Rome worked. The study includes historical data from that time on two controversial issues: the liability of medical awards, and addressing medical services. These are mistakenly considered to belong to the text of the Oath. Examples of the amount of medical awards are stated, as well as the examples of selflessness and dedication of the physicians in that time. A physician was obliged to help by law, only in the case of accidents and injuries. It is obvious that "medical doctrine" existed also in this time. Requirements set to a doctor were realistic, modest and appropriate to the call, with the main purpose of protecting the reputation and dignity of the profession. Despite the historical distance, classical text of the Oath is still up to date. In this context, ambiguities and errors result from not being familiar with the both, the basic text, and the circumstances prevailing at the time and society, in which the Oath was made.
The Hippocratic Oath: a code for physicians, not a Pythagorean manifesto.
Science.gov (United States)
Prioreschi, P
1995-06-01
The Hippocratic Oath is to be considered a code of conduct for all physicians and not a Pythagorean manifesto, in spite of the view of Edelstein. In fact, it can be shown that the prohibitions and requirements on which the Pythagorean hypothesis rests (the prohibition against helping suicide, inducing abortion, performing surgery, and having sex with patients or with members of their household and the rules of confidentiality and collegiality) do not necessarily link the Hippocratic Oath to the Pythagoreans. Edelstein affirms that only the Pythagoreans condemned suicide, whereas it can be shown that Plato, Aristotle, the Epicureans, and several authors in antiquity opposed it. Similarly, induced abortion was by no means universally accepted in antiquity. Soranus, for example, clearly states that many physicians opposed it in all cases. The passage of the oath concerning surgery can be shown to refer only to lithotomy (as others have underlined). As for sexual relations with patients or members of their household (male or female), the existence of laws against promiscuity (homo- or heterosexual), and other evidence, indicates that it was usually condemned. Finally, confidentiality and collegiality were virtues that the Pythagoreans were not alone in upholding. In addition, many of the principles upheld by the Oath are found in other documents unrelated to the Pythagoreans.
Hippocratic oath and conversion of ethico-regulatory aspects onto doctors as a physician, private individual and a clinical investigator
OpenAIRE
Imran, Mohammed; Samad, Shadab; Maaz, Mohammad; Qadeer, Ashhar; Najmi, Abul Kalam; Aqil, Mohammed
2013-01-01
Hippocratic Oath is a living document for ethical conduct of the physicians around the world. World Medical Association has been amending the oath as per the contemporary times. Although physicians maintain their ethical standards while treating a patient yet many a times social, administrative and ruling powers either use physicians as their tool of oppression or victimize them for conducting duties as per their oath. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Human Radiation Experiments in America, Na...
The 'special obligations' of the modern Hippocratic Oath for 21st century medicine.
Science.gov (United States)
Holmboe, Eric; Bernabeo, Elizabeth
2014-01-01
Profound advances and discoveries in medicine have markedly improved the lives of many over the 50 years since the modern Hippocratic Oath was written. Regrettably, these advances were and continue to be implemented suboptimally and inequitably across the globe. 'Special obligations to all my fellow humans' is an important theme of the modern Oath. From this perspective, we reflect on the special obligations of the medical profession, and examine how these obligations have changed over the past 50 years. We draw from perspectives of the social contract, professionalism, quality improvement, patient safety and a group of 31 international colleagues involved in medical education as we examine these obligations for individual doctors, health care institutions and medical education systems. The perspectives of the 31 clinician-educators helped us to situate the meaning of the theme of 'special obligations' in the context of challenges facing medical education and health care in the 21st century. Improving the quality of care and patient safety, and reducing health care disparities are now paramount as 'special obligations' for doctors, health care systems and medical education organisations, and require us to work collectively and collaboratively in an increasingly interconnected world. In our view, traditions such as the Hippocratic Oath will be worthy of public support only when the medical profession demonstrates in meaningful and transparent ways that it is meeting its social and civic obligations to make the world, not just health care, a better place. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Hippocratic oath: A comparative analysis of the ancient text′s relevance to American and Indian modern medicine
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chandrakant I Jhala
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Hippocrates (460-375 B.C., an ancient Greek physician considered the "Father of Medicine," constructed the groundwork for the principles of ethics in medicine over 2,500 years ago in his establishment of the Hippocratic Oath. One of the oldest binding documents in history, the text has remained the ethical template for physicians to this day. The changing cultural and social environment of modern society, accompanied by the advancement in scientific knowledge and therapeutic tools, has surfaced the need to reframe ethical perspective in modern medicine. Progress in aspects such as organ transplantation, stem cell technology, and genetic engineering has welcomed a new set of ethical dilemmas. These dilemmas have become intimately intertwined with the impact of commercialization, as seen by the interplay between legislation, health care, and pharmaceutical businesses. This paper seeks to dissect the principles of the original Hippocratic Oath and analyze the template in relation to the ethical dilemmas presented by contemporary medicine. Examination will provide a deeper understanding of the paradigm shift in modern medical ethics. Both the value of the Oath and the level of awareness of modern ethical dilemmas through the lens of American and Indian medical graduates will be assessed.
Do no harm: is it time to rethink the Hippocratic Oath?
Science.gov (United States)
Walton, Merrilyn; Kerridge, Ian
2014-01-01
The 1964 revision of the Hippocratic Oath addressed the disconnection in language and context between the classical doctrine and 20th century medicine. Now, 50 years later, we argue that any revision of the Oath must be responsive to the significant social, technical and political changes that have occurred in health care. This paper examines the ways in which health care and the health professions have changed over the last half-century and describes a range of environmental and contextual features that expose the inadequacies of the 1964 Oath in the worlds of today and the future. We note the constancy of the doctor-patient dyad in contemporary ethical codes and consider from the perspective of patient safety those aspects of care that might fall short of the optimum if the focus on the doctor is retained. We ask whether there is any merit in maintaining a focus on the ethics or professionalism of doctors, or whether more of our attention should be directed towards the ethics of health care itself. Patient safety is widely acknowledged as a major health issue. Being open about the interdependency of doctors, the complex socio-political nature of health care, and the inevitability of errors and adverse events need not challenge the authority of the doctor. Rather, openness about both the ways in which medicine has changed and the harms that doctors may (inadvertently) cause might afford medicine the opportunity to build a different relationship with patients (and with society more broadly), that recognises complexity, human fallibility and the uncertainty of medicine. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Ludwig Edelstein (1902-1965): a German historian of medicine in North American exile and the emergence of the modern Hippocratic Oath.
Science.gov (United States)
Pow, Stephen; Stahnisch, Frank W
2016-11-01
Already emerging as an original thinker in the field of classical philology and history of medicine, German scholar Ludwig Edelstein became one of many scholars who lost his academic position when the National Socialists came to power in early 1933. This paper details his life before and after his difficult transition from Europe to North America, while reviewing the lasting significance of his translation and commentary on the Hippocratic Oath. © The Author(s) 2015.
[Confidentiality in medical oaths: (When the white crow becomes gray...)].
Science.gov (United States)
Gelpi, R J; Pérez, M L; Rancich, A M; Mainetti, J A
2000-01-01
Confidentiality, together with the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, is the most important rule in Medical Oaths at the present time. However, the scientific-technical advances in medicine have made this rule one of the most controversial ones because of its exceptions. In consequence, the aim of the present paper is to comparatively analyze the rule of confidentiality in Medical Oaths of different places, times, origins and in different versions of the Hippocratic Oath in order to determine what should be kept a secret and with what degree of commitment (absolute or "prima facie"). Of the thirty six analyzed Oaths, twenty-seven manifest this rule and nine do not. No relation was found between the manifestation of this rule and the place, time, origin and different versions of the Hippocratic Oath. Most pledges suggest not to reveal what has been seen or heard during the medical act, the same as in the Hippocratic Oath. Seven texts point out that confidentiality should be absolute and four give exceptions in connection with beneficence and justice principles and the moral duty of causing no damage to third parties. Two pledges specify protection of privacy. In conclusion, today confidentiality is considered to be a moral duty for the benefit of the patient and out of consideration for his autonomy; however, at the present time in medicine the duty of keeping absolute secrecy is being reconsidered.
Hippocratic oath and conversion of ethico-regulatory aspects onto doctors as a physician, private individual and a clinical investigator.
Science.gov (United States)
Imran, Mohammed; Samad, Shadab; Maaz, Mohammad; Qadeer, Ashhar; Najmi, Abul Kalam; Aqil, Mohammed
2013-10-01
Hippocratic Oath is a living document for ethical conduct of the physicians around the world. World Medical Association has been amending the oath as per the contemporary times. Although physicians maintain their ethical standards while treating a patient yet many a times social, administrative and ruling powers either use physicians as their tool of oppression or victimize them for conducting duties as per their oath. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Human Radiation Experiments in America, Nazi Experiments in Germany and compulsory sterilization program in India were the studies where States used physicians for the advancement of their rationality or belief. Conversely victimization of physicians in Kosovo, Sri Lanka and incarcerating physicians for treating human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in some countries is concerning. The Nuremberg code, the Declaration of Geneva, Belmont Report and Declaration of Helsinki are ethical documents while active involvement of Food and Drug Administration through "common rule" resulted in guidelines like International Conference on Harmonization and Good Clinical Practices. Still unethical studies are found in developing countries. Studies such as experimental anticancer drugs in 24 cancer patients without adequate prior animal testing and informed consent in Kerala, studies at All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi resulted in 49 deaths of children and many more suspicious studies are rampant. Reverting back to the fundamentals of the medical profession; teaching medical ethics and enforcement of "medical neutrality" by embarking some grade of "medical immunity" on the basis of the oath is necessary for ethical conduct of physicians.
Hippocratic oath and conversion of ethico-regulatory aspects onto doctors as a physician, private individual and a clinical investigator

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mohammed Imran
2013-01-01
Full Text Available Hippocratic Oath is a living document for ethical conduct of the physicians around the world. World Medical Association has been amending the oath as per the contemporary times. Although physicians maintain their ethical standards while treating a patient yet many a times social, administrative and ruling powers either use physicians as their tool of oppression or victimize them for conducting duties as per their oath. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Human Radiation Experiments in America, Nazi Experiments in Germany and compulsory sterilization program in India were the studies where States used physicians for the advancement of their rationality or belief. Conversely victimization of physicians in Kosovo, Sri Lanka and incarcerating physicians for treating human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in some countries is concerning. The Nuremberg code, the Declaration of Geneva, Belmont Report and Declaration of Helsinki are ethical documents while active involvement of Food and Drug Administration through "common rule" resulted in guidelines like International Conference on Harmonization and Good Clinical Practices. Still unethical studies are found in developing countries. Studies such as experimental anticancer drugs in 24 cancer patients without adequate prior animal testing and informed consent in Kerala, studies at All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi resulted in 49 deaths of children and many more suspicious studies are rampant. Reverting back to the fundamentals of the medical profession; teaching medical ethics and enforcement of "medical neutrality" by embarking some grade of "medical immunity" on the basis of the oath is necessary for ethical conduct of physicians.
Oath Taking at U.S. and Canadian Medical School Ceremonies: Historical Perspectives, Current Practices, and Future Considerations.
Science.gov (United States)
Scheinman, Steven J; Fleming, Patrick; Niotis, Kellyann

2017-12-12
The widespread use of oaths at medical commencements is a recent phenomenon of the late 20th century. While many are referred to as "Hippocratic," surveys have found that most oaths are modern, and the use of unique oaths has been rising. Oaths taken upon entry to medical school are even more recent, and their content has not been reported. The authors surveyed all Association of American Medical Colleges member schools in the United States and Canada in 2015 and analyzed oath texts. Of 111 (70.2%) responses, full texts were submitted for 80 commencement and 72 white coat oaths. Previous studies have shown that while oaths before World War II were commonly variations on the original Hippocratic text and subsequently more often variations on the Geneva or Lasagna Oath, now more than half of commencement ceremonies use an oath unique to that school or written by that class. With a wider range of oath texts, content elements are less uniformly shared, so that only three elements (respecting confidentiality, avoiding harm, and upholding the profession's integrity) are present in as many as 80% of oaths. There is less uniformity in the content of oaths upon entry to medical school. Consistently all of these oaths represent the relationship between individual physicians and individual patients, and only a minority express obligations to teach, advocate, prevent disease, or advance knowledge. They do not reflect obligations to assure that systems operate safely, for example. None of the obligations in these oaths are unique to physicians.
O paternalismo e o juramento hipocrático Paternalism and the hippocratic oath
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mônica Beier

2010-12-01
Full Text Available É dito e comumente aceito que tradição do paternalismo médico remonta ao juramento hipocrático. Esse paternalismo é tido como uma das manifestações de uma relação assimétrica entre médico e paciente. Ao estudar alguns dos escritos Hipocráticos, obtiveram-se referências relativas ao respeito do enfermo pelo médico que incluía o diálogo e a sua educação como elementos necessários a tal relação e a equilibrar beneficência e autonomia. Tais evidências se enraízam na noção pré-socrática de natureza (phýsis enquanto representação da divindade na regulação de todos os movimentos universais. O Juramento preconiza a abstenção de toda a injustiça e a administração do regime de vida conforme o juízo do médico. È possível concluir que a assistência médica ao enfermo foi concebida no contexto da incapacidade do autoconhecimento do doente e da impossibilidade do mesmo se esclarecer sem auxílio do médico e que este aperfeiçoava a natureza (phýsis em seus movimentos ignorantes e azarosos, saneando-os através de uma razão suficiente (logismós. O paternalismo da natureza (phýsis era moderado e refletiu-se na arte médica hipocrática.It is said and commonly accepted that the tradition of paternalism in medicine goes back to the Hippocratic oath. This paternalism is held to be one of the manifestations of an asymmetrical relation between doctor and patient. Some of Hippocrates's writings reveal the respect of the doctor for the patient and include dialogue and patient education as necessary elements for the development of this relationship and the balancing of beneficence and independence. This is rooted in the pre-Socratic idea of nature (physis as the representation of the divinity in the regulation of all the movements of the universe. The oath is a promise to forgo any kind of injustice and to administer life in accordance with the physician's good judgment. It can be concluded that the medical care of the
Health care practices in ancient Greece: The Hippocratic ideal
Science.gov (United States)
Kleisiaris, Christos F.; Sfakianakis, Chrisanthos; Papathanasiou, Ioanna V.
2014-01-01
Asclepius and Hippocrates focused medical practice on the natural approach and treatment of diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding the patient’s health, independence of mind, and the need for harmony between the individual, social and natural environment, as reflected in the Hippocratic Oath. The aim of this study was to present the philosophy of care provision in ancient Greece and to highlight the influence of the Hippocratic ideal in modern health care practices. A literature review was carried out using browser methods in international databases. According to the literature, “healthy mind in a healthy body” was the main component of the Hippocratic philosophy. Three main categories were observed in the Hippocratic provision of care: health promotion, interventions on trauma care, and mental care and art therapy interventions. Health promotion included physical activity as an essential part of physical and mental health, and emphasized the importance of nutrition to improve performance in the Olympic Games. Interventions on trauma care included surgical practices developed by Hippocrates, mainly due to the frequent wars in ancient Greece. Mental care and art therapy interventions were in accordance with the first classification of mental disorders, which was proposed by Hippocrates. In this category music and drama were used as management tools in the treatment of illness and in the improvement of human behavior. The role of Asclepieion of Kos was highlighted which clearly indicates a holistic health care model in care provision. Finally, all practices regarded detailed recordings and evaluation of information within the guidelines. The Hippocratic philosophy on health care provision focused on the holistic health care model, applying standards and ethical rules that are still valid today. PMID:25512827

Dutch medical oath
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Westerveld, H. E.; Briet, J. W.; Houwaart, E. S.; Legemaate, J.; Meerman, Th J. A. M.; Breetvelt, E. J.; van der Wall, E.
2005-01-01
In the first part of this article, the booklet Dutch Medical Oath is reviewed. The content of the new oath is discussed as are the reasons for revision of the previous version of the oath. This is followed by a short history of the oath. In the second part of the article the oath is compared with
Beberapa Dokumen Tentang Etik Kedokteran
OpenAIRE
Ramlan Mochtar, Ramlan Mochtar
2015-01-01
The author reminds the Indonesian medical profession of various codes of medical ethics guiding medical practice and research. Among others the following codes are discussed: the Hippocratic Oath, the Declaration of Geneva, the International Code of Medical Ethics, the Indonesian Code of Medical Ethics, the Declaration of Helsinki, the Declaration of Sydney, and the AMA Prin ciples of Medical Ethics.Key Words: medical ethics - Hippocratic Oath - Oath of Indonesian Physicians - biomedical rese...
[Hippocrates in the age of reality television
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Leeuw, P.W. de; Zaat, J.O.M.; Verheugt, F.W.A.
2008-01-01
At the end of their studies, physicians take the Hippocratic Oath. Medical and societal changes have meant that the oath has been altered over time. The oath still stipulates that the privacy of the patient should be respected. These days there is increased pressure on physicians and institutions to
LAW AND ETHICS OF STRIKES IN THE NIGERIAN HEALTH SYSTEM
African Journals Online (AJOL)
2014-10-06
Oct 6, 2014 ... the profession's oath of association before they are admitted. For the doctors the commitments are described in the Physician's (Hippocratic). Oath or in the Declaration of Geneva, as amended. Nurses have theirs in the Florence. Nightingale Pledge while for pharmacists theirs is in the Pharmacist's Oath.
The oath of Hippocrates: an historical review.
Science.gov (United States)
Davey, L M
2001-09-01
This presentation is designed to share with fellow neurosurgeons a topic, namely the oath of Hippocrates, that has been a subject of fascination to physicians, scholars, historians, and even the public for the past 2500 years. Its moral and ethical message has exhibited remarkable resiliency through the ages, in varied cultures. Although its language may appear odd, its precepts are as valid today as they were in Hippocrates' time. This can be best understood through an historical review of the oath's transmission and acceptance in different eras of western history. The longevity of the oath, however, is clearly attributable to its intrinsic merit, its high moral reverent tone, and a literary eloquence that placed Hippocrates among the best writers of antiquity. Despite the fame of its author, the oath has experienced a life of its own, from relative obscurity during the Dark Ages to reverential study since the Renaissance. Five aspects are considered in this discussion, i.e., 1) oaths in antiquity; 2) a biographical sketch of Hippocrates; 3) the chain of transmission from antiquity to modern times; 4) comments on other oaths, prayers, codes, and credos; and 5) an analysis and some personal views of the oath.
[Neo-'hippocratism' in Bernardino Ramazzini].
Science.gov (United States)
Marinozzi, Silvia; Conforti, Maria; Gazzaniga, Valentina
2011-01-01
Neo-hippocratism is a rational and mechanic method to explain pathological phenomena and discover the causes of diseases. Bernardino Ramazzini uses Hippocratic empirical observation to investigate the relations between the alterations of the air - due to mephitic vapours, of organic and inorganic origin - and the development of pathological processes. His notion of corruption of the atmosphere as the origin of epidemics and specific diseases, and that of prevention as the main strategy of modern medicine, is developed in medical literature and in the public medicine projects of the end of the Seventeenth century.
[Statement of fair retribution in medical oaths].
Science.gov (United States)
Pérez, Marta L; Rancich, Ana M; Gelpi, Ricardo J
2004-01-01
to determine if Medical Oaths from different times include the statement of the physician to request from patients a fair retribution for his/her medical services. Fifty Medical Oaths found in articles and publications were analyzed. In accordance with their corresponding dates, the Oaths were grouped as ancient /medieval (12), and modern/contemporary (38). Of the fifty, only three specifically included the statement of fair retribution. Two of the three were medieval and belonged to the School of Medicine of Montpellier. The other text was modern (Amato Lusitano's Oath). Four writings showed statements regarding medical assistance to the poor. Eleven pledges indirectly stated that no earnings from other activities and/or relations were obtained. Ancient oaths emphasize fair retribution, no discrimination in medical assistance based on payment possibilities, and gain of honest earnings. Modern oaths generally do not include these topics and very few mention that the medical profession should not be exercised merely for material purposes. Despite the above, physicians should respect the limits of their obligations and should be committed to assist without discriminating, particularly without taking into consideration their patient's financial possibilities. Therefore their fees should not be excessive for the services rendered.
32 CFR 637.11 - Authority to administer oaths.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS MILITARY POLICE INVESTIGATION Investigations § 637.11 Authority to... administer oaths to military personnel who are subject to the UCMJ. The authority to administer oaths to...
The skull of Chios: trepanation in Hippocratic medicine.

Science.gov (United States)
Tsermoulas, Georgios; Aidonis, Asterios; Flint, Graham
2014-08-01
Cranial trepanation is the oldest neurosurgical operation and its roots date back to prehistory. For many centuries, religion and mysticism were strongly linked to the cause of diseases, and trepanation was associated with superstitions such as releasing evil spirits from inside the skull. The Hippocratic treatise "On injuries of the head" was therefore a revolutionary work, as it presented a systematic approach to the management of cranial trauma, one that was devoid of spiritual elements. Unfortunately, there are only a limited number of skeletal findings that confirm that the practice of trepanation was performed as part of Hippocratic medicine. In this historical vignette, the authors present a trepanned skull that was found in Chios, Greece, as evidence of the procedure having been performed in accordance with the Hippocratic teaching. The skull bears a parietal bur hole in association with a linear fracture, and it is clear that the patient survived the procedure. In this analysis, the authors examine the application of the original Hippocratic teaching to the skull of Chios. The rationalization of trepanation was clearly a significant achievement in the evolution of neurosurgery.
50 CFR 600.220 - Oath of office.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MAGNUSON-STEVENS ACT PROVISIONS Council Membership § 600.220 Oath of office. Link to... United States of America by carrying out the business of the Council for the greatest overall benefit of... conduct prescribed by the Secretary of Commerce. This oath is given freely and without mental reservation...
4 CFR 3.2 - Oath of office.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... 4 Accounts 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Oath of office. 3.2 Section 3.2 Accounts GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE PERSONNEL SYSTEM EMPLOYMENT § 3.2 Oath of office. The provisions of subchapter II of chapter 33 of title 5, U.S. Code, and Office of Personnel Management implementing regulations apply to...
The Etiology of the Illnesses of the Psyche in the Hippocratic Texts
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Niki Papavramidou
2014-01-01
Full Text Available The Hippocratic Corpus played a key role to the disengagement of illness from the divine element that was believed to be to cause of all illnesses and injuries. Especially for the illnesses of the psyche (some call it “self” or “soul”, the Hippocratic physicians managed to recognize their biological origin and to create a “primitive” nosological structure. The aim of this paper is to identify the etiological factors of the illnesses of the psyche, according to the Hippocratic authors and to correlate them to modern medical observations. The Hippocratic physicians enumerated certain etiological factors for the occurrence of the illnesses of the psyche: imbalance of the humours, injuries of the head, extreme emotions, along with environmental features that were supposed to favor the appearance of such illnesses, such as the climate, the quality of the water, the winds, etc. Keywords: Hippocratic medicine; History of medicine; history of psychiatry; psyche
8 CFR 337.8 - Oath administered by the courts.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01

... Form N-646, that the applicant has been determined by the Attorney General to be eligible for admission... ALLEGIANCE § 337.8 Oath administered by the courts. (a) Notification of election. An applicant for... election to have the oath of allegiance administered in an appropriate court having jurisdiction over the...
The modern hippocratic tradition. Some messages for contemporary medicine.
Science.gov (United States)
Marketos, S G; Skiadas, P K
1999-06-01
Hippocrates (5th century B.C.), the most prominent physician of antiquity, was born in the small Greek island of Kos, which is near the coast of Asia Minor. Before his era, medicine was practiced as an empirical art and had a religious nature. Hippocratic medicine represents the landmark for the evolution of Western medicine. This "father" of rational medicine assimilated the accumulated knowledge of the past and formed a diagnostic system based on clinical observation and logical reasoning. The great physician attributed diseases to natural causes, believed in the healing power of nature, and gave special emphasis to the prevention and prognosis of illnesses. He treated patients as psychosomatic entities (a holistic medical approach) in relation to their natural environment. In his treatises, Hippocrates defined the ethical principles guiding medical practice. His entire work was inspired by humanistic ideals and an undeviating dedication to the patient. Modern medicine can derive valuable lessons from the Hippocratic tradition. For the coming 21st century, medicine more than ever senses the need to combine the concepts of humanistic values and the Hippocratic messages with the technologic "imperative" (power). This bond is necessary to the improvement of medicine in the future because, currently, the enormous biomedical technology so far has contributed little to the traditionally human fields of psychosomatic and functional disturbances, posing new dilemmas and threatening scientific problems.
8 CFR 1337.2 - Oath administered by the Immigration and Naturalization Service or an Immigration Judge.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Oath administered by the Immigration and Naturalization Service or an Immigration Judge. 1337.2 Section 1337.2 Aliens and Nationality EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NATIONALITY REGULATIONS OATH OF ALLEGIANCE § 1337.2 Oath...
8 CFR 337.2 - Oath administered by the Immigration and Naturalization Service or an Immigration Judge.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Oath administered by the Immigration and Naturalization Service or an Immigration Judge. 337.2 Section 337.2 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY NATIONALITY REGULATIONS OATH OF ALLEGIANCE § 337.2 Oath administered by the Immigration and...
[Retrospections on medical ethics and deontology in Bulgaria].
Science.gov (United States)
Radanov, Stoycho
2002-01-01
The paper reviews the emergence and the development of the medical ethics and deontology from the foundations of the Bulgarian state till today. With the foundation of the Bulgarian state / 7th century / the traditions and the culture of Thracians, Slavs and Proto-Bulgarians have mixed, the ethnic rules at the beginning being traditional, closely connected with the customs and the beliefs of the ethnical groups taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Bulgarian people. After the baptizing the Christian faith is in the basis of the moral virtues of the folk healers. After the Liberation from the Turkish yoke the major legal and medical norms are being worked out, the first professional and ethical rules obligatory for all doctors and dentists have been adopted, lecturing on medical deontology and taking a Hippocratic oath have been introduced. During the totalitarian period - immediately after the Second World War the medical ethics and deontology are underestimated to a great extent. A correction is made later on after the Moral Code of the doctor in the Peoples' Republic of Bulgaria, taking of the Hippocratic oath is being renewed, and etc. In the period of democracy fundamental legal and deontological sources are established which are the key means to carry out the health reform, incl. also the deontological aspects of health care. A Code of the professional ethics of the doctors and dentists is adopted, lecturing in medical ethics is introduced, lecturing in deontology is renewed, the Hippocratic oath is being taken, various conventions are being conducted, and etc.
39 CFR 222.2 - Authority to administer oaths or function as notaries public.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... 39 Postal Service 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Authority to administer oaths or function as notaries public. 222.2 Section 222.2 Postal Service UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION DELEGATIONS OF AUTHORITY § 222.2 Authority to administer oaths or function as notaries public. (a...
The critical role of ethics training in medical education
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
A Nicolaides
2014-01-01
Full Text Available When one thinks of the issue of medical ethics the Hippocratic Oath comes to mind. In terms of this oath, one would assume that the goal of medical ethics is to improve the quality of patient care by means of the identification and analysis, and hopefully resolution of any ethical complications that arise in the course of medical practice. This is not always the case and sadly, many Physicians' are unhappy with the practice of medicine and its ethical obligations. Such attitudes may have severe public health implications for the South African medical profession. It is thus essential to provide even more effective ethics training which includes moral reasoning during medical school and residency training. At a time when there appears to be less public confidence in doctors and where practitioner morale is at an all-time low, and patients complain of substandard medical treatment, it is important to reconsider the question of medical ethics. This paper seeks to scrutinize the principles of the Hippocratic Oath and questions whether medical practitioners of contemporary medicine adhere to its principles and are taught ethics during their medical courses. This will provide a greater understanding of the role of modern medical ethics education in promoting ethical practice.
Hippocratic, religious, and secular ethics: the points of conflict.
Science.gov (United States)
Veatch, Robert M
2012-02-01
The origins of professional ethical codes and oaths are explored. Their legitimacy and usefulness within the profession are questioned and an alternative ethical source is suggested. This source relies on a commonly shared, naturally knowable set of principles known as common morality.

Author Details
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Aboud, M. Vol 19, No 1 (2014) - Articles Adherence to Hippocratic Oath in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Stones by Minimally Invasive Surgery; A five Years Experience in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Abstract PDF · Vol 11, No 1 (2006) - Articles Post-Circumcision Urethro-Cutaneous Fistula: The Key to Successful ...
2. The Virtuous Physician. A New Translation of a Pseudo-Hippocratic Text and Its Implications for the History of Moral Inquiry; or, The Significance of an Insignificant Text
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Elliott Burton Martin, Jr.
2012-12-01
Full Text Available This article presents a new translation of the previously little-studied pseudo-Hippocratic text, Precepts, with commentary, and a broader discussion of the work in its context at a crossroads in the history of moral inquiry. A distillation of the schools of medical thought between the age of Hippocrates and the age of Galen, Precepts is not an oath, but a set of pragmatic, comprehensive guidelines for the comportment and practice of what the unknown author describes ideally as the ‘virtuous physician’. I propose a new way of interpreting the development of Greek ethical notions, as exemplified in our sample text, as the inevitable philosophic product of the religious influence of the Ancient Near East. Rather than suggest a conflict between the polytheists and the challenge of monotheism, I describe an interplay between the two belief systems. I propose that the Greek attempts at reconciliation between these systems were the critical impetus for the development of moral inquiry alongside the birth of ‘rationalism’. In other words, it will be seen that it was through the avenue of the Greek enlightenment that the ancient physician transformed from physician-priest to physician-philosopher.
Using Technology to Explore Mathematical Relationships: A Framework for Orienting Mathematics Courses for Prospective Teachers
Science.gov (United States)
Bowers, Janet S.; Stephens, Becky
2011-01-01
The technological revolution that has finally permeated K-12 education has direct implications for modern teacher educators whose "Hippocratic oath" is to best prepare future teachers for twenty-first-century classrooms. The goal of this article is to suggest that the heart of sound technological implementation is to encourage students to use…
Should the state support the \\'right to die\\'? | Egan | South African ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (hereafter E/PAS) is a practice with a long history. It was a frequent occurrence in the Ancient World, despite the prohibitions of the Hippocratic Oath (which had no legal standing and was supported by a minority of. Greco-Roman physicians). It was condemned as murder by the ...
The power of Speech Acts: Reflections on a Performative Concept of Ethicat Oaths in Economics and Business
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Blok, V.
2013-01-01
Ethical oaths for bankers, economists and managers are increasingly seen as successful instruments to ensure more responsible behaviour. In this article, we reflect on the nature of ethical oaths. Based on John Austin's speech act theory and the work of Emmanuel Levinas, we introduce a performative
77 FR 981 - Changes To Implement the Inventor's Oath or Declaration Provisions of the Leahy-Smith America...
Science.gov (United States)
2012-01-06
... the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act; Proposed Rule #0;#0;Federal Register / Vol. 77 , No. 4 / Friday... Inventor's Oath or Declaration Provisions of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act AGENCY: United States... inventor's oath or declaration provisions of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. The Office proposes to...
26 CFR 301.7456-1 - Administration of oaths and procurement of testimony; production of records of foreign...
Science.gov (United States)
2010-04-01
... Actions by the United States § 301.7456-1 Administration of oaths and procurement of testimony; production... 26 Internal Revenue 18 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Administration of oaths and procurement of testimony; production of records of foreign corporations, foreign trusts or estates and nonresident alien...
“I will not cut, even for the stone”: origins of urology in the hippocratic collection
Science.gov (United States)
Poulakou-Rebelakou, E.; Rempelakos, A.; Tsiamis, C.; Dimopoulos, C.
2015-01-01
The Hippocratic Collection, including the most of ancient Greek medicine, remains still interesting, despite the recent advances that transformed definitely the urological healing methods. Considering the patient as a unique psycho-somatic entity and avoiding high risk surgical manipulations were the leading principles dictating the everyday practice. Contemporary physicians can still learn from the clinical observations in times of complete absence of laboratory or imaging aid, from the prognostic thoughts, the ethics, and the philosophical concepts, represented by the Hippocratic writings, tracing into them the roots of Rational Medicine in general and Urology in particular. PMID:25928507
Fort Leavenworth Ethics Symposium: Exploring the Professional Military Ethic Held in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas on November 15-17, 2010
Science.gov (United States)
2010-11-01
lished in 1847.4 That document, in turn, descends from the Hippocratic Oath. Likewise, the American Bar Association recently published a centennial ...Responsibility, Model Rules of Professional Conduct: Centennial Edition, April 2008. 6. The following brief history derives from an understanding of hundreds...people, or in- creases job satisfaction, when present versus what depresses motivation, or decreases job satisfac- tion, when missing. The relevance to
Hippocratic Medicine in China: Comparison with a 9th Century Chinese Manual on Bone Setting
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fu Louis
2014-12-01
Full Text Available Chinese history annals recorded cultural interchange between China and the Roman Empire during the Han dynasty. The first medical missionaries were Nestorian Christians from the Middle East who arrived in China in ad 635. They introduced Western medical practice into China. This paper compares the first comprehensive Chinese treatise on bone and joint injuries by a hermit monk named Lin and the Hippocratic Corpus. Based on external knowledge from the author's background as well as textural comparison the text of Hippocrates, a remarkable similarity is noted. Although these similarities could have arisen by chance, it is reasonable to hypothesize that traditional bone setting in China originated from the Hippocratic tradition and was later integrated with indigenous herbal medicine.
Panofsky Agonisters: 1950 Loyalty Oath at Berkeley; Pief navigates the crisis
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jackson, John David
2008-08-14
In 1949-1951 the University of California was traumatized and seriously damaged by a Loyalty Oath controversy. Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, a young and promising physics professor and researcher at Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory, was caught up in the turmoil.
Functional neuroanatomy in the pre-Hippocratic era: observations from the Iliad of Homer.
Science.gov (United States)
Sahlas, D J
2001-06-01
To describe observations of neurological significance made in the Iliad of Homer and to interpret these relative to pre-Hippocratic concepts of health and disease in Ancient Greece. English translations of the Iliad were analyzed for references of neurological significance, and the Homeric Greek was subsequently reviewed for accuracy. Findings are discussed in the context of ancient Greek ideas regarding anatomy and physiology, early descriptions and conceptualizations of the nervous system, ancient Greek theories concerning illness and disease, and the practice of medicine in the pre-Hippocratic era. Descriptions of injuries sustained by soldiers fighting in the Trojan War represent some of the earliest case histories of neurotrauma. Passages in the Iliad describe immediate death after penetrating head trauma with injury to the brain or the brainstem, make reference to clinical signs of brain injury, and mention neurological signs and symptoms after damage to the spinal cord, brachial plexus, and peripheral nerves. The Iliad of Homer contains many descriptions of traumatic injury to the nervous system and provides us with 3,000-year-old references to some of the basic principles of functional neuroanatomy.
An open science peer review oath
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Aleksic, Jelena; Adrian Alexa, Adrian Alexa; Attwood, Teresa K.
2015-01-01
One of the foundations of the scientific method is to be able to reproduce experiments and corroborate the results of research that has been done before. However, with the increasing complexities of new technologies and techniques, coupled with the specialisation of experiments, reproducing......: specifically, we introduce a peer-review oath and accompanying manifesto. These have been designed to offer guidelines to enable reviewers (with the minimum friction or bias) to follow and apply open science principles, and support the ideas of transparency, reproducibility and ultimately greater societal...... research findings has become a growing challenge. Clearly, scientific methods must be conveyed succinctly, and with clarity and rigour, in order for research to be reproducible. Here, we propose steps to help increase the transparency of the scientific method and the reproducibility of research results...
46 CFR Appendix B to Subpart A of... - Oath of Parent or Subsidiary Corporation Act of September 2, 1958 (46 U.S.C. app. 883-1)
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Oath of Parent or Subsidiary Corporation Act of..., App. B Appendix B to Subpart A of Part 68—Oath of Parent or Subsidiary Corporation Act of September 2... Subsidiary Corporation, Act of September 2, 1958 (46 U.S.C. app. 883-1) Corporation: Name Address State of...
Ancient euthanasia: 'good death' and the doctor in the graeco-Roman world.
Science.gov (United States)
Van Hooff, Anton J L
2004-03-01
This article maps the concept of 'good death' (euthanasia) in the ancient world and explores the marginal role of the doctor at a 'good dying'. His assistance was not needed when the Homeric warrior died as a hero and was expected to accept death with resignation. Later the city-state regarded as heroes the men fallen for the cause of the community, honouring these model citizens as those who died well. In the more individualistic age of Hellenism and the Roman Empire, a death in luxury or without suffering could be styled euthanasia. The doctor had neither a place in those acts of dying nor in cases of natural death. He shunned death as a failure of his art. Sometimes a doctor was called in to assist in voluntary death, a role that was not forbidden by the Hippocratic oath. An appeal to this oath by opponents of euthanasia in the modern sense of the word therefore is mistaken.
38 CFR 2.3 - Delegation of authority to employees to take affidavits, to administer oaths, etc.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Delegation of authority to employees to take affidavits, to administer oaths, etc. 2.3 Section 2.3 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS DELEGATIONS OF AUTHORITY § 2.3 Delegation of authority to...
Compromiso de retribución justa en los juramentos médicos Statement of fair retribution in medical oaths
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marta L. Pérez
2004-09-01
Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Determinar se os Juramentos Médicos de diferentes épocas expressam o compromisso do médico de solicitar uma remuneração justa pelo atendimento e serviços prestados na recuperação da saúde de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 50 Juramentos Médicos editados em artigos e publicações, segundo duas épocas diferentes, 12 juramentos da época antiga e medieval e 38 juramentos da época moderna e contemporânea. RESULTADOS: Somente três textos de juramento, entre os 50 selecionados, contêm expressamente explícito o compromisso de remuneração justa dos honorários médicos. Dois deles são da época medieval e pertencem à Escola de Medicina de Montpellier, e apenas um da época moderna (Juramento de Amato Lusitano. Quatro fórmulas indicam votos com a atenção dos pobres e 11 assinalam indiretamente não obter ganhos de outras atividades ou relações. CONCLUSÕES: Os Juramentos mais antigos são os que enfatizam a justa remuneração dos serviços médicos, a atenção médica sem discriminar o atendimento em função da possibilidade de pagamento do paciente e a obtenção de ganhos por meios honestos. Os textos de juramentos atuais não expressam estes aspectos, sendo poucos os que se referem somente a não exercer a profissão para proveito material. Apesar destas evidências, os médicos devem respeitar os limites de suas obrigações e estarem comprometidos no sentido de atender pacientes sem discriminar, especialmente sem levar em conta as possibilidades financeiras dos pacientes e, ao mesmo tempo, não exigir honorários que não estejam de acordo com os serviços prestados.BACKGROUND: to determine if Medical Oaths from different times include the statement of the physician to request from patients a fair retribution for his/her medical services. METHODS: Fifty Medical Oaths found in articles and publications were analyzed. In accordance with their corresponding dates, the Oaths were grouped as ancient /medieval
Hypermedicalization in White Noise.
Science.gov (United States)
Benson, Josef
2015-09-01
The Nazis hijacked Germany's medical establishment and appropriated medical language to hegemonize their ideology. In White Noise, shifting medical information stifles the public into docility. In Nazi Germany the primacy of language and medical authority magnified the importance of academic doctors. The muddling of identities caused complex insecurities and the need for psychological doubles. In White Noise, Professor Gladney is driven by professional insecurities to enact a double in Murray. Through the manipulation of language and medical overreach the U.S., exemplified in the novel White Noise, has become a hypermedicalized society where the spirit of the Hippocratic Oath has eroded.
Paediatric Virology in the Hippocratic Corpus
Science.gov (United States)
Mammas, Ioannis N.; Spandidos, Demetrios A.
2016-01-01
Hippocrates (Island of Kos, 460 B.C.-Larissa, 370 B.C.) is the founder of the most famous Medical School of the classical antiquity. In acknowledgement of his pioneering contribution to the new scientific field of Paediatric Virology, this article provides a systematic analysis of the Hippocratic Corpus, with particular focus on viral infections predominating in neonates and children. A mumps epidemic, affecting the island of Thasos in the 5th century B.C., is described in detail. ‘Herpes’, a medical term derived from the ancient Greek word ‘ἕρπειν’, meaning ‘to creep’ or ‘crawl’, is used to describe the spreading of cutaneous lesions in both childhood and adulthood. Cases of children with exanthema ‘resembling mosquito bites’ are presented in reference to varicella or smallpox infection. A variety of upper and lower respiratory tract viral infections are described with impressive accuracy, including rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchiolitis and bronchitis. The ‘cough of Perinthos’ epidemic, an influenza-like outbreak in the 5th century B.C., is also recorded and several cases complicated with pneumonia or fatal outcomes are discussed. Hippocrates, moreover, describes conjunctivitis, otitis, lymphadenitis, meningoencephalitis, febrile convulsions, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, poliomyelitis and skin warts, along with proposed treatment directions. Almost 2,400 years later, Hippocrates' systematic approach and methodical innovations can inspire paediatric trainees and future Paediatric Virology subspecialists. PMID:27446241
Narrative and Cultural History in the Hippocratic Treatise On Ancient Medicine
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marco Romani Mistretta
2016-12-01
Full Text Available This paper focuses on the ‘history of medicine’ outlined by the author of the Hippocratic treatise On Ancient Medicine, in order to reflect on the relationship between medicine and narrative in Classical Greece. At the outset of the work, the author provides an account of the beginnings of his discipline, conceiving of medicine’s history as a continuum of research and findings that unravel the nature of the human body and the cause of diseases. As this paper shows, the physician-narrator assigns to his craft a crucial role in fostering the birth and progress of human civilization. The rhetorical goals of the historical account are, as I argue, attained through a subtle narrative strategy. In fact, the narrator locates the origins of medicine within a teleological framework, marked by strong emphasis on the heuristic method that characterizes the past, the present, and the future of medical knowledge at once.

Oath Ceremonies in Spain and New Spain in the 18th century: A Comparative Study of Rituals and Iconography
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Inmaculada Rodríguez Moya
2017-10-01
Full Text Available This paper will focus on a comparative study of the royal oath ceremonies in Spain and New Spain starting with the 16th century, when the ritual was established, to later consider some examples from the 18th century. A process of consolidating a Latin American and Hispanic identity began in the 17th century and was reflected in religious and political festivals everywhere. The royal oath ceremony was a renewal of vows of loyalty to the Crown, which was especially important in a monarchy composed a variety of different kingdoms. This ritual was very important in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, where a king ruled from afar over subjects scattered throughout a vast territory that was ethnically and culturally very diverse. The ceremony was therefore used in the 18th century to assert matters of identity through ritual gestures and the images that adorned the ephemeral architecture created for it. Accounts of festivities and prints depicting the event as it took place in places like Lisbon, Barcelona, Valencia, Majorca, Mexico and Lima will be studied from a comparative point of view.
An Open Science Peer Review Oath [v2; ref status: indexed, http://f1000r.es/4wf
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jelena Aleksic
2015-01-01
Full Text Available One of the foundations of the scientific method is to be able to reproduce experiments and corroborate the results of research that has been done before. However, with the increasing complexities of new technologies and techniques, coupled with the specialisation of experiments, reproducing research findings has become a growing challenge. Clearly, scientific methods must be conveyed succinctly, and with clarity and rigour, in order for research to be reproducible. Here, we propose steps to help increase the transparency of the scientific method and the reproducibility of research results: specifically, we introduce a peer-review oath and accompanying manifesto. These have been designed to offer guidelines to enable reviewers (with the minimum friction or bias to follow and apply open science principles, and support the ideas of transparency, reproducibility and ultimately greater societal impact. Introducing the oath and manifesto at the stage of peer review will help to check that the research being published includes everything that other researchers would need to successfully repeat the work. Peer review is the lynchpin of the publishing system: encouraging the community to consciously (and conscientiously uphold these principles should help to improve published papers, increase confidence in the reproducibility of the work and, ultimately, provide strategic benefits to authors and their institutions.
["I swear on Apollus Medicus...": the birth of medical deontology].
Science.gov (United States)
Ceccobelli, Sandro
2011-01-01
In the Oath, Hippocrates does not cite Dionisus at all. In Greek mythology, Apollus and Dionisus are, in some way, absolutely conflicting gods, nonetheless complementary each to the other; both are devoted to healing practices, one through his téchne founded on scientific knowledge, the other throught collective cathartic processes. The author conjectures that the exclusion of Dionisus from the medical Hippocratic scene means the birth of a medical deontology founded on the contrast between profecy and extasis, knowledge and happiness, order and change, health and disease. Balancing these cultural different aspects of therapy and cure, Bioethics could reunify the concepts of health, sickness and disease in the idea of Life, continuosly changing and developing. The curing process needs synthesis--invoking Apollus to rescover Dionisus mask.
Protecting Your Patients' Interests in the Era of Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and Predictive Analytics.
Science.gov (United States)
Balthazar, Patricia; Harri, Peter; Prater, Adam; Safdar, Nabile M
2018-03-01
The Hippocratic oath and the Belmont report articulate foundational principles for how physicians interact with patients and research subjects. The increasing use of big data and artificial intelligence techniques demands a re-examination of these principles in light of the potential issues surrounding privacy, confidentiality, data ownership, informed consent, epistemology, and inequities. Patients have strong opinions about these issues. Radiologists have a fiduciary responsibility to protect the interest of their patients. As such, the community of radiology leaders, ethicists, and informaticists must have a conversation about the appropriate way to deal with these issues and help lead the way in developing capabilities in the most just, ethical manner possible. Copyright © 2017 American College of Radiology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
[Euthanasia in history and the present - in the spectrum between euthanasia and terminal care].
Science.gov (United States)
von Engelhardt, Dietrich
2010-01-01
Euthanasia signifies in antiquity an easy and happy death and not at all an active termination of life, which was forbidden in the Hippocratic oath, but justified by philosophers. In the Christian middle ages active euthanasia and abortion are explicitly refused. At the beginnings of modern times MORE (1516) and BACON (1623) plead for euthanasia and differentiate for the first time between "euthanasia interior" as a mental preparation and "euthanasia exterior" as a physical and direct termination of life. Around 1900 a change takes place--in medicine as well as in the humanities and arts. The lawyer Karl BINDING and the psychiatrist Alfred HOCHE (1920) support active euthanasia in the case of mental deficiency; similar views are taken by the population. Under the "Third Reich" euthanasia unlawfully is carried out as termination of life without or even against consent. Today oaths, declarations and laws are intended to prevent such a "medicine without humanity" (MITSCHERLICH and MIELKE 1947). Active voluntary euthanasia is under certain conditions allowed by the legislation in some countries (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg). Essential seem the consideration of different types of euthanasia and above all a psychical-mental assistance in the process of dying. The height of culture is measured by dealing with death and dying.
Management accounting versus medical profession discourse
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Malmmose, Margit
2015-01-01
This study uses discourse, ideology and hegemony as a theoretical foundation to investigate the development of the polarised discourses of management accounting and the medical profession during the introduction of a NPM reform in the public health care debate, using Denmark as a case study. 194...... newspaper articles and 73 medical profession articles from 2002 to 2008 are analysed, using critical discourse analysis. The analysis shows that the management accounting discourse becomes the dominating ideology which is embedded in the public rhetorical debate. There are three peculiar outcomes...... perspective of a patient oriented focus to a quantitative focus through strong rationalised arguments. This puts the medical profession in a dilemma concerning their ideological Hippocratic Oath versus the NPM efficiency focus. However, they choose to gradually adopt management accounting terms in their own...
The Open Science Peer Review Oath [v1; ref status: indexed, http://f1000r.es/4ou
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jelena Aleksic
2014-11-01
Full Text Available One of the foundations of the scientific method is to be able to reproduce experiments and corroborate the results of research that has been done before. However, with the increasing complexities of new technologies and techniques, coupled with the specialisation of experiments, reproducing research findings has become a growing challenge. Clearly, scientific methods must be conveyed succinctly, and with clarity and rigour, in order for research to be reproducible. Here, we propose steps to help increase the transparency of the scientific method and the reproducibility of research results: specifically, we introduce a peer-review oath and accompanying manifesto. These have been designed to offer guidelines to enable reviewers (with the minimum friction or bias to follow and apply open science principles, and support the ideas of transparency, reproducibility and ultimately greater societal impact. Introducing the oath and manifesto at the stage of peer review will help to check that the research being published includes everything that other researchers would need to successfully repeat the work. Peer review is the lynchpin of the publishing system: encouraging the community to consciously (and conscientiously uphold these principles should help to improve published papers, increase confidence in the reproducibility of the work and, ultimately, provide strategic benefits to authors and their institutions. Future incarnations of the various national Research Excellence Frameworks (REFs will evolve away from simple citations towards measurable societal value and impact. The proposed manifesto aspires to facilitate this goal by making transparency, reproducibility and citizen-scientist engagement (with the knowledge-creation and dissemination processes the default parameters for performing sound research.
46 CFR Appendix A to Subpart A of... - Oath for Qualification of Corporation as a Citizen of the United States Under the Act of...
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2010-10-01
... Qualification of Corporation as a Citizen of the United States Under the Act of September 2, 1958 (46 U.S.C. app... Citizen of the United States Under the Act of September 2, 1958 (46 U.S.C. app. 883-1) Corporation: Name... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Oath for Qualification of Corporation as a Citizen of...
Ethics of clinical trials.
Science.gov (United States)
Palter, S F
1996-05-01
The modern clinical trial is a form of human experimentation. There is a long history of disregard for individual rights of the patient in this context, and special attention must be paid to ethical guidelines for these studies. Clinical trials differ in basic ways from clinical practice. Foremost is the introduction of outside interests, beyond those of the patient's health, into the doctor-patient therapeutic alliance. Steps must be taken to protect the interests of the patient when such outside influence exists. Kantian moral theory and the Hippocratic oath dictate that the physician must respect the individual patient's rights and hold such interests paramount. These principles are the basis for informed consent. Randomization of patients is justified when a condition of equipoise exists. The changing nature of health care delivery in the United States introduces new outside interests into the doctor-patient relationship.
Medical climatology in France: the persistence of Neo-Hippocratic ideas in the first half of the twentieth century.
Science.gov (United States)
Osborne, Michael A; Fogarty, Richard S
2012-01-01
In interwar France the Lyonnais physician Marius Piéry undertook an ambitious Neo-Hippocratic research program to study how atmospheric and terrestrial environments influenced health. Lyon had a number of institutions linked to the colonies and was a center for the training of military physicians. Colonial physicians had a long tradition of contending with the diseases of tropical environments, and their ideas and many returned colonials circulated in Lyon and its region. Piéry was a physician during World War I and published on military medical topics. He also included colonial and military health concerns in his more mature works from the 1930s. An advocate of the close study of the physical sciences, he investigated the radioactive gases of health spas and the effects of altitude on pulmonary tuberculosis, and he directed a meteorological observatory.
[History of pneumology in antiquity (part 2)].
Science.gov (United States)
Demaeyer, Ph
2016-01-01
Nowadays, Hippocrate, "The Father of Medicine", still influences our medicine. He was famous because of the great medical corpus texts preserved in his name. Only recently, our universities have updated the famous Hippocratic Oath to avoid contradictions with our modern ethics. Hippocrate was a great clinician but a poor anatomist. Hippocratical humourism remained accurate until the age of the enlightenment (18th century). Furthermore, it is difficult to distinguish medicine from philosophy in Greek antiquity. So we have to contextualize Greek ancient medicine in this philosophical field. In the 3rd century before Christus (BC), the centre of gravity in medicine shifted to Alexandria. Indeed, a famous academic library was created in 288 BC. At the same time, dissection of human cadavers was authorized until the first century BC. This enabled the evolution of the knowledge in anatomy and physiology. Rome was still polytheistic population until the end of ancient times. Rome integrated Greek gods in his pantheon. Asclepios became Aesculapius. Rome despises physicians in the first ancient age of Rome. The family's father provided medical cares. A lot of Greek physicians settled then in Rome. Again, roman medicine grew in parallel with philosophical trends. These trends were called "sects" but in fact, they were rather medical schools. In this review, we will especially talk about three physicians of this period: Aurelius Cornelius Celsus, Arétée of Cappadocia and Galenus of Pergamon. Thereafter, medical knowledge did not really change significantly until Renaissance period.
Clinical Holistic Medicine: Holistic Sexology and Acupressure Through the Vagina (Hippocratic Pelvic Massage
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Søren Ventegodt
2006-01-01
Full Text Available Many gynecological and sexological problems (like urine incontinence, chronic pelvic pains, vulvodynia, and lack of lust, excitement, and orgasm are resistant to standard medical treatment. In our work at the Research Clinic for Holistic Medicine in Copenhagen, we have found that vaginal acupressure, or Hippocratic pelvic massage, can help some of these problems. Technically, it is a very simple procedure as it corresponds to the explorative phase of the standard pelvic examination, supplemented with the patient's report on the feelings it provokes and the processing and integration of these feelings. Sometimes it can be very difficult to control the emotions released by the technique, i.e., regression to earlier traumas from childhood sexual abuse. This review discusses the theory behind vaginal acupressure, ethical aspects, and presentation of a case story. This procedure helped the patient to become present in her pelvis and to integrate old traumas with painful emotions. Holistic gynecology and sexology can help the patient to identify and let go of negative feelings, beliefs, and attitudes related to sex, gender, sexual organs, body, and soul at large. Shame, guilt, helplessness, fear, disgust, anxiety, anger, hatred, and other strong feelings are almost always an important part of a sexual or functional problem as these feelings are “held” by the tissue of the pelvis and sexual organs. Acupressure through the vagina/pelvic massage must be done with great care by an experienced physician, with a third person present, after obtaining consent and the necessary trust of the patient. It must be followed by conversational therapy and further holistic existential processing.
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DECISION MAKING AND ITS RELEVANCE TO RADIATION PROTECTION OF THE PATIENT IN MEDICINE.
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Moores, B Michael
2018-02-01
An analysis and review of the fundamental psychological basis of decision making has been undertaken in respect of radiation protection of the patient in medicine. Both clinical and scientific aspects of patient protection have been considered. Every stage of the clinical process of radiological examinations, from referral through to diagnostic outcome, has been shown to be subject to proven psychological effects including biases, framing, anchoring and prospect theory, which deals with perceived gains and losses. Such factors also influence the scientific aspects of radiation protection of the patient. Justification for the use of single dose reference level (DRL) values has employed framing with substitution or manipulation by accessibility in order to promote their usefulness. The use of DRLs as presently proposed constrains a diverse patient population to a reference or representative person. This approach is shown to represent a public health initiative that largely ignores the ethical basis of patient protection inherent in the Hippocratic Oath. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: .
Medical deontology, meetings, journals, candidacy for higher posts and how to better enjoy life.
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Grammaticos, Philip C
2014-01-01
Unfortunately, today few physicians care about medical deontology and medical ethics, that is how to behave and respect others when exercising our medical profession. Some of us may not show the care and kindness we should show towards our students or the due respect to our senior colleagues. Occasionally, when examining our patients we may not pay the proper attention to their problems, being tired from work overload. Another issue of deontology is medical meetings. Do they offer us enough knowledge or mainly pleasure? Is our curriculum vitae comprised by useful to society and to medicine original or confirmatory research work? Few examples to illustrate what the situation is at present are included in this paper. Our financial success in practice should not compete with the "old" Hippocratic oath and ideals. The pursuit of happiness in our life is not achieved through untruthfulness, dishonesty or only high financial status. "The Lancet"mentioned long ago (1969; September 27; 681-4) a phrase by John Keats: "Truth is beauty‥this only exists on Earth and this is what we need to know".
[The anti-philosophical anthropology in the Hippocratic treatise De Vetere Medicina (On Ancient Medicine)].
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Imai, Masahiro
2007-01-01
The Hippocratic treatise De Vetere Medicina (On Ancient Medicine) has been the focus of attention among classical scholars and historians of medicine. The author attacks in ch. 20 doctors and sophists who base their own medical theories and methods on philosophical anthropology taken from the contemporary natural philosophers. Many attempts have been made to elucidate, as opposed to their philosophical inquiry into human nature, the author's way of understanding it, which still remains unclear. I draw attention to the following points to make it clear that the conceptual framework of the author's medical anthropology is different from theirs. Their philosophical inquiry into human nature has its starting point in fundamental element(s), from which human beings were originally formed. The author focuses on human beings as existent in their present states, whose conditions and functions must be investigated through interrelations between them and their external factors, such as foods and drinks. A medical investigation into the interrelations will give us a scientific idea about human body, whose constituents are taken to be a large number of humors, reacting against some external factors and accordingly making us feel pain. This may presuppose that, in the author's medical anthropology, human body is conceptually demarcated as the physical or material aspect of human being, within which all physiological events depending on external factors and the humors take place. In their philosophical anthropology, however, human body doesn't seem to have been clearly conceptualized as such, because our experience of feeling pain should be judged to take place within the actions of the fundamental element(s), which must be supposed to constitute our cognitive self.
Clinical Holistic Medicine: Pilot Study on the Effect of Vaginal Acupressure (Hippocratic Pelvic Massage
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Søren Ventegodt
2006-01-01
Full Text Available This is a pilot study of 20 female patients with a long history of sexual problems (mean is 8.92 years who received vaginal acupressure (VA with a quantitative and qualitative evaluation: 56% experienced help and none reported setbacks, 89% rated the treatment to be of high quality, and 89% rated it as valuable. After the treatment, most reported their problems to be less serious and their general quality of life improved. Only 17% reported minor or temporary side effects. VA was found statistically and clinically significant (p < 0.05, improvement more than 0.5 step on a 5-point Likert scale to help patients with chronic genital pains, pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse, lack of desire or orgasm, and subjective sexual insufficiency, and all patients taken as one group (about 1 step up a 5-point Likert scale. Self-evaluated physical and mental health was significantly improved for the total group; the relationship with partner, the subjective sexual ability, and the quality of life that were measured with QOL1 and QOL5 questionnaires were all significantly improved. VA or Hippocratic pelvic massage is technically a simple procedure corresponding to the explorative phase of the standard pelvic examination, supplemented with the patient’s report on the feelings provoked followed by processing and integration of these feelings, but ethical aspects are complicated. Acupressure through the vagina/pelvic massage must be done according to the highest ethical standard with great care, after obtaining consent and the necessary trust of the patient within the framework of the local laws. It must be followed by conversational therapy and further holistic existential processing.
Hippocrates of Kos, the father of clinical medicine, and Asclepiades of Bithynia, the father of molecular medicine. Review.
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Yapijakis, Christos
2009-01-01
Hippocrates of Kos (460-377 Before Common Era, BCE) is universally recognized as the father of modern medicine, which is based on observation of clinical signs and rational conclusions, and does not rely on religious or magical beliefs. Hippocratic medicine was influenced by the Pythagorean theory that Nature was made of four elements (water, earth, wind and fire), and therefore, in an analogous way, the body consisted of four fluids or 'humors' (black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood). The physician had to reinstate the healthy balance of these humors by facilitating the healing work of 'benevolent Nature'. The Hippocratic Oath contains the Pythagorean duties of justice, secrecy, respect for teachers and solidarity with peers. The clinical and ethical basics of medical practice as well as most clinical terms used even today have their origins in Hippocrates. His contribution in clinical medicine is immense. Asclepiades of Bithynia (124-40 BCE) was the first physician who established Greek medicine in Rome. Influenced by the Epicurean philosophy, he adhered to atomic theory, chance and evolution, and did not accept the theory of a 'benevolent Nature'. He suggested that the human body is composed of molecules and void spaces, and that diseases are caused by alteration of form or position of a patient's molecules. Asclepiades favored naturalistic therapeutic methods such as a healthy diet, massage and physical exercise. Above all, he introduced the friendly, sympathetic, pleasing and painless treatment of patients into medical practice, influenced by the teachings of Epicurus on pleasure and friendship. He was the first who made the highly important division of diseases into acute and chronic ones and to perform an elective non-emergency tracheotomy. As the founder of the Methodic School, Asclepiades was the first known physician who spoke about what is known today as molecular medicine.
Simulation: a new approach to teaching ethics.
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Buxton, Margaret; Phillippi, Julia C; Collins, Michelle R
2015-01-01
The importance of ethical conduct in health care was acknowledged as early as the fifth century in the Hippocratic Oath and continues to be an essential element of clinical practice. Providers face ethical dilemmas that are complex and unfold over time, testing both practitioners' knowledge and communication skills. Students learning to be health care providers need to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to negotiate complex situations involving ethical conflict. Simulation has been shown to be an effective learning environment for students to learn and practice complex and overlapping skills sets. However, there is little guidance in the literature on constructing effective simulation environments to assist students in applying ethical concepts. This article describes realistic simulations with trained, standardized patients that present ethical problems to graduate-level nurse-midwifery students. Student interactions with the standardized patients were monitored by faculty and peers, and group debriefing was used to help explore students' emotions and reactions. Student feedback postsimulation was exceedingly positive. This simulation could be easily adapted for use by health care education programs to assist students in developing competency with ethics. © 2014 by the American College of Nurse-Midwives.
Freedom of conscience in health care: distinctions and limits.
Science.gov (United States)
Murphy, Sean; Genuis, Stephen J
2013-10-01
The widespread emergence of innumerable technologies within health care has complicated the choices facing caregivers and their patients. The escalation of knowledge and technical innovation has been accompanied by an erosion of moral and ethical consensus among health providers that is reflected in the abandonment of the Hippocratic Oath as the immutable bedrock of medical ethics. Ethical conflicts arise when the values of health professionals collide with the expressed wishes of patients or the dictates of regulatory bodies and administrators. Increasing attempts by groups outside of the medical profession to limit freedom of conscience for health providers has raised concern and consternation among some health professionals. The personal and professional impact of health professionals surrendering freedom of conscience and participating in actions they deem malevolent or unethical has not been adequately studied and may not be inconsequential when considering the recognized impact of other circumstances of coerced complicity. We argue that the distinction between the two ways that freedom of conscience is exercised (avoiding a perceived evil and seeking a perceived good) provides a rational basis for a principled limitation of this fundamental freedom.
Medical Deontology towards medical students, our colleagues and our patients. About meetings, medical journals, candidacy for higher posts and the "silent" society.
Science.gov (United States)
Grammaticos, Philip C
2014-01-01
Unfortunately, today very few care about medical deontology-ethics that is about how to behave and respect others when we exercise our medical duties. Perhaps we do not show our real care and kind leadership to our students. We do not very much respect our medical colleagues. We are often tired to spend much time examining patients. We attend medical meetings for pleasure or because our expenses are covered by pharmaceutical firms. We write unimportant papers in order to have a rich curriculum. We consider the Impact Factor of a journal as awarded only to underline the importance of a letter to the Editor we publish in a prestigious journal. We refrain from useful research. We are not always truthful in publishing the results of our research. Many such examples are included in this paper. Overall, we go for a financial success disregarding the "old" Hippocratic ideas and oath. We are supposed to seak for life-happiness. Instead, we feel guilty, inconvenient as to our social behaviour and unhappy. "The Lancet" mentioned long ago (1969) a phrase by John Keats: "Truth is beauty...this only exists on Earth and this is what we need to know".

MEDICAL ETHICS EDUCATION IN TURKEY; STATE OF PLAY AND CHALLENGES.
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Ekmekçi, Perihan Elif
Medical ethics can be traced back to Hippocratic Oath in antiquity. Last decade witnessed improvements in science and technology which attracted attention to the ethical impacts of the innovations in medicine. The need to combine medical innovations with a preservation of human values and to cultivate ethical competencies required by professionalism conceived medical ethics education in various levels in medical schools. Despite the diversities regarding teaching hours, methodology and content of the courses, medical ethics became a fundamental part of medical education around the world. In Turkey medical ethics education is given both in undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The high increase in the number of medical schools and shortfall of instructors who have medical ethics as their primary academic focus creates a big challenge in medical ethics education in both levels. Currently there are 89 medical schools in Turkey and only six medical schools are giving postgraduate medical ethics education. In 2010 only 33 of all medical schools could establish a separate department dedicated to medical ethics. There are no medical ethics courses embedded in residency programs. The quality and standardization of undergraduate medical ethics education has started but there are no initiatives to do so in postgraduate level.
The President's Physician: An African Play : Emmanuel Babatunde Omobowale, 2004, All Saints' Publishers (Ibadan, 978-978-37727-3-1, 77 pp.).
Science.gov (United States)
Mayaki, Joseph Ajagunmolu
2017-12-01
This review examines issues relating to biomedical ethics and literature in the African drama The President's Physician by Emmanuel Babatunde Omobowale. The play investigates the psychological dilemma of Doctor Bituki Warunga, a personal physician to General Kalunga Ntibantunganyah who brutally and inhumanely rules Wavaria, a fictional African country. The doctor is faced with deciding to uphold the ethics of his profession versus terminating the tyrant's life to set the nation free. The play aims to help budding medical doctors rightly inculcate the principles of medical ethics-autonomy, beneficence, competence, and power-by providing a fictional platform to investigate difficult issues that can arise in clinical practice. The play highlights Warunga's complex dilemma as he struggles to uphold the Hippocratic Oath and at the same time satisfy his conscience towards his contribution to his country's freedom. This review explores the difficulties in decision-making when professional duties not only clash with personal preferences but also with the well-being of an entire nation. This discussion is done alongside the ethical concept of utilitarianism and also highlights significant literary concepts such as satire, symbolism, intertextuality, utopian aesthetics, and authorial vision as conveyed in the text.
Revenge versus rapport: Interrogation, terrorism, and torture.
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Alison, Laurence; Alison, Emily
2017-04-01
This review begins with the historical context of harsh interrogation methods that have been used repeatedly since the Second World War. This is despite the legal, ethical and moral sanctions against them and the lack of evidence for their efficacy. Revenge-motivated interrogations (Carlsmith & Sood, 2009) regularly occur in high conflict, high uncertainty situations and where there is dehumanization of the enemy. These methods are diametrically opposed to the humanization process required for adopting rapport-based methods-for which there is an increasing corpus of studies evidencing their efficacy. We review this emerging field of study and show how rapport-based methods rely on building alliances and involve a specific set of interpersonal skills on the part of the interrogator. We conclude with 2 key propositions: (a) for psychologists to firmly maintain the Hippocratic Oath of "first do no harm," irrespective of perceived threat and uncertainty, and (b) for wider recognition of the empirical evidence that rapport-based approaches work and revenge tactics do not. Proposition (a) is directly in line with fundamental ethical principles of practice for anyone in a caring profession. Proposition (b) is based on the requirement for psychology to protect and promote human welfare and to base conclusions on objective evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).
Do nuclear engineering educators have a special responsibility
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Weinberg, A.M.
1977-01-01
Each 1000 MW(e) reactor in equilibrium contains 15 x 10 9 Ci of radioactivity. To handle this material safety requires an extremely high level of expertise and commitment - in many respects, an expertise that goes beyond what is demanded of any other technology. If one grants that nuclear engineering is more demanding than other engineering because the price of failure is greater, one must ask how can we inculcate into the coming generations of nuclear engineers a full sense of the responsibility they bear in practising their profession. Clearly a first requirement is that all elements of the nuclear community -utility executives, equipment engineers, operating engineers, nuclear engineers, administrators - must recognize and accept the idea that nuclear energy is something special, and that therefore its practitioners must be special. This sense must be instilled into young nuclear engineers during their education. A special responsibility therefore devolves upon nuclear engineering educators: first, to recognize the special character of their profession, and second, to convey this sense to their students. The possibility of institutionalizing this sense of responsibility by establishing a nuclear Hippocratic Oath or special canon of ethics for nuclear engineers ought to be discussed within the nuclear community. (author)
41 CFR 50-203.6 - Witnesses and subpoenas.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... examined orally under oath except that for good and exceptional cause the administrative law judge may permit their testimony to be taken by deposition under oath. (b) The administrative law judge shall upon... oath, including books, records, correspondence, or documents. Applications for the issuance of...
Environmental education and socioresponsive engineering. Report of an educational initiative in Hyderabad, India.
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Ansari, Ali Uddin; Jafari, Ashfaque; Mirzana, Ishrat Meera; Imtiaz, Zulfia; Lukacs, Heather
2003-07-01
A recent initiative at Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India, has resulted in setting up a program called Centre for Environment Studies and Socioresponsive Engineering which seeks to involve undergraduate students in studying and solving environmental problems in and around the city of Hyderabad, India. Two pilot projects have been undertaken--one focusing on design and construction of an eco-friendly house, The Natural House, and another directed at improving environmental and general living conditions in a slum area. The paper describes our attempts and experience of motivating our students to take interest in such projects. In an interesting development we invited a member of a student-faculty team at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) that is doing a project in Nepal on safe drinking water. We report in our paper how the presentation by the guest from M.I.T. served as a catalyst for generating interest among civil and mechanical engineering students in our own projects. The paper includes contributions from one of our students and the M.I.T. staff member, reporting on their experiences related to the slum development project. We also discuss the Natural House project and its international and educational significance as a means of inculcating sensitivity and interest in nature among engineering students. We propose a pledge for engineers similar to the Hippocratic Oath for medical professionals.
Ethics in radiation protection
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Corbett, R.H.
2002-01-01
Ethics is a branch of philosophy. Its object is the study of both moral and immoral behaviour in order to make well founded judgements and to arrive at adequate recommendations. The Collins English Dictionary provides the following definitions of the word ethic: Ethic: a moral principle or set of moral values held by an individual or group; Ethics(singular): the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it; Ethics(pleural): a social, religious or civil code of behaviour considered correct, especially that of a particular group, profession or individual; Ethics(pleural): the moral fitness of a decision, course of action, etc. Ethics has a two-fold objective: Firstly it evaluates human practices by calling upon moral standards; it may give prescriptive advice on how to act morally in a specific kind of situation. This implies analysis and evaluation. Sometimes this is known as Normative ethics. The second is to provide therapeutic advice, suggesting solutions and policies. It must be based on well-informed opinions and requires a clear understanding of the vital issues. In the medical world, we are governed by the Hippocratic Oath. Essentially this requires medical practitioners (doctors) to do good, not harm. There is great interest and even furore regarding ethics in radiation protection
Complications: acknowledging, managing, and coping with human error.
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Helo, Sevann; Moulton, Carol-Anne E
2017-08-01
Errors are inherent in medicine due to the imperfectness of human nature. Health care providers may have a difficult time accepting their fallibility, acknowledging mistakes, and disclosing errors. Fear of litigation, shame, blame, and concern about reputation are just some of the barriers preventing physicians from being more candid with their patients, despite the supporting body of evidence that patients cite poor communication and lack of transparency as primary drivers to file a lawsuit in the wake of a medical complication. Proper error disclosure includes a timely explanation of what happened, who was involved, why the error occurred, and how it will be prevented in the future. Medical mistakes afford the opportunity for individuals and institutions to be candid about their weaknesses while improving patient care processes. When a physician takes the Hippocratic Oath they take on a tremendous sense of responsibility for the care of their patients, and often bear the burden of their mistakes in isolation. Physicians may struggle with guilt, shame, and a crisis of confidence, which may thwart efforts to identify areas for improvement that can lead to meaningful change. Coping strategies for providers include discussing the event with others, seeking professional counseling, and implementing quality improvement projects. Physicians and health care organizations need to find adaptive ways to deal with complications that will benefit patients, providers, and their institutions.
旅籠 Tabard の主人の「誓言」 : Chaucer 時代のロンドン市民 Herry Bailly の場合(林陸雄教授退任記念号)
OpenAIRE
野原, 康弘; Yasuhiro, Nohara; 桃山学院大学経営学部
2010-01-01
Modern films and television dramas give us many occasions to hear a wide range of ` oaths', from formal to casual, and from graceful to obscene. Sometimes a mere oath can play a very dignified part. For example, it was not until Mr Barack Obama finished the ceremony of `The Oath of Office of the President of the United States" that he was legally approved as the new President. This oath is a superbly formal one. On the other hand, we are not shocked to hear something like " Damn it", which is...
[Art-chance and art-experience in classical Greece].
Science.gov (United States)
Ban, Deokjin
2011-06-30
In Classical Greece, works defining the nature of art appeared in the various disciplines like medicine, rhetoric, dietetics, architecture and painting. Hippocratic authors tried to show that an art of medicine existed indeed. They contrasted the concept of art with that of chance, not experience that Plato and Aristotle distinguished from art. In fact there are similarities and discrepancies between Hippocratic epistemology and Platoic epistemology. Hippocratic authors maintained that the products of chance were not captured by art. They distinguished the domain of art charactered by explanatory knowledge and prediction from the domain of chance ruled by the unexplained and the unforeseeable. They minimized the role of luck and believed the role of art. Hippocratic authors thought that professional ability contained both knowledge and experience. In Hippocratic corpus, experience is a synonym of competence and usually has a positive meaning. But Plato gave empirical knowledge the disdainful sense and decided a ranking between two types of knowledge. Both Hippocratic authors and Plato held that a genuine art had connection with explanatory knowledge of the nature of its subject matter. A common theme that goes through arguments about art-chance and art-chance is the connection between art and nature. Hippocratic authors and Plato regarded art as a highly systematic process. Art provides us with general and explanatory knowledge of human nature. Art and nature is a mutual relationship. The systematic understanding of nature helps us gain the exactness of art and an exact art helps us understand nature well.
Bioethics and the Italian National Bioethics Committee: historical highlights.
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Conti, A A
2016-01-01
Though the term "bioethics" was coined in 1970-1, it was immediately after World War II that there emerged the idea that the voluntary consent of human beings was absolutely mandatory for medical interventions to be ethically acceptable. The 1964 Declaration of Helsinki asserted that only an explicit consent could morally and ethically justify research on human beings. In the 1978 "Encyclopedia of Bioethics", the US author Warren T. Reich defined bioethics as the systematic study of human behaviour in the fields of health care and life sciences, and carefully differentiated the epistemological profile of bioethics from that of traditional medical ethics deriving from the Hippocratic Oath. An institutional milestone in the Italian evolution of bioethical knowledge and competence was the foundation of the Italian National Bioethics Committee (NBC), established in 1990. The NBC, which answers to the Council of Ministers, provides methodological support to the Italian Government in the field of bioethical issues, elaborating legislative acts and also furnishing information and consultation for other bodies and associations and for the general public. The activity of the NBC is clearly discernible in its free and user-friendly website. Today, the Internet is often the first repository where individuals and patients look for bioethical information. Given that the quality of this information is extremely variable and not infrequently unreliable, initiatives such as that of the above mentioned NBC website are particularly useful and precious both for health care operators and the entire community.
Integrating ethics in public health education: the process of developing case studies.
Science.gov (United States)
Tulchinsky, Theodore; Jennings, Bruce; Viehbeck, Sarah
2015-01-01
The study of ethics in public health became a societal imperative following the horrors of pre World War II eugenics, the Holocaust, and the Tuskegee Experiment (and more recent similar travesties). International responses led to: the Nuremberg Doctors' Trials, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), and the Convention on Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CCPCG, 1948), which includes sanctions against incitement to genocide. The Declaration of Geneva (1948) set forth the physician's dedication to the humanitarian goals of medicine, a declaration especially important in view of the medical crimes which had just been committed in Nazi Germany. This led to a modern revision of the Hippocratic Oath in the form of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) for medical research ethical standards, which has been renewed periodically and adopted worldwide to ensure ethical research practices. Public health ethics differs from traditional biomedical ethics in many respects, specifically in its emphasis on societal considerations of prevention, equity, and population-level issues. Health care systems are increasingly faced with the need to integrate clinical medicine with public health and health policy. As health systems and public health evolve, the ethical issues in health care also bridge the gap between the separation of bioethics and public health ethics in the past. These complexities calls for the inclusion of ethics in public health education curricula and competencies across the many professions in public health, in the policy arena, as well as educational engagement with the public and the lay communities and other stakeholders.
Ethics in pharmacy: a new definition of responsibility.
Science.gov (United States)
Dessing, Rudolf P; Flameling, Jan
2003-02-01
Ethics and responsibility are expressions that should characterize professional practice in many sectors of society. Pharmacy, being a high technology activity, is just an example of a field where (responsible) decisions about medicines and health care are closely connected to private and public life. Responsible behavior can only be demonstrated when the moral basis, the values on which decisions are taken, is clear and accepted by society as a whole. The basis for responsible action in medicine is still considered to connect with the Hippocratic Oath. But this code has no clear philosophical basis, other than the fact that it was recognized by the inner circle of physicians. Modern dilemmas like the role of technology, public costs, the definition of life, genetic engineering and assisted suicide ask for an approach that is rational, based on philosophical ideas and understandable and accepted by the public. From the work of 20th century philosophers like Rawls, Nussbaum and Sen, essential values can be abstracted, which apply to health and health care. Although the plurality of human beings makes it complicated to translate such values into general rules of conduct, this article presents a model for responsible behavior, based on these values. It appears that responsibility includes the obligation to interact with a patient to an extent in which the values of self-determination, compassion and justice have real significance for the parties involved. This responsibility calls for ('Aristotelian') experience and practical wisdom and should be recognizable through guidelines and legislation.
Citizenship Ceremony for Dr. von Braun and German-Born Scientists and Engineers
Science.gov (United States)
1955-01-01
In a swearing-in ceremony held at Huntsville High School, one hundred and three German-born scientists and engineers, along with family members, took the oath of citizenship to become United States citizens. Among those taking the oath was Dr. Wernher von Braun, located in the second row, right side, third from the end.
Medical Ethics in Qiṣāṣ (Eye-for-an-Eye) Punishment: An Islamic View; an Examination of Acid Throwing.
Science.gov (United States)
Alishahi Tabriz, Amir; Dabbagh, Hossein; Koenig, Harold G
2016-08-01
Physicians in Islamic countries might be requested to participate in the Islamic legal code of qiṣāṣ, in which the victim or family has the right to an eye-for-an-eye retaliation. Qiṣāṣ is only used as a punishment in the case of murder or intentional physical injury. In situations such as throwing acid, the national legal system of some Islamic countries asks for assistance from physicians, because the punishment should be identical to the crime. The perpetrator could not be punished without a physician's participation, because there is no way to guarantee that the sentence would be carried out without inflicting more injury than the initial victim had suffered. By examining two cases of acid throwing, this paper discusses issues related to physicians' participation in qiṣāṣ from the perspective of medical ethics and Islamic Shari'a law. From the standpoint of medical ethics, physicians' participation in qiṣāṣ is not appropriate. First, qiṣāṣ is in sharp contrast to the Hippocratic Oath and other codes of medical ethics. Second, by physicians' participation in qiṣāṣ, medical practices are being used improperly to carry out government mandates. Third, physician participation in activities that cause intentional harm to people destroys the trust between patients and physicians and may adversely affect the patient-physician relationship more generally. From the standpoint of Shari'a, there is no consensus among Muslim scholars whether qiṣāṣ should be performed on every occasion. We argue that disallowing physician involvement in qiṣāṣ is necessary from the perspectives of both medical ethics and Shari'a law.
[Exponential use of social media in medicine: example of the interest of Twitter(©) in urology].
Science.gov (United States)
Rouprêt, M; Misraï, V
2015-01-01
Social media (#SoMe) has changed the face of modern medicine. Our purpose was to asses the potential interest of Twitter in the field of urology. A systematic review of the literature has been performed using PubMed without timeline restriction with the following keywords (MeSH): social media; Web 2.0; Twitter; Internet; network; urology; journal club; education. There were 3 categories of interest of Twitter in the field of urology: spread of scientific knowledge, scientific interaction during medical conferences and medical education and international medical debates. The unique spread of evidence-based-medecine through traditional scientific journals in paper version is over. Main scientific journals in urology and scientific societies are now using a Twitter account and became virtual. They use new bibliometrics available on #SoMe to estimate the social impact. Twitter allows for a better interactivity of doctors attending scientific conferences. Exponential use of Twitter is in the interest of speakers and leaders, audience and scientific societies. Lastly, medical academic education and continuing medical education can be achieved through #SoMe. Twitter became a lively virtual platform for scientific debates for complex oncological cases (dematerialized tumor board). Twitter is also a place for intense scientific discussion during virtual journal club without geographic or timeline restriction. Physicians need to respect the rules for a wise use of #SoMe in order not to break the Hippocratic Oath. There is a revolution around #SoMe and Twitter in the spread of scientific knowledge and academic teaching. International urologists are already committed in this evolution and France should also get involved. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
[Bernardino Ramazzini's influence in medical science in the XVIII century].
Science.gov (United States)
Marinozzi, S
2010-01-01
Neo-hippocratism consists in a rational and mechanic method to explain pathological phenomena and discover the causes of diseases. Bernardino Ramazzini uses Hippocratic empirical observation to investigate the relations between the alterations of the air--due to mephitic vapours, of organic and inorganic origin--and the development of pathological processes. His notion of corruption of the atmosphere as the origin of epidemics and specific diseases, and that of prevention as the main strategy of modern medicine, is developed in medical literature and in the Public Medicine projects of the end of the Seventeenth century.
The horror of wrong-site surgery continues: report of two cases in a regional trauma centre in Nigeria.
Science.gov (United States)
Nwosu, Arinze
2015-01-01
Wrong- site surgeries are iatrogenic errors encountered in the course of surgical patient management. Despite the 'never do harm' pledge in the 'Hippocratic Oath' drafted in 5(th) century BC, man is after all human, with this limitation manifesting in the physician's art despite his best intention. Beyond the catastrophic consequences of wrong- site surgery on the patient and surgeon, and the opprobrium on the art of medicine, the incidents have come to be regarded as a quality-of-care indicator. Orthopaedic surgery is a specialty with a preponderance of this phenomenon and the attendant medico-legal issues relating to malpractice claims. Consequently the specialty had pioneered institutional initiatives at preventing these 'friendly-fires'. Awareness and implementation of these initiatives however remain low in many parts of the world, hampered by a culture of denial and shame. This report presents two cases of wrong-site surgery following trauma from road-traffic accident. The first case was a closed reduction of the 'wrong' dislocated hip in the trauma/emergency unit under the care of senior residents, while the second case was attempted wrong-site surgery on the right leg in a patient with fracture of the left tibia, in conjunction with bilateral femoral fracture and right radio-ulnar fracture; by an experienced Chief Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon operating elective list. Both are orthopaedic cases, each with some trauma to both lower extremeties. Neither of the cases was formally mentioned anywhere in clinical discourse in the hospital, much less a formal report or audit. There was no formal, institutionalized process to prevent wrong-site surgery in the health institution and this could have been largely responsible for these incidents. An open, mandatory process of reporting such incidents for relevant audit and awareness is necessary, as a mechanism for prevention rather than blame or punishment.
An 'Honest Broker' mechanism to maintain privacy for patient care and academic medical research.
Science.gov (United States)
Boyd, Andrew D; Hosner, Charlie; Hunscher, Dale A; Athey, Brian D; Clauw, Daniel J; Green, Lee A
2007-01-01
From the Hippocratic Oath to the World Medical Association's Declaration of Geneva, physicians have sworn to protect patients' privacy. However, as systems move to more integrated architectures, protecting this medical data becomes more of a challenge. The increase in complexity of IT environments, the aggregation of data, and the desire of other entities to access this data, often 24 h/day x 7 day/week x 365 day/year, is putting serious strains on our ability to maintain its security. This problem cuts across all electronic record sources from patient care records to academic medical research records. In order to address this issue, we are rethinking the way we store, transmit, process, access, and federate patient data from clinical and research applications. Our groups at the University of Michigan are developing a system called the "Honest Broker" to help manage this problem. The Honest Broker will offload the burden of housing identifiable data elements of protected health information (PHI) (e.g., name and address) as well as manage data transfer between clinical and research systems. Lab results and other non-identifiable data will be stored in separate systems with either a research study ID or clinical ID number. This two-component architecture increases the burden on attackers who now need to compromise two systems, one of which is seriously hardened, in order to match health data with a patient's actual identity. While no security system is truly intrusion-proof, this architecture provides a high security choke point reducing the likelihood of a breach. By redesigning the method of integrating clinical care and research, we have enabled projects that would be cost prohibitive to conduct otherwise. The scalability of this mechanism is dependant on nature of the heterogenous nature of the clinical systems serving patients.
[Research ethics and the use of placebo: status of the debate in Canada].
Science.gov (United States)
Keating, Bernard
2004-01-01
The question of the use of the placebo is one of the most controversial in the field of the ethics of research today. The use of the placebo remains the standard practice of biomedical research in spite of the fact that various revisions of the Helsinki Declaration have sought to limit its use. In Canada, the Tri-council policy statement: Ethical conduct for research involving humans adopted a very restrictive position with respect to the use of placebos, precisely defining the situations in which its use would meet the demands of ethical research. The positions taken by the various ethical decision-making bodies are, however, hardly shared by regulatory bodies such as the Food and drug administration (FDA), the Council for international organization of medical sciences (CIOMS) or the European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products (EMEA). This divergence of opinions reveals two quite different conceptions of what constitutes the ethical. In the case of decision-making bodies in the ethical field, it is clearly medicine's Hippocratic Oath which explains their reluctance to use placebos. The first responsibility of the doctor is to "do no harm" to his or her patient. This duty is inherent to the medical profession and as such is not grounded in the view of medicine as a contract for care. In the case of regulatory bodies, it is the vision of "medicine as contract" which is in view; and it is this notion that justifies the use of placebos once free and informed consent has been obtained. It is also worth noting that these regulatory bodies make frequent use of arguments based on utilitarian ends. In an unprecedented move, the World medical association published in October 2001 a clarification note about the use of placebos. An analysis of this text raises the question about its real meaning: clarification or concession?

The twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism in clinical practice.
Science.gov (United States)
Mamede, Sílvia; Schmidt, Henk G
2014-01-01
The modern version of the Hippocratic Oath requires doctors to swear that they will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures that are required, avoiding the twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. This paper explores the magnitude of the problem of overtreatment and undertreatment and the potential sources of these treatment errors. We undertook a narrative review of the literature on errors in treatment associated with flaws in doctors' judgements and present evidence from research into clinical reasoning and from psychological research into decision making. Based on evidence from these two research fields, we explored the possible reasons why doctors erroneously withhold or unnecessarily administer treatments. Variation in treatment has been documented, even with similar clinical presentations under a variety of conditions, suggesting that overtreatment and undertreatment actually occur, with adverse effects for patients. Both types of error have been demonstrated, even when the doctor arrived at the correct diagnosis. They may be associated with the influence exerted on doctors' treatment judgements by factors that are unrelated to the specific problem, such as patients' socio-demographic characteristics and the doctor's practice culture. Doctors are also subject to commission bias and to omission bias, which have been demonstrated to occur in several domains. Such biases lead doctors to administer unnecessary treatments or to withhold required treatments due to anticipated regret. Little is known about cognitive processes underlying doctors' treatment decisions, but mental representations of diseases that provide the basis for diagnostic reasoning are also probably used for treatment judgements. Doctors are at risk of falling into the twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. Further research should explore how to avoid these traps, but it may require deliberate reflection on problems to be solved to counteract the influence of
Pain management in ER
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anna Burattin
2006-04-01
Full Text Available For over 30 years, the International Association for the Study of Pain has defined pain as «an unpleasant sensorial and emotional experience associated to real or potential tissue damage». Today, evident shortcomings still exist in the use of adequate analgesia, especially in the emergency medicine context: pain is the most common symptom amongst the Emergency Department patients (reaching a prevalence of over 60%, however, statistics reported in literature show that only 45% of patients receive analgesic prescriptions on discharge. In recent years, the influence of changes connected to accreditation standards has generated new expectations of healthcare professionals; although this aspect connected to the evolution of public health provides a stimulus to the evolution of the practical aspect of everyday clinical work, we must not forget that doctors take the Hippocratic oath, the ethical obligation to treat suffering and pain, which is especially pertinent to doctors working in Emergency conditions. The quality of the service provided with regard to pain-relief in ED cannot exclude an analysis of the local situation, the definition of roles, the extrinsication of potential with the ultimate aim of providing a service as close as possible to user hopes. Organisational efforts must be directed at reaching excellent quality levels, in which the monitoring of the activities performed takes place through the registration and periodic re-evaluation of the deriving data. Through this observational, prospective study, we intend to evaluate the effective prevalence of the pain symptom in the Emergency Department and the impact of the use of different classes of analgesia, also estimating the latency between the onset of the symptom and triage in order to quantify the efficacy of the analgesia practiced.
Hippocrates in the pseudo-Galenic Introduction: or how was medicine taught in Roman times?
Science.gov (United States)
Petit, Caroline
2010-01-01
The Pseudo-Galenic Introduction (Introductio Sive medicus, 14.674-797 K.), a medical handbook of the Roman period, witnesses the importance of Hippocrates in medical teaching at the time. Numerous quotations, allusions and reminiscences from the Hippocratic Corpus illustrate Hippocrates' authority for Pseudo-Galen. In the light of the first critical edition of the text (C. Petit, Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2009), this article discusses the function of Hippocrates, and the various reminiscences of the Hippocratic Corpus, in order to assess Pseudo-Galen's quotation technique and, ultimately, his reliability as a source for the history of medicine.
[Female erotic dreams and female seed in ancient Greek medicine].
Science.gov (United States)
Andò, Valeria
2009-01-01
This paper analyses passages of the Hippocratic Corpus, of Aristotle and Galen about oneirogmòs, spermatic emission during sleep, referring specifically to women. Into the Hippocratic texts there is only one gynaecological case among many cases about males: for them this nocturnal emission is symptom of dangerous illness and De genitura gives a causal explanation of such phaenomenon. Instead, in Aristotle and Galen erotic dream is evidence for or against emission of female seed and female contribution to generation. As the argument ofHistoria animalium book X shows clear theoretical differences from that of De generatione animalium, the topic of erotic dream also concerns issues of authenticity.
From the roots of parasitology: Hippocrates' first scientific observations in helminthology.
Science.gov (United States)
Trompoukis, Constantinos; German, Vasilios; Falagas, Matthew E
2007-08-01
Although knowledge of intestinal parasites predates Hippocrates, the Hippocratic Corpus provides the first scientific observations about the clinical perception and treatment of helminthic diseases. These observations follow the scientific principles of Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, who relied on knowledge and observation. This article is based on a systematic study of the Hippocratic texts, and presents observations on diseases caused by intestinal parasites with respect to regularity of appearance, patient age, symptoms, and treatment. Three types of helminths are described: "helmins strongyle" (roundworm), "helmins plateia" (flatworm), and "ascaris" (which corresponds to Enterobius vermicularis). Helminthic diseases primarily appear during childhood, well after teething. The described systemic symptoms include weakness, sickness, discomfort, tiredness, anorexia, and emotional instability; gastrointestinal symptoms include change in bowel movements, vomiting, and colic pain in the epigastrium. We identified several accounts of cases of helminthic diseases in the Hippocratic texts. Of particular interest are the descriptions of a helminth emerging from a fistula in the navel region and the surgical treatment of helminthic diseases, reinforced by being described on a dedicatory inscription at the Asclepion in Epidaurus. We finally encountered the use of powerful purgatives as antihelminthics, which have been widely used, even into the 21st century.
Otorhinolaryngology through the works of Hippocrates.
Science.gov (United States)
Manolidis, L S
2002-01-01
This retrospective survey refers to the philosophers and first scientists of the pre-Hippocratic era, which included the foundation of schools in Greece at the time (e.g. Ionia, South Sicily, Kyrinia). During the ensuing Hippocratic era the foundations of medicine as a science were laid. The concepts developed by Hippocrates and his school are set out in the Corpus Hippocraticum. In many sections of this work reference is made to diseases of the ear, nose, larynx, head and neck. It is difficult no to be impressed by the fact that many of the diagnoses and therapies are not very dissimilar to contemporary approaches. The notion that Hippocrates, Father of Medicine, gave meaning to otorhinolaryngology is also discussed here. Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
Paradigm shift, metamorphosis of medical ethics, and the rise of bioethics
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
José Luiz Telles de Almeida
Full Text Available Both the increasing incorporation of medical technology and new social demands (including those for health care beginning in the 1960s have brought about significant changes in medical practice. This situation has in turn sparked a growth in the philosophical debate over problems pertaining to ethical practice. These issues no longer find answers in the Hippocratic ethical model. The authors believe that the crisis in Hippocratic ethics could be described as a period of paradigm shift in which a new set of values appears to be emerging. Beginning with the bioethics movement, the authors expound on the different ethical theories applied to medical practice and conclude that principlism is the most appropriate approach for solving the new moral dilemma imposed on clinical practice.
Humility and respect: core values in medical education.
Science.gov (United States)
Gruppen, Larry D
2014-01-01
Many of the values and behaviours described in the original Hippocratic Oath are relevant to medical education. In particular, the values of intellectual humility and respect for one's colleagues are essential in all scientific disciplines. There are three contexts within medical education from which to consider humility and respect: uncertainty; theory, and colleagues. As medical education grows in scope and participation, we will be required to acknowledge that we 'know not' with increasing frequency. The uncertainty of what we do and do not know is compounded by uncertainty about whether ignorance is individual or corporate. As difficult as it is to admit that we 'know not', it is dangerous NOT to recognise the limits of our knowledge and experience. Theories are critical tools in understanding complex phenomena. They identify constructs and relationships that are important and those that are irrelevant. We tend to forget that theories are models or simplified representations of reality and not in themselves 'truths'. Viewing problems from other theoretical perspectives can widen our horizons by allowing us to identify possibly important concepts and relationships that we have not considered. Colleagues are invaluable for helping us respond to our 'knowing not' and for providing alternative perspectives when our theories lead us astray. However, colleagues come in many guises and include close colleagues, as well as those in distant fields. As obviously desirable as humility and respect seem to be, there are conflicts that prevent us from being humble and respectful. Such conflicts include other salient professional values, such as critical scepticism, competition and confidence. Adoption of the values of humility and respect in medical education can be fostered through intentional behaviours, both as individuals and as a discipline. We can deliberately seek to broaden our horizons to promote intellectual humility. We can foster collaboration among colleagues
Soviet medical ethics (1917-1991).
Science.gov (United States)
Lichterman, Boleslav L
2005-01-01
Russian medical ethics bears a heavy mark of seven decades of the communist regime. In 1918 the Health Care Commissariat (ministry) was formed. It was headed by Nikolai Semashko (1874-1949) who claimed that "the ethics of the Soviet physician is an ethics of our socialist motherland, an ethics of a builder of communist society; it is equal to communist moral". "Medical ethics" had been avoided until the late 1930s when it was replaced by "medical (or surgical) deontology". This "deontological" period started with "Problems of surgical deontology" written by N. Petrov, a surgeon, and lasted for almost half a century until "medical deontology" was abandoned in favor of "bioethics" in post-communist Russia. There have been five All-Union conferences on medical deontology since 1969. The story of the emergence of "The Oath of a Soviet Physician" is briefly described. The text of this Oath was approved by a special decree of the Soviet Parliament in 1971. Each graduate of medical school in USSR was obliged to take this Oath when receiving his or her medical diploma. It is concluded that such ideas of zemstvo medicine as universal access to health care and condemnation of private practice were put into practice under the communist regime.
History of cardiac anatomy: a comprehensive review from the Egyptians to today.
Science.gov (United States)
Loukas, Marios; Youssef, Pamela; Gielecki, Jerzy; Walocha, Jerzy; Natsis, Kostantinos; Tubbs, R Shane
2016-04-01
The nature, function, and anatomy of the heart have been extensively studied since 3500 B.C. Greek and Egyptian science developed a basic understanding of the heart, although this was primarily related to religious beliefs. During the Hippocratic era, Hippocrates and his colleagues developed a more scientific and less religious understanding of the cardiovascular system. The post-Hippocratic era was characterized by more advanced descriptions of the location, structure, and function of the heart. The Alexandrian, Roman, Medieval Islamic, and European eras included turning points in the history of cardiac anatomy. Subsequently, after the structure and function of the heart were established, its connection with the lungs was investigated. Description of the pulmonary circulation was followed by the discovery of the conductive system and innervation of the heart. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semeia und Tekmeria im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr.: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der ältesten griechischen Semiotik und Argumentationstechnik
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Klouda, Jiří
2016-01-01
Roč. 139, 3/4 (2016), s. 275-299 ISSN 0024-4457 Institutional support: RVO:67985955 Keywords : theory of signs * theory of argumentation * the older Attic orators * Hippocratic Prognosticon * Dissoi logoi Subject RIV: AA - Philosophy ; Religion
From the Hippocratic Collection: On Epilepsy (translation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jan Ciglenečki
2004-12-01
Full Text Available Zbirka spisov, ki jo danes poznamo pod latinskim naslovom Corpus Hippocraticum, je priročnik z besedili, pripisanimi Hipokratu s Kosa ( 460-370 pr. Kr., največjemu grškemu zdravniku. Danes velja za dokazano, da večina besedil v tej zbirki ni Hipokratovih, ampak so jih v stoletjih po njegovi smrti napisali njegovi učenci in pripadniki drugih medicinskih šol.
The Hippocratic bargain and health information technology.
Science.gov (United States)
Rothstein, Mark A
2010-01-01
The shift to longitudinal, comprehensive electronic health records (EHRs) means that any health care provider (e.g., dentist, pharmacist, physical therapist) or third-party user of the EHR (e.g., employer, life insurer) will be able to access much health information of questionable clinical utility and possibly of great sensitivity. Genetic test results, reproductive health, mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence are examples of sensitive information that many patients would not want routinely available. The likely policy response is to give patients the ability to segment information in their EHRs and to sequester certain types of sensitive information, thereby limiting routine access to the totality of a patient's health record. This article explores the likely effect on the physician-patient relationship of patient-directed sequestration of sensitive health information, including the ethical and legal consequences.
Ethics in Perinatal Medicine
African Journals Online (AJOL)
2016-03-16
Mar 16, 2016 ... corded in health care and research.10,11 The Hippocratic ... is considered to be bad. Man is ... thus, incorporating women's social experiences, think-. 222. Page 3. ing and behaviour into the value system of healthcare.
Cerebral localization in antiquity.
Science.gov (United States)
Rose, F Clifford
2009-07-01
Fragments of neurology can be found in the oldest medical writings in antiquity. Recognizable cerebral localization is seen in Egyptian medical papyri. Most notably, the Edwin Smith papyrus describes hemiplegia after a head injury. Similar echoes can be seen in Homer, the Bible, and the pre-Hippocratic writer Alcmaeon of Croton. While Biblical writers thought that the heart was the seat of the soul, Hippocratic writers located it in the head. Alexandrian anatomists described the nerves, and Galen developed the ventricular theory of cognition whereby mental functions are classified and localized in one of the cerebral ventricles. Medieval scholars, including the early Church Fathers, modified Galenic ventricular theory so as to make it a dynamic model of cognition. Physicians in antiquity subdivided the brain into separate areas and attributed to them different functions, a phenomenon that connects them with modern neurologists.
From the roots of rhinology: the reconstruction of nasal injuries by Hippocrates.
Science.gov (United States)
Lascaratos, John G; Segas, John V; Trompoukis, Constantinos C; Assimakopoulos, Dimitrios A
2003-02-01
The goal of this report is to describe the therapeutic methods and surgical techniques used by Hippocrates (5th century BC) in the treatment of nasal injuries. We studied the original Greek texts of the (generally considered genuine) Hippocratic book Mochlicon and, especially, the analytical On Joints. We identified the treatments and techniques applied to the restoration of injured noses. We found that Hippocrates classified nasal injuries, from simple contusions of soft tissues to complicated fractures. Hippocrates provided detailed instructions for each case, from poultice application and bandaging to reconstruction and reshaping of the nasal bones in cases of fractures and deviation. Hippocrates' texts reflect the interest of the classical period in nasal injuries, a common enough accident in athletics. Hippocratic conservative and surgical management for each form of injury was adopted by later physicians and influenced European medicine.
12 CFR 512.2 - Definitions.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
...) of the HOLA; (c) Formal examination proceeding means the administration of oaths and affirmations... examination of savings associations and their affiliates conducted pursuant to section 5(d)(1)(B) of the HOLA...
Moral Courage or Heresy: The Benefits and Pitfalls of Military Leaders Speaking Out
National Research Council Canada - National Science Library
Matt, Jacob M
2008-01-01
Thesis: Military leaders who allow their experience and loyalty to their oath guide their actions when speaking out in the proper forums for or against policies, strategies, or ideals can positively affect...
38 CFR 10.2 - Evidence required of loss, destruction or mutilation of adjusted service certificate.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... an adjusted service certificate issued pursuant to the provisions of section 501 of the World War... to payment thereon and witnessed by at least two persons who shall state, under oath that they...
Příčinnost a přirozenost v hippokratovských spisech
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Hobza, Pavel
2016-01-01
Roč. 8, č. 15 (2016), s. 4-29 ISSN 1803-7860 Institutional support: RVO:67985955 Keywords : cause * phusis * hippocratic medicine * On the Sacred Disease Subject RIV: AA - Philosophy ; Religion http://journal.aither.eu/data/hostedit2/userfiles/A15.pdf

Energy: they said it under oath
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gay, Michel
2013-01-01
The author aims at denouncing the content of a report made by a parliamentary inquiry commission on the actual cost of electricity. He notably denounces the influence of the ecologist parliamentary group which wants the people believe in a better future based on the development of renewable energies and giving up nuclear. Therefore, he proposes the transcriptions of the different hearings on which the report was based, and outlines extracts which have been conjured away by the senator's report
Sociodemographic Characteristic, Oath Taking and Psychiatric ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Background: It is common knowledge that Nigeria is a source and route of transit for victims of human trafficking. Yet studies on psychiatric morbidity among the victims in the country are rare. In addition, previous studies were among post destination victims. The present study is aimed at determining the prevalence of ...
[Hippocrates. Aphorisms and Epidemics III. Two clinical texts].
Science.gov (United States)
Frøland, Anders
2015-01-01
The two Hippocratic texts, Aphorisms and Epidemics III, have not been translated into Danish previously. The Aphorisms are 412 short, pithy statements, mostly on the prognosis in relation to certain symptoms in the course of the diseases, very often febrile. The Aphorisms begin with the famous words: "Life is short, the Art long, opportunity fleeting, experiment treacherous, judgment difficult." (Transl. W H S Jones [22]). Epidemics III consists of 28 case histories, again mostly of febrile patients, but also of observations on the connection of the seasons with general morbidity and mortality. The author describes an epidemic, which in some respects resembles Thucydides' report on the plague in Athens in 430 BC. It is suggested, that observations as have been recorded in the seven Hippocratic texts on epidemic diseases are the material on which prognostic statements as those collected in the Aphorisms are founded.
78 FR 5251 - National Day of Hope and Resolve, 2013
Science.gov (United States)
2013-01-24
... Nation through even its darkest days would be sufficient to meet the trials of our time. Together, we... wealth, but in the bonds we share with one another. Today, I have sworn an oath to preserve the...
An Introduction to Medical Teaching
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Arun Kumar Agnihotri
academe are, at best, accidental teachers. Traditionally medical students, as apprentices, were expected to absorb medical lore and skills osmotically, learning by accretion and example, in unquestioning Hippocratic fashion. However, with the current shift towards evidence based medicine built on algorithms and protocols ...
38 CFR 3.209 - Birth.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... attendance at birth. (e) Copy of Bible or other family record certified to by a notary public or other officer with authority to administer oaths, who should state in what year the Bible or other book in which...
Tumours and cancers in Graeco-Roman times | Retief | South ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
In Hippocratic literature tumours were mainly classified as karkin6mata, phumata, and oidemata. Phumata included a large variety of tumours, inflammatory and neoplastic in origin, and mostly benign (in modern terms), while oidemata were soft, painless tumours and even included generalised oedema (dropsy). Although ...
Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry - Vol 9, No 3 (2011)
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Sociodemographic Characteristic, Oath Taking and Psychiatric Morbidity among Rescued Female Victims of Human Trafficking in Sokoto, Nigeria · EMAIL FULL TEXT EMAIL FULL TEXT · DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT. M Yunusa, A Obembe, U Shehu, 25-30 ...
Tumours and cancers in Graeco-Roman times | Retief | Acta ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
In Hippocratic literature tumours were mainly classified as karkinômata, phumata and oidêmata. Phumata included a large variety of tumours, inflammatory and neoplastic in origin, and mostly benign (in modern terms), whilst oidêmata were soft, painless tumours and even included generalised oedema (dropsy). Although ...
Head injury management algorithm as described in Hippocrates' "peri ton en cephali traumaton".
Science.gov (United States)
Dimopoulos, Vassilios G; Machinis, Theofilos G; Fountas, Kostas N; Robinson, Joe S
2005-12-01
HIPPOCRATIC WORKS LEND themselves still today to the modern physician for further analysis of his approach to the diagnosis and treatment of various pathological conditions. We present an attempt to systematize his methodology regarding the management of head trauma and present it in the format of a modern-era algorithm.
75 FR 10833 - In the Matter of Entergy Nuclear Operations; Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station; Demand for...
Science.gov (United States)
2010-03-09
... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION [Docket No. 05000271; License No. DPR-28; EA-10-034; NRC-2010-0089] In the Matter of Entergy Nuclear Operations; Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station; Demand for... this Demand for Information, the following information, in writing, and under oath or affirmation: 1...
Ritual as a source of conflict
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Langer, R.; Quartier, T.; Simon, U.; Snoek, J.; Wiegers, G.; Grimes, R.L.; Hüsken, U.; Simon, U.; Venbrux, E.
2011-01-01
This chapter assembles four cases and asks: under what conditions do publicly mediatized rituals and ritualized practices become a source of conflict? In the first case, the authors show that when Freemasons, using pamphlets as their medium, exposed imprecations in a ritual oath, conflict emerged,
When Life Played Dice with Royal Blood
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
IAS Admin
sitting in the legislative institutions, and to take a sacred oath in .... However, the sulphuric acid had leached into the soil, ... samples. The probability of the remains to be that of the Tsar was estimated to be over 100 million to 1, proving the ...
An Ethical Framework for Physician Involvement in Detainee Interrogations
Science.gov (United States)
2006-03-15
subject themselves to the known harmful affects of tobacco, while owning financial interests in the companies that profit from them. And so must...such shenanigans . Despite disagreements about the substance of codes and oaths, the underlying principle that unites all under Hippocrates is the
75 FR 45475 - Visas: Documentation of Immigrants Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, as Amended
Science.gov (United States)
2010-08-03
... to the best of the individual's knowledge and provide a biometric signature in connection with the... provide a biometric signature in connection with the oath. Is the electronic signature binding on an.... 40.1 Definitions. * * * * * (l) * * * (2) For an immigrant visa applicant, personally appearing...
The Life Esidimeni tragedy: Constitutional oath betrayed
African Journals Online (AJOL)
2017-12-01
Dec 1, 2017 ... Project (GMMP), or the Life Esidimeni (LE) tragedy, as it is better known, and ... dissenting views in their meetings, she is alleged by many to have said that 'her ... them from challenging or engaging with authority. There was ...
UNDER THE PROTECTION OF THE GOD'S SAINT. DYKANKA IMAGE OF SAINT NICHOLAS THE WONDER-WORKER AND ITS ROLE IN NIKOLAI GOGOL'S LIFE
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Voropaev V. A.
2008-11-01
Full Text Available The article tells the history of St. Nicholas Church in Dykanka and its holy image of Saint Nicholas, examines some details of the Gogol family life, the legend of Maria Gogol-Yanovskaya's marriage and her oath in front of the Holy Saint icon.
Religion
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Welz, Claudia
2017-01-01
In the world of Greek Comedy, the traditionally austere gods of Tragedy are lowered to fit the streets of Athens. Religion is omnipresent in comedy on many levels, and we find gods on stage, prayers and oaths performed, sacrifices narrated, festivals performed. Religion in comedy is generally...
Author Details
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Sociodemographic Characteristic, Oath Taking and Psychiatric Morbidity among Rescued Female Victims of Human Trafficking in Sokoto, Nigeria Abstract · Vol 9, No 3 (2011) - Articles A Survey of Psychostimulant Use among University Students in Northwestern Nigeria Abstract · Vol 12, No 2 (2013) - Articles Psychiatric ...
[The dream in the medicine of Asklepieia].
Science.gov (United States)
Angeletti, L R
1992-01-01
The passage between theurgical to secular rational medicine in the ancient Greece is due to the naturalistic philosophers of the Ionia and the Hippocratic school, between 5th-4th century. However, we have a testimony that both theurgical and rational medicine coexisted in the temples of healing deified gods of medicine, i.e. Asklepion, Amphiaraos, etc. In fact, inscriptions, lat. sanationes, found in few Asklepíeia, i.e. Epidaurus, Lebena, Rome Tiberina Island, show clinical cases solved by the god. The dream is the bridge between the sick persons and the healer god, who acts during the incubation (incubatio) of semisleeping patients in a forbidden room (the [Greek]), near the temple. On the other hand, the dream in the Hippocratic medicine is useful for diagnostic purpose, other than for therapy. An extraordinary case of therapy for psychoneurotic diseases, such as melancholy or hypochondria, was the example of Aelius Aristides, who described his twelve-year experience of dreams related to Asklepiós in the Asklepieion of Pergamon.

46 CFR 10.209 - General application procedures.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
..., and notarized oath on Coast Guard-furnished forms, and the evaluation fee required by § 10.219 of this.... (a) The applicant for an MMC, whether original, renewal, duplicate, raise of grade, or a new... contains the general requirements for all applicants. Additional requirements for duplicates, renewals, new...
Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114-87)
Science.gov (United States)
Murdin, P.
2000-11-01
Italian scholar, born in Cremona, Italy, flourished in Toledo, a centre of Islamic culture, learned Arabic to be able to translate lost classical works. He translated 92 works in all, including the Almagest, Elements, AL-KHWARIZMI's works, the Hippocratic writers, and the physical works of ARISTOTLE. Unfortunately, no mathematician, he could not understand the Almagest after translating it....
How much randomness is needed for statistics?
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Kjos-Hanssen, B.; Taveneaux, A.; Thapen, Neil
2014-01-01
Roč. 165, č. 9 (2014), s. 1470-1483 ISSN 0168-0072 R&D Projects: GA AV ČR IAA100190902; GA ČR GBP202/12/G061 Institutional support: RVO:67985840 Keywords : hippocratic randomness * Martigales * Bernoulli measures Subject RIV: BA - General Mathematics Impact factor: 0.548, year: 2014 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168007214000451
19 CFR 163.7 - Summons.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-04-01
... summons is prima facie evidence of the facts it states. (d) Transcript of testimony under oath. Testimony... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Summons. 163.7 Section 163.7 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED...
22 CFR 92.93 - Notarial services or authentications connected with service of process by other persons.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-04-01
... with service of process by other persons. 92.93 Section 92.93 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE... or authentications connected with service of process by other persons. An officer of the Foreign Service may administer an oath to a person making an affidavit to the effect that legal process has ben...
ACHP | News | President Appoints Clement A. Price Vice Chairman of ACHP
Science.gov (United States)
appreciation of the nation's diverse cultural heritage will be greatly aided by Dr. Price's expertise." Jersey in 1999. In 2008 Price received the second annual Charles Cummings award from the Trustees of the contributions to the knowledge and appreciation of Newark history. Price will receive the oath of office and
49 CFR 510.6 - Administrative depositions.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
... purpose of obtaining information from the witness under oath and receiving documents and things relevant... documents or things or to give testimony as a witness at an administrative deposition conducted under this... submitted to the witness for signature, unless the witness waives the right to sign the transcript. If a...
HIPAA's Role in E-Mail Communications between Doctors and Patients: Privacy, Security, and Implications of the Bill
Science.gov (United States)
Stephens, James H.; Parrillo, Anthony V.
2011-01-01
The confidentiality of a patient's information has been sacred since the days of Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine. Today, however, merely taking an oath to respect a patient's privacy has been overshadowed by regulations governing how certain healthcare establishments handle an individual's health information on the web. Consequently, if a…
Aggressive Neighborhood Watch or Unconventional Threat? The Hungarian Extreme Right-Wing Self-Defense Movements
Science.gov (United States)
2014-12-01
paramilitary force, for instance the Hungarian Guard.33 The Guard was formed in 2007 through an ‘oath of allegiance’ taken by men and women wearing black...gyorgy-gyulat.html. 35 9. 10/07/2012 Disruption of the Hungarian National Front.90 Gyula Thurmer, leader of the (Communist) Labour Party and the
The Fog of Peace: Planning and Executing The Restoration of Panama
Science.gov (United States)
1992-04-15
posean armas Ilegalus., CONSTITUCION Y LAS LEVES DE lO0limpleard Ia fuerza sdlo cuando sea necesarlo y cl mifnmtoPANAMA, ~~~ti ENDFNS ELA( ucrz.a...rcqucrldw, hacienda uso tic lit ftierm. mortal PANAM , ENDEFESA D LA nlcarriente coini ultima rcuurso. DEMOCRACIA Oath Commandments 99 APPENDIX G U.S
45 CFR 501.3 - Service of process.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Service of process. 501.3 Section 501.3 Public... UNITED STATES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE RULES OF PRACTICE SUBPOENAS, DEPOSITIONS, AND OATHS § 501.3 Service of process. (a) By whom served. The Commission will serve all orders, notices and other papers issued...
49 CFR 1503.607 - Administrative law judges.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
... 49 Transportation 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Administrative law judges. 1503.607 Section 1503... PROCEDURES Rules of Practice in TSA Civil Penalty Actions § 1503.607 Administrative law judges. (a) Powers of...) Administer oaths and affirmations. (4) Issue subpoenas authorized by law. (5) Rule on offers of proof. (6...
Unholy Charity
Science.gov (United States)
2011-05-05
race, religion and custom. Moreover, charity carries the biblical tradition of piety toward humanity for not only as an act of righteousness but also...penitential donation) is given when an oath is broken to God or a Muslim is unable to fulfill an 4 obligatory act to God such as fasting . The kaffara
Air and Space Power Journal. Volume 16, Number 4, Winter 2002
Science.gov (United States)
2002-01-01
www.wpafb.af.mil/ museum/research/bombers/ b1 -10.htm. The Oath of Office A Historical Guide to Moral Leadership LT COL KENNETH KESKEL, USAF Editorial...typical of the Royal Air Force (RAF) between the wars, excelling at rugby , boxing, and cricket (in which he was scheduled to compete for England
38 CFR 10.31 - Dependency of mother or father.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dependency of mother or... ADJUSTED COMPENSATION Adjusted Compensation; General § 10.31 Dependency of mother or father. Claims of a... Compensation Act, as amended, shall be supported by a statement of fact of dependency made under oath by the...
76 FR 78246 - Extension of the Extended Missing Parts Pilot Program
Science.gov (United States)
2011-12-16
... condition for publication: (1) The basic filing fee; (2) an executed oath or declaration in compliance with..., can request a twelve- month time period to pay the search fee, the examination fee, any excess claim fees, and the surcharge (for the late submission of the search fee and the examination fee) in a...
AFRREV IJAH, Vol.3 (2) April, 2014
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Austin
2014-04-10
Apr 10, 2014 ... ticket to run for an election and who wins in the electoral contest. In other words, they are men who have the ... article for sale. The godson is purchased with big sum of money under a demonic oath. Their aims and objectives include appointments, stealing, robbery and looting of government treasury.
Ties that Bind? American Influences on Canadian Education
Science.gov (United States)
Von Heyking, Amy
2004-01-01
Concerns about the "Americanization" of Canadian schools have been raised frequently throughout the history of Canadian education. Fear of American influence was behind the requirement in the 1816 Common School Act in Upper Canada that all teachers take an oath of allegiance to the Crown. It was the reason for the strong promotion of the…
75 FR 47797 - Board of Visitors, Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center
Science.gov (United States)
2010-08-09
... or speak to any issue under consideration by the Board. Although open to the public, gate access is... introduction, board purpose, operating procedures review, and oath. DLIFLC functional areas will be discussed. Public's Accessibility to the Meeting: Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552b and 41 CFR 102-3.140 through 102-3.165...
18 CFR 4.32 - Acceptance for filing or rejection; information to be made available to the public; requests for...
Science.gov (United States)
2010-04-01

...; and (B) The entities identified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, as well as any other Federal... alleged in the application or other materials filed, be subscribed and verified under oath in the form set... petition. The applicant or petitioner must serve one copy of the application or petition on the Director of...

The Battle for Hill 3234: Last Ditch Defense in the Mountains of Afghanistan
Science.gov (United States)
2011-01-01
tridtsati devyati’ [The Oath of the 39], Krasnay zvezda [Red star], 29 October 1988; Schofield, 121; and time line from http://www.rsva.ru/ biblio /prose_af...Time line from http://www.rsva.ru/ biblio /prose_af/afghan-soldiers/4.shtml (accessed 20 September 2010). 29 Time line from http://www.rsva.ru/ biblio
45 CFR 501.7 - Time.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Time. 501.7 Section 501.7 Public Welfare..., DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE RULES OF PRACTICE SUBPOENAS, DEPOSITIONS, AND OATHS § 501.7 Time. (a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by the regulations, by order of the Commission, or by any...
30 CFR 778.9 - Certifying and updating existing permit application information.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... you have previously applied for a permit and the required information is already in AVS, then you may... information already in AVS is accurate and complete may certify to us by swearing or affirming, under oath and in writing, that the relevant information in AVS is accurate, complete, and up to date. (2) Part of...
Commission : Paksas violated oath of office / Steven Paulikas
Index Scriptorium Estoniae
Paulikas, Steven
2003-01-01
Leedu presidendi ümber puhkenud skandaali uuriv Seimi erikomisjon leidis, et president Rolandas Paksas oli ja on oma sidemete tõttu haavatav ning see kujutab ohtu riigi julgeolekule. Lisa: Commission conclusions
The Oath, Acclamation, and the Charisma of Office
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Dean, Mitchell
character of Edward Snowden. Examples of both are found in the inaugural ceremonies of the President of the United States. On an elementary reading of Max Weber, however, charisma is opposed to bureaucracy as ideal types. The first is an “extra-ordinary” gift of grace, irrational and foreign to all rules...
"As false as the Black Prince of Hades": resurveying in Arkansas, 1849-1859
Science.gov (United States)
Don C. Bragg; Tom Webb
2014-01-01

In April 1856, a surveyor named Granville McPherson, toiling in the rugged hills north of present-day Harrison, Arkansas, was growing increasingly frustrated. The source of his aggravation was a deeply flawed original land survey filed by one of his predecessors, Charles H. Pelham. Years earlier, Pelham had sworn under oath that he had faithfully executed an original...
[Maimonides, a physician in the 12 century. Contribution to the history of medical ethics and deontology].
Science.gov (United States)
Pavlović, B
2000-01-01
Maimonides, Moses ben Maimon (1135-1204), Jewish physician, philosopher and scholar was the first after Hippocrates to write a text of a "prayer" he spoke out at the beginning of his medical profession, e. i. when he took oath. The text of "Maimonides's prayer" is today obligatory in some schools of medicine in the United States of America.
Supreme Court Update
Science.gov (United States)
Taylor, Kelley R.
2009-01-01
"Chief Justice Flubs Oath." "Justice Ginsburg Has Cancer Surgery." At the start of this year, those were the news headlines about the U.S. Supreme Court. But January 2009 also brought news about key education cases--one resolved and two others on the docket--of which school administrators should take particular note. The Supreme Court updates on…
Ureteroscopy from the recent past to the near future.
Science.gov (United States)
Reis Santos, José Manuel
2018-02-01
Stone surgery is one of oldest surgical practices undertaken by man. Hippocrates refused to let his followers "cut for the stone" and it was only in February 1980, when the first human trial of shock wave therapy on a renal stone was performed with success that a new era in minimally invasive treatment (surgery) for stones was opened up and this condemnation was finally resolved in the Hippocratic Oath. Endoscopy, using natural orifices, supported by anaesthesia, incremented by technology and with access to all points along the urinary tract, began by competing with ESWL, but is now the treatment of choice in most cases. As far as we know humans have always had stones. First, lithiasis was endemic bladder stones in children, now it is renal in general. Added to this a number of well-known risk factors, a rapid increase in obesity in the population, as well as bariatric surgery for its treatment, are causing an increase in the prevalence and recurrence of lithiasis everywhere. A short history of the advances made with the introduction and development of the ureteroscope, along with auxiliary devices, will show why this is the preferred technique at the moment for treating lithiasis in general and for treating stones in pregnant women, children and the obese in particular. Being a minimally invasive surgery, with a low morbidity and a very high efficiency and stonefree rate, has become established as a clear future technique for both adults and children. This development is not only due to technological advancements, but also to the routine use of the Holmium: YAG LASER for intracorporeal lithotripsy, capable of destroying any stone regardless of its composition or location, surpassing the ability of any other lithotripter. It is also due to the development of devices that allow access to the ureter and all parts of the kidney, as well as auxiliary aids to assist in the handling of stones during treatment. New LASERs, robotic control of the fdURS and digital imaging
The sacred disease and its patron saint.
Science.gov (United States)
Fatović-Ferencić, S; Dürrigl, M A
2001-08-01
Although the Hippocratic natural theory of epilepsy as a brain disorder originated around 400 bc , it did not begin to take root until the 18th and 19th centuries, leaving the intervening centuries dominated by mostly supernatural concepts. This article provides historical insight into human behavior when afflicted with disease: supplication to a patron saint, Saint Valentine, a cult that spread throughout Europe.
39 CFR 230.1 - Establishment and authority.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... 39 Postal Service 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Establishment and authority. 230.1 Section 230.1... the Inspector General Act of 1978, as amended (5 U.S.C. App.3), and 39 U.S.C. 410, an independent... subscribe to the oath of office required of all Postal Service employees under 39 U.S.C. 1011, and the...
Installing an Ethics Pledge within K-12 Academia: A Restoration of Humanism
Science.gov (United States)
McBath, Gabrielle
2012-01-01
In May 2009, 33 Harvard M.B.A. Candidates proposed and published an ethics pledge entitled the M.B.A. Oath. It is a "voluntary student-led pledge that the goal of business managers is to 'serve the greater good.' It promises that Harvard M.B.A.[s] will act responsibly, ethically, and refrain from advancing their 'own narrow ambitions' at the…
Opbrud i medicinen fra 1750 - 1850
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Larsen, Kristian
2012-01-01
Transformation in Medicine, 1750 – 1850: Positions, Struggles, Science and Practice in the Medical Field. How was the medical field constituted and changed from the Hippocratic medicine to the modern classificatory and pathological medicine from 1750-1850? The article summarizes empirical insight...... occupied by physiologists, surgeons, empiricists and pharmacists are struggling, applying strategies like ‘aggressive interventions’, ‘alliances with the state’ or ‘alliances with pastors and teachers’....
Environmental Assessment for Construction of Radial Arm Spill Gates MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
Science.gov (United States)
2012-05-01
chromates . A detailed tracking and accounting system is in place to identify potentially hazardous materials and to ensure that MacDill AFB organizations...compressed gases, pesticides, herbicides, nitrates, and chromates . A detailed tracking and accounting system is in place to identify potentially...County, Florida Before the undersigned authority personally appeared C. Pugh, who on oath says that she is the Advertising Billing Analyst of The
Trial by Science: A Forensic Extravaganza
Science.gov (United States)
Hunt, Vanessa
2004-01-01
"His handwriting checks out and his prints look pretty good. Move him to the top of the list," orders the 13-year-old captain. His co-detective makes appropriate procedural notes. "Bring the next one up. Get a foot measurement and let Andre print him before we talk." In another corner of the room, two girls administer a solemn oath to one of six…
[Foam in urine: from Hippocrates to the Medical School of Salerno].
Science.gov (United States)
Iorio, Luigi; Lamagna, Mario
2014-01-01
The formation of persistent little bubbles in urine, similar to those of beer, was noticed since ancient times by the first scholars of uroscopy. The diagnostic interest, rare and uncertain in Hippocrates, has increased over time. The Hippocratic school limited itself to observe the sign without interpreting the pathophysiology and they did not compare it with other clinical signs. Hippocratic texts only expressed an opinion on the severity and prognosis of the pathology which had produced it. Galen does not differ much from the Hippocratic school, however he tries to interpret the cause of the formation of bubbles in urine. Certainly, because of being unfamiliar to the laws of fluids and to the surperficial tension of liquids, he believes that the air contained in the bubbles of the foam in the urine comes from inside the organism. However, he realizes that the foam in urine is formed only when the urine is denser (more viscous).The Byzantine uroscopy, with Theophilus Protospatharius and Stephen of Athens considers the presence of foam quite important. In fact, they state that the bubbles appear in the urine when there is a severe failure of the organism. It is a sign of the attempt of the body to eliminate the bad humours produced in the different zones where digestion takes place. Several authors from the School of Salerno express different opinions on the production of foam in urine. Cofone affirms it derives from the putrefied blood in dense urine and he also uses this sign for diagnostic and prognostic results. Mattheus Archiepiscopus confirms Galens belief that the foam derives from wind bubbles produced in the stomach. The "De Urinis" of Maestro Mauro is strongly influenced by the writings of Constantine the African, who reports the experience of Isaac. The "humani corporis regiones" and the "regiones urine" are described and therefore Mauro tries to localize in which region of the body the bad humours were produced. In particular, the chapter on "De
The Role of the Delayed Entry Program in Recruiting the All-Volunteer Force
Science.gov (United States)
2013-10-01
Army recruits, prepare to recite the Oath of Enlistment during Military Appreciation Day at the Pepsi Center in Denver on Apr. 18, 2012...recruiting is a well-established phenomenon. As a new market of soon-to-be high school seniors becomes available in late May or early June, conditions...to compensate for these seasonal market conditions by “stockpiling” recruits in especially fruitful weeks and months throughout each year so that
Evaluation of DCS III Transmission Alternatives. Phase 1A Report. Appendix C. Regional Considerations and characterization.
Science.gov (United States)
1980-05-26
mountain peak is Mount Ararat at 6,087 meters (19,966 ft.), situated near the location where the three countries meet. Figure C-2 shows the major...each each at fall 34h 0.04 in Max. Mi. J oath mont h M x . oth, ilh e Or wor. U,,pees Fekrero*; p., crlt owhe January 90 40 65 30 71 21 73 1.0 3ŕ t0
The Law of War: Can 20th-Century Standards Apply to the Global War on Terrorism?
Science.gov (United States)
2005-01-01
perpetrated by Kenyans against Kenyans, were accompanied by reports of greater instances of oathing and intimidation, maiming of cattle on European...or mutilated (some so severely they were permanently maimed), 200 huts destroyed by fire, and 1,000 cattle maimed (usually by having the tendons of...examples where security forces castrated detainees, forced them to engage in acts of sodomy, and, to use her words, “Perpetrated similar horrifying acts
Childbirth in ancient Rome: from traditional folklore to obstetrics.
Science.gov (United States)
Todman, Donald
2007-04-01
In ancient Rome, childbirth was a hazardous event for both mother and child with high rates of infant and maternal mortality. Traditional Roman medicine centred on folklore and religious practices, but with the development of Hippocratic medicine came significant advances in the care of women during pregnancy and confinement. Midwives or obstetrices played an important role and applied rational scientific practices to improve outcomes. This evolution from folklore to obstetrics was a pivotal point in the history of childbirth.

AVALIAÇÃO DA TOXICIDADE AGUDA DO EXTRATO HEXÂNICO DE FRUTOS DE Melia azedarach (MELIACEAE EM CAMUNDONGOS
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hélio Bernardes Pires Júnior
2012-12-01
Full Text Available This study was developed aiming to evaluate the acute effects of Melia azedarach hexanic fruit extract on mice. Two treated groups, one for each dose, 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg, were prepared. For each treatment group, a non-treated control group was used. All groups were composed of six animals, three of each sex. The animals were evaluated at 30 min., 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 12h and 24h and then daily, for 14 days after treatment, following the Hippocratic screening. At each three days weight gain and ration consumption were evaluated. Macroscopic and microscopic alterations were evaluated in the heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, spleen, intestine and brain. No alteration in the Hippocratic screening in both doses, during the 14-days interval, was observed. The mice treated with the 2000 mg/kg doses consumed fewer rations than the animals of the control group; however, weight gain was statistically similar. No statistic difference was observed between the weight of the organs, and they had no macroscopic alterations. No histopathologic alterations were found on the examined organs, for both doses, except for lung alterations such as hyperaemia, haemorrage and edema in both treated and control groups. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the hexanic extract of M. azedarach green fruits had no acute effects against Swiss mice.
The Construction of Liberal Democracy: The Role of Civil-Military Institutions in State and Nation-Building in West Germany and South Africa
Science.gov (United States)
2010-04-01
elections were held for the first time in April 1994. Nelson Mandela was elected president, ushering in a new era in South African politics. Although...between races.28 These lamentable conditions were what awaited Nelson Mandela and his Government of National Unity (GNU) when he took the presidential...oath on May 10, 1994. In addition to improving the living standards of the majority of South Africans, the Mandela government also had to address the
Creating medical terminology: from Latin and Greek influence to the influence of English as the current lingua franca of medical communication
OpenAIRE
Dobrić, Katja
2013-01-01
The language of medicine is a broad research field, so broad that there ought to be a special field of linguistics called medical linguistics. its development, especially the development of medical terminology, is interesting both to medical historians and to linguists. Hippocratic writings dating from the 5th and the 4th century Bc contain many medical terms which were the foundation of the language of medicine in the greek era. At the beginning of the first century ad greek medical te...
Medical ethics in an era of bioethics: resetting the medical profession's compass.
Science.gov (United States)
Pellegrino, Edmund D
2012-02-01
What it means to be a medical professional has been defined by medical ethicists throughout history and remains a contemporary concern addressed by this paper. A medical professional is generally considered to be one who makes a public promise to fulfill the ethical obligations expressed in the Hippocratic Code. This presentation summarizes the history of medical professionalism and refocuses attention on the interpersonal relationship of doctor and patient. This keynote address was delivered at the Founders of Bioethics International Congress (June, 2010).
Food and medicines in the Mediterranean tradition. A systematic analysis of the earliest extant body of textual evidence.
Science.gov (United States)
Touwaide, Alain; Appetiti, Emanuela
2015-06-05
The relationship between food and medicines has long been investigated and is of crucial importance for the understanding of the development of ethnopharmacological knowledge through time. Hippocrates, considered the Father of Medicine, is credited with an aphorism equating food and medicine. No inquiry has been performed, however, into the collection of texts attributed to Hippocrates and, going beyond, into this statement, which is generally accepted without further examination. A clarification is much needed as the question of the relationship between food and medicines as potent substances are crucial to ethnopharmacology. To verify the validity (if not the authenticity) of the theory on the identity of food and medicine attributed to Hippocrates, we digitized the whole collection of texts ascribed to Hippocrates in the original Greek language (the so-called Hippocratic Collection), which date back from the age of Hippocrates (late 5th century and 4th century BCE) to a more recent time (2nd century CE). On this basis, we extracted and databased all the information related to remedial therapy, that is, their materia medica (vegetable, animal and mineral) and their use(s). We identified both the plant species according to modern up-to-date taxonomy and the medical conditions as precisely as possible. We then screened these plants to discover what their uses were and, going backward in time, we examined (when possible) their native distribution, domestication, possible introduction (in the case of non-native species) and cultivation to determine whether these species had been known for a long time and might have been the object of long-term observation as both foodstuffs and medicines. Tabulated data from the Hippocratic Collection revealed that 40% of the remedies in the Collection are made out of only 44 plants. Of this group, 33 species (=75% of the group) were also used for nutritional purposes in Antiquity. Domestication history of these species indicates
The Evolution of the Cruise Missile
Science.gov (United States)
1985-09-01
Fallersleben four times, the gyro factory at Weimar once, hydrogen peroxide facilities (used in the V-I’s booster) at Peenemunde, Holliegelshreuth, and...uirilar attitudes towards RPVs see William Wagner , bgAtnim Bugs a.’ O0 erReconissance•Drowes (Falibrook, Calif.: Aero, 1982), (iii, ivy. 54. General...of the cruise missile. Shown taking the oath of office from Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara (right) on 1 October 1965 wre (left to right) Norman
Trouble makers : Laura Poitras and the problem of dissent
OpenAIRE
Danchev, Alex

2015-01-01
This review article considers three works by the distinguished documentary film-maker Laura Poitras: My country, my country (2006); The oath (2010); and the recently released Citizenfour (2014), focusing on the whistle-blower Edward Snowden. Poitras describes these works as a trilogy about American power after 9/11, but they are also about disobedience and resistance, or the problem of dissent. The article argues for the significance (and the virtue) of Poitras's project, as film maker and tr...
Medieval and early modern approaches to fractures of the proximal humerus
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Brorson, S.
2010-01-01
The diagnosis and management of complex fractures of the proximal humerus have challenged surgical practitioners and medical writers since the earliest recorded surgical texts. Current knowledge of fractures of the proximal humerus has been obtained through pathoanatomical and biomechanical studies...... within the last two centuries. However, the historical preconditions for this development have not been studied. This paper reviews written sources from the fall of the Roman Empire to the late eighteenth century. Medieval and early modern writers mainly rely on the Hippocratic writings De Fracturis...
Medieval and early modern approaches to fractures of the proximal humerus: an historical review
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Brorson, S.
2010-01-01
The diagnosis and management of complex fractures of the proximal humerus have challenged surgical practitioners and medical writers since the earliest recorded surgical texts. Current knowledge of fractures of the proximal humerus has been obtained through pathoanatomical and biomechanical studies...... within the last two centuries. However, the historical preconditions for this development have not been studied. This paper reviews written sources from the fall of the Roman Empire to the late eighteenth century. Medieval and early modern writers mainly rely on the Hippocratic writings De Fracturis...
10 CFR 205.8 - Subpoenas, special report orders, oaths, witnesses.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... Department of Energy, the Administrator of the Economic Regulatory Administration, the Administrator of... reproduce books, papers, correspondence, memoranda, contracts agreements, or other relevant records or...
Obsessive compulsive disorder and psychopathic behaviour in Babylon.
Science.gov (United States)
Reynolds, Edward H; Kinnier Wilson, James V
2012-02-01
The history of obsessive compulsive, phobic and psychopathic behaviour can be traced to the 17th century AD. We draw attention to these behaviours in a Babylonian cuneiform medical text known as Shurpu. These three categories were united in the Babylonian mind around the concept of the māmīt 'oath' idea, the behaviour habits being so unbreakable it appeared that the subject had sworn an oath to do or not to do the action involved. The behavioural accounts were entirely objective, including what we would call immature, antisocial and criminal behaviour, and obsessional categories of contamination, aggression, orderliness of objects, sex and religion. They do not include subjective descriptions of obsessional thoughts, ruminations or the subject's attitude to their own behaviour, which are more modern fields of enquiry. The Babylonians had no understanding of brain or psychological function but they were remarkable describers of medical disease and behaviour. Although they had both physical and supernatural theories of many medical disorders and behaviours, they had an open mind on these particular behaviours which they regarded as a 'mystery' yet to be 'resolved'. We are not aware of comparable accounts of these behaviours in ancient Egyptian or classical medicine. These Babylonian descriptions extend the history of these disorders to the first half of the second millennium BC.
Asklepios: Sy rol in die evolusie van die Geneeskunde
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François P. Retief
2011-09-01
Full Text Available Asclepius is first mentioned by Homer as leader and physician in the Trojan War. Later, during the 5th century, he became known as the god of healing, and in this century the Asclepian cult of healing became established in Epidaurus. This healing cult, which was accommodated by empiric (Hippocratic physicians of the time, endured for close on ten centuries in Asclepieia, of which there were more than 400 in the Mediterranean area and surrounding countries. The Asclepieia were of different design, but usually included a temple dedicated to the god, as well as inscriptions [iamata] with information on the patients who were healed, a sacred bath, a well and a room [abaton] for so-called incubation sleep where the patient would spend the night. Asclepius traditionally appeared to the patients in a vision in the course of the night and an immediate miraculous healing could take place, or advice was given regarding the future treatment of the patient, which was in the morning thereafter discussed by the temple personnel. It is said that the Asclepian cult, a religious healing programme, complemented secular treatment since the tempel personnel were in contact with contemporary Hippocratic medicine. The emotional impact of the incubation sleep and dreams could have had a healing impact on ailments with a psycological basis. The final disappearance of the Asclepian cult was the result of the rise of Christianity, rather than the decline of its healing effectiveness.
Short Course on Cardiopulmonary Aspects of Aerospace Medicine. Addendum
Science.gov (United States)
1989-05-01
USAF/SAM sent a nurse to train with Dr. Friedman and Roseman in the interview techniques of categori- zing type A and B personalities, but we were...operation is palliative and not curative and we now have the problem of trying to follow someone with atherosclerosis in a flying job. I1-2 However, if you...re-entry tachycadia. They could not provoke it in the lab, but that was under resting conditions, maybe sedated , and supine in the oath lab, and it
The Sound of Citizenship
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Damsholt, Tine
2008-01-01
This article discusses how the soundscape of citizenship ceremonies is part of the materialization of citizenship in the 21st century. In this comparative research on citizenship ceremonies in West European countries, the use of the performative approach has led to change focus from the textual...... soundscapes comprising recitation of oaths, playing children, folk music, and singing of national anthems. These soundscapes are the primary focus of this paper, thus promoting the idea of an ethnology of sensory experience and materialization....
Factors influencing the seasonal patterns of infectious diseases
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Auda Fares
2013-01-01
Full Text Available The recognition of seasonal patterns in infectious disease occurrence dates back at least as far as the hippocratic era, but the mechanisms underlying these fluctuations remain poorly understood. Many classes of mechanistic hypotheses have been proposed to explain seasonality of various directly transmitted diseases, including at least the following; human activity, seasonal variability in human immune system function, seasonal variations in vitamin D levels, seasonality of melatonin, and pathogen infectivity. In this short paper will briefly discuss the role of these factors in the seasonal patterns of infectious diseases.
Minoan and Mycenaean medicine and its Near Eastern contacts.
Science.gov (United States)
Arnott, R
2004-01-01
Few scholars of ancient medicine have considered that Hippocratic practice may be based in part upon the experience and tradition, handed-down from generation to generation, starting before the end of the Bronze Age in 1100 BC. This paper examines the evidence for medical practitioners in the Aegean in the second millennium BC, and of medical contacts between the Aegean and contemporary bronze age societies of Egypt and the Near East at this time, and suggests that some of these contacts may have been the start of Near Eastern influence on Greek medicine.
Record of Operations Against Soviet Russia on Northern and Western Fronts of Manchuria, and in Northern Korea (August 1945)
Science.gov (United States)
1954-09-01
Col Masao Segawa Col Kaoru Okano Col Shigeru Imada - Maj Akizo Yokoyama Capt Toyonobu Kondo Maj Toru Mi tano - Lt Col Sen Nagai - 1st Lt Ichiro...nchurians, and its commander, 1st Lieutenant Ishikawa , was killed. The only unit of the division to engage in action--the 5th Company of the 24lst...Lieutenant: 161 Irie, Major: 43 Ishikawa , 1st Lt: 160 Itung River: 15, 37, 42-43 Iwai, Lt Gen, Torajiro (Cmdr lOath Div): 143, 147-48, 154 Japanese
The liabilities of amnesia: Why a course in the "History of political science"?
OpenAIRE
Saxonhouse, Arlene
2003-01-01
Psychology departments seldom take their students back to the thicket of Freud’s Collected Works. Medical schools turn to Hippocrates mostly for his oath, not for his skills at analyzing the pathologies of female hysteria. Those learning to study the universe today do not work through the elliptical paths of the stars and planets that Ptolemy developed so that he might keep the earth at the center of things. So, why should the discipline of political science be any different? Why should we te...
[Greek science in the centre of the Dialogue between Orient and Occident ].
Science.gov (United States)
Lafont, Olivier
2016-12-01
Most pre-Socratic Greek philosophers originated from Ionia, in Minor Asia, where Achaeans had been installed since the 11th century B. C. During the Age of Pericles, Empedocles of Agrigento, in Sicily, Leucippus and Democritus from Abdera, Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, active in Athens, and Socrates in Athens also took over philosophy and science in Continental Greece. Plato, Socrates’ disciple and founder of Academia, and his own disciple Aristotle, founder of the Lyceum, and his pupils, such as Theophrastus of Eresos, followed them. In the area of medicine and pharmacy, Hippocrates of Cos and his disciples and followers redacted between 450 and 300 B. C., what is known as Hippocratic corpus. Then came Galen from Pergamum who completed the theory of Humours, during the second century. Nestorian Christians, considered as heretical in the Byzantine Empire, were accepted in Sassanid Persia and carried Greek culture with them. After Arabic conquest and Baghdad City creation, in 762, they translated Hippocratic corpus in Arabic language so that Hippocratico-Galenic theory could pass in Arabic-Muslim world. It was then developed by Al-Kindi in Baghdad, Ibn Al-Jazzar in Kairouan, Razes or Avicenna, both Persians. The 11th and the 12th centuries were characterised by Latin translations, by Constantine the African in Monte-Cassino, Gerard of Cremona or Mark of Toledo. The School of Salerno created then the conditions for the fusion of Greek, Arabic and Jewish medicines. The creation of modern science from Greek philosophy was a consequence of a permanent dialogue between Orient and Occident.
[Medical deontology--historical study].
Science.gov (United States)
Wieckowska, Elzbieta
2003-01-01
The subject of the paper was to present selected publications concerning the medical deontology. Special attention was paid on three of them. Well-known publications Hippocrates' oath formulated in 5th/4th century BC, Majmonides' prayer (12th century) and Polish medical deontology code published in 1994 underwent a comparative analysis. The objective of the analysis was the description of the similarities and differences in the assumptions constituting in the fundamentals of medical deontology. Its formulated in almost one thousand year intervals, as well as assumptions comparison of Polish and universal medical deontology.

Le Tristan de Béroul entre procédure et chevaleriel. The « Tristan » by Béroul: between Judicial Proceedings and Chivalry
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Bernard Ribémont
2015-12-01
Full Text Available The purpose of this paper is to focuse the analysis on the questions of Law occurring in the Tristan of Béroul ; more precisely, to consider the relations between the feudal pact, the honour code and the procedure of justice. The author is actually playing on several registers, a proof of his knowledge of the practice of justice in the courts of his time, the consequence of that play being an interrogation on the validity of the proof, the oath and more generally on the ambiguity of the Law.
Feminine anthroponyms in 13th-century Scotland: the Ragman Roll (1296
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Valeria Di Clemente
2012-10-01
Full Text Available The documents known as Ragman Roll collect the fealty oaths sworn and the homages rendered by Scottish nobility, clergy, landowners and burgesses to Edward I Plantagenet after the English invasion of Scotland in the spring and summer of 1296. These documents record personal names and surnames of ca. 1800 people, being a precious source for the study of Scottish anthroponymy in the second half of the 13th century. This paper focuses on the feminine anthroponyms occurring in the Ragman Roll, on their form and on their historical-etymological and cultural background.
Cosmopolitan Erotics in John Ashbery’s The Tennis Court Oath (1962)
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Balle, Søren Hattesen
the opposition between ’avant-garde internationalism’ and ‘nativism’ in American poetry, both traditions were still to a very large degree exclusionary of the poetic voices of blacks, women and homosexuals and other minorities. Though affluence and increased urbanization of American society had led to greater...
False Testimony and Oath: Reopening a Legal Case in Iranian Courts
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Iman Zeajeldi
2017-02-01
Full Text Available In Iranian legal laws, hearing a case ends by issuing the final judgment. However, the law has provided conditions where the individuals can apply for retrial so that their rights will be protected and losses will be prevented. This means that court will rehear a case for which it has issued a final judgment. Now, each of the parties to the claim who has applied for reopening must prove the conditions of reopening. One of the conditions is proving the falsehood in the claim. Yet, the question is ‘under which conditions the falsehood brings about the annulment of the judgment issued’. The present research aims to study the effects of falsehood cases in the possibility of applying for reopening and annulling the judgment issued.
Patients Are Our Teachers
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Robert E. Becker
2018-04-01
Full Text Available In the patient-physician encounter, physicians hone their skills while alleviating the patient’s suffering. Both benefit. Leaning on the work of Hippocrates, Darwin, and William Osler, the authors sketch out the case for honoring patients as indispensable teachers of the art and science of medicine. They argue that this tradition of Hippocratic medicine both anticipates modern precision medicine and reawakens a focus on public health medicine, each a benefit to the patients and communities served by physicians. A community that compromises the learning relationship of physician to patient and population undermines quality of care.
Preliminary pharmacological studies on Eugenia uniflora leaves: xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity.
Science.gov (United States)
Schmeda-Hirschmann, G; Theoduloz, C; Franco, L; Ferro, E; de Arias, A R
1987-11-01
Eugenia uniflora is widely used in Paraguayan folk medicine. A hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves showed some central nervous system activity in hippocratic screening when given intraperitoneally, but little to no acute or subacute toxicity in doses up to 4200 mg/kg orally in BALB c mice. The LD50 of the extract was 220 mg/kg i.p. in mice. A decoction or infusion of the leaves is recommended for treating gout by native herbalists. The known flavonoids quercitrin, quercetin, myricitrin and myricetin were found to be responsible for the xanthine oxidase inhibitory action of the plant extract.
Managing a grossly comminuted and infected mandibular fracture using a maxillary extra-oral distractor as stabilizing agent: A clinical case report
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Ding Ming Chao
2017-06-01
Full Text Available Facial fracture management dates as early as Hippocratic era. Comminuted mandibular fractures are one of the challenging clinical condition requiring high surgical expertise to achieve a good functional and esthetic outcome. In presence of infection and other facial fractures managing comminuted mandibular fracture becomes more challenging.Here we present a case of grossly comminuted and infected mandibular fracture with delayed presentation managed by using maxillary distractor as stabilizing agent. Using a maxillary distractor for managing a fractured mandible has been seldom reported in literature. Current case report gives idea to practicing clinician about the possibility of treatment beyond the established principles. Keywords: Mandibular fracture, Maxillary distractor, Infection
[The virtuous doctor in cinema: the final examination].
Science.gov (United States)
Figueroa, Gustavo
2014-10-01
The virtuous doctor has subscribed an oath and by subscribing to this solemn promise, he is committed to live in accordance with the purposes, obligations and virtues established in the medical profession. Cinematic art has shown only a superficial interest in complex aspects of medical profession. An exception is Ingmar Bergman's film "Wild Strawberries", where Professor Isak Borg, a widowed 76-year-old physician, is to be awarded the Doctor Jubilaris degree, 50 years after he received his doctorate at Lund University. During the trip, Isak is forced by a nightmare to reevaluate his professional life as not being a virtuous doctor.
Regulator process for the authorization of an amendment to the operation license of a nuclear power plant in Mexico; Proceso regulador para la autorizacion de una enmienda a la licencia de operacion de una central nuclear en Mexico
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Perez, R.; Espinosa V, J.M.; Salgado, J.R.; Mamani, Y.R. [CNSNS, Dr. Barragan 779, Col. Narvarte, 03020 Mexico D.F. (Mexico)
2005-07-01
The regulator process by which an authorization is granted from an amendment to the License of Operation of a nuclear power station in Mexico is described. It makes an appointment the effective legal mark, the technical characteristics of the modification, the evaluation process and deposition upon oath of tests and finally the elaboration of the Safety report and the Technical Verdict that is a correspondent for the regulator organism to the Secretary of Energy, the one that in turn is the responsible of granting the amendment the License just as it establishes it the Law. (Author)
Regulator process for the authorization of an amendment to the operation license of a nuclear power plant in Mexico
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Perez, R.; Espinosa V, J.M.; Salgado, J.R.; Mamani, Y.R.
2005-01-01
The regulator process by which an authorization is granted from an amendment to the License of Operation of a nuclear power station in Mexico is described. It makes an appointment the effective legal mark, the technical characteristics of the modification, the evaluation process and deposition upon oath of tests and finally the elaboration of the Safety report and the Technical Verdict that is a correspondent for the regulator organism to the Secretary of Energy, the one that in turn is the responsible of granting the amendment the License just as it establishes it the Law. (Author)
The Hippocratic need for adequate supports while merging programs: at first do no harm
Science.gov (United States)
Sipple, John W.
2017-03-01
In response to a paper calling for the re-engagement of agricultural education with the sciences and science education, this essay is supportive but argues to proceed with caution: one that at first does no harm. I offer a supplementary lens and story of change at Cornell University as a cautionary and motivational tale. I concur with the authors who want to redirect faculty, departments, and societies of agricultural educators to become more tightly aligned with the sciences. The need for and ability to better contribute to the critical discussions on contemporary agriculture issues (e.g., urban farming, GMOs, sustainability, local economies) is timely and important. The trick, however, is to do this without weakening the agricultural education community to the point of extinction. Drawing on Institutional Theory, I offer an enhanced perspective highlighting the importance of resource, conformity, and legitimacy. I explore the nature of competing pressures: the strong and restrictive ties to isolated communities and the pressure to reengage a community with a more socially and intellectually central world. I want to emphasize how these strong ties are typically beneficial to the organizations of interest, despite what it may look like to others outside that sector. It is argued that agricultural education will become increasingly "vulnerable and isolated" should it not cross the street and at least partially connect with contemporary science, social science, and new policy and ethical concerns.
Paradigm shift, metamorphosis of medical ethics, and the rise of bioethics Transição paradigmática, metamorfose da ética médica e emergência da bioética
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
José Luiz Telles de Almeida
1999-01-01
Full Text Available Both the increasing incorporation of medical technology and new social demands (including those for health care beginning in the 1960s have brought about significant changes in medical practice. This situation has in turn sparked a growth in the philosophical debate over problems pertaining to ethical practice. These issues no longer find answers in the Hippocratic ethical model. The authors believe that the crisis in Hippocratic ethics could be described as a period of paradigm shift in which a new set of values appears to be emerging. Beginning with the bioethics movement, the authors expound on the different ethical theories applied to medical practice and conclude that principlism is the most appropriate approach for solving the new moral dilemma imposed on clinical practice.A crescente incorporação de tecnologia médica e as novas demandas sociais, inclusive de saúde, que tiveram início nos anos 60, impuseram importantes transformações na prática médica. Tal situação tem estimulado crescente debate filosófico em torno de problemas de ética prática que não mais encontram respostas no âmbito do modelo ético hipocrático. Para os autores, a crise da ética hipocrática poderia ser caracterizada como um período de transição paradigmática em que se estaria formando um novo conjunto de valores. A partir do movimento da bioética, os autores apresentam as diferentes teorias éticas aplicadas à prática médica, concluindo que a abordagem principialista seria mais adequada à resolução dos novos dilemas morais postos à prática clínica.
Ethical Justification of Moral Norms in Scientific Research: Scientists' External Responsibilities
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Mehmet AKÖZER
2015-09-01
Full Text Available Scientists' moral responsibilities have become a focus for the scientific community over the postwar decades. International and regional networks of leading academic bodies have responded to a widely perceived increase in scientific fraud and the ensued loss of public trust in science during the 1980s, and initiated a discussion with a view to codifying good practice in research. While scientists' “external” responsibilities towards society and the humankind have been variously addressed, codes drafted since then mainly dwell on problems of misconduct concerning scientists' “internal” responsibilities towards science and to the scientific community. They also reflect an ethical pluralism, which declines justifying moral standards in research with reference to universal ethical principles. However, the need for such justification has been first recognized decades ago, during the Doctor's Trial in Nuremberg, where the shortcomings of the established ethos of science and the inadequacy of the Hippocratic ethics in safeguarding human rights in research had become flagrant, with the resultant Nuremberg Code of 1947 introducing a human rights perspective into Hippocratic ethics. This paper argues for the necessity of an integral ethical justification of scientists' both external and inner responsibilities, as put down or assumed by internationally acclaimed codes of conduct. Such necessity is validated by the evidence that a historical current to monopolize ethical thinking in the name of science and nullify philosophical ethics lies at the root of an anti–morality that relativized human worth and virtually legitimized human rights violations in scientific practice. Kantian ethics based on humans' absolute inner worth, and Popperian epistemology rooted in respect for truth and for humans as rational beings, pledge an ethical justification of moral norms in science so as to reinforce the latter against intrusions of anti–morality. The paper
[Medical deontology in Islam].
Science.gov (United States)
Weisser, U
1997-01-01
Our knowledge of medical practice in medieval Islam is still scanty. It is mostly derived from normative sources, textbooks and deontological texts, which rather depict an ambitious ideal to be followed than the social reality of the average physician. Moreover, deontological regulations in Arabic medical literature are to a large degree shaped by traditional conceptions. The present article, which is based on three so-called mirrors for physicians dating from the 9th to the 12th century AD, attempts to give a provisional outline of possible Greek sources beyond the well-known Hippocratic writings on medical ethics and deontology and a first assessment of topics which seem to be original with the Arabic authors.
Topical therapy of atopic dermatitis: controversies from Hippocrates to topical immunomodulators.
Science.gov (United States)
Tilles, Gérard; Wallach, Daniel; Taïeb, Alain
2007-02-01
Although atopic dermatitis can be treated efficiently, there is still much controversy about the risk/benefit ratio of both topical corticosteroids and topical immunomodulators. Conflicting data may be found about the usefulness of bathing, diet regulation, and other therapeutic interventions. These controversies result in part from the persistence of Hippocratic doctrines in modern medical thinking. Humoralist and diathetic doctrines, as they pertain to eczema, are reviewed. The paradoxical worsening of oozing and the deadly hazards of hospitalization before the era of antibiotics are brought to mind. We hope that this historical review will improve the understanding of current controversies and help dermatologists to manage patients with atopic dermatitis and other chronic skin diseases.
Panic and Culture: Hysterike Pnix in the Ancient Greek World.
Science.gov (United States)
Mattern, Susan P
2015-10-01
Starting perhaps in the second century BCE, and with Hippocratic precedent, ancient medical writers described a condition they called hysterike pnix or "uterine suffocation." This paper argues that uterine suffocation was, in modern terms, a functional somatic syndrome characterized by chronic anxiety and panic attacks. Transcultural psychiatrists have identified and described a number of similar panic-type syndromes in modern populations, and a plausible theory of how they work has been advanced. These insights, applied to the ancient disease of hysterike pnix, demystify the condition and illuminate the experience of the women who suffered from it. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: .
Mary Ellen Avery’s Research Career- Remembrance of Things Past
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John Steven Torday
2014-04-01
Full Text Available Mary Ellen Avery’s research is recognized as a milestone in biomedical research. She had discovered the underlying cause of Hyaline Membrane Disease, surfactant deficiency, fostering ever more vigorous efforts to reduce neonatal mortality in the burgeoning practice of Neonatology. Neonatology is the only clinical discipline that began as an experiment, making it a model for biomedical research. Avery knew that the concerted effort to treat preterm newborns could potentially do more harm than good, violating her oath to Hippocrates, if not held to the highest scientific standards. She remained true to that pledge throughout her career, as recounted in this Review.
The nuclear threat, ethics and Pugwash
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Smith, P.B.
1999-01-01
When nuclear weapon states had succeeded in guaranteeing their continued, unchallenged, monopoly on the possession of nuclear weapons in the negotiations for a Comprehensive Test Ban, the process of achieving nuclear disarmament was slowed down. Fortunately when some 60 retired generals and admirals from all over the world called for elimination of nuclear weapons there arose some hope. The role of Pugwash movement concerning disarmament an be concisely formulated by the following oath: I will not use my scientific training for any purpose which I believe is intended to harm human beings; I shall strive for peace, justice, freedom and the betterment of the human condition
Greek Medicine Practice at Ancient Rome: The Physician Molecularist Asclepiades
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Luigi Santacroce
2017-12-01
Full Text Available Background: In the pre-Hellenistic period, the concept of medicine was not well-defined. Usually, a disease was considered as a divine punishment and its treatment was devolved to the priests who asked for healing from the divinities. The only job that could be compared to medical practice was a kind of itinerant medicine, derived from the Egyptian therapeutic tradition based only on practical experience and performed by people that knew a number of remedies, mostly vegetable, but without any theoretical bases about the possible mechanisms of action. Opinions about the human nature (naturalistic thinking and the origin of the illness and heal were the basis of Greek medicine practiced by ancient priests of Asclepius. However, with the evolution of the thought for the continuous research of “κόσμος” (world knowledge, philosophy woulld become an integral part of medicine and its evolution. This close relationship between philosophy and medicine is confirmed by the Greek physician Galen in the era of the Roman Empire. Methods: Philosophical thought looked for world knowledge starting from mathematics, physics, astronomy, chemistry, medicine, psychology, metaphysics, sociology, and ethics. We must keep in mind that, according to the ancient people, the physicians could not heal the patients without the aid of a “divine God” until medicine, thanks to the Hippocratic practice, became more independent from the supernatural, and contemporary, ethical, and professional. Many physicians were philosophers, as confirmed by their views of life, such as Hippocrates of Cos, Aristotle (hailed as the father of comparative anatomy and physiology, Pythagoras of Samos, Alcmaeon of Croton, Empedocles, Praxagoras, Erasistratus, Galen, and others, including Asclepiades of Bithynia (atomists affinity. Asclepiades, a Greek physician born in Prusa, studied in Athens and Alexandria. His thought was influenced by Democritus’ theories, refusing extensively
Greek Medicine Practice at Ancient Rome: The Physician Molecularist Asclepiades
Science.gov (United States)
Santacroce, Luigi; Bottalico, Lucrezia; Charitos, Ioannis Alexandros
2017-01-01
Background: In the pre-Hellenistic period, the concept of medicine was not well-defined. Usually, a disease was considered as a divine punishment and its treatment was devolved to the priests who asked for healing from the divinities. The only job that could be compared to medical practice was a kind of itinerant medicine, derived from the Egyptian therapeutic tradition based only on practical experience and performed by people that knew a number of remedies, mostly vegetable, but without any theoretical bases about the possible mechanisms of action. Opinions about the human nature (naturalistic thinking) and the origin of the illness and heal were the basis of Greek medicine practiced by ancient priests of Asclepius. However, with the evolution of the thought for the continuous research of “κόσμος” (world) knowledge, philosophy woulld become an integral part of medicine and its evolution. This close relationship between philosophy and medicine is confirmed by the Greek physician Galen in the era of the Roman Empire. Methods: Philosophical thought looked for world knowledge starting from mathematics, physics, astronomy, chemistry, medicine, psychology, metaphysics, sociology, and ethics. We must keep in mind that, according to the ancient people, the physicians could not heal the patients without the aid of a “divine God” until medicine, thanks to the Hippocratic practice, became more independent from the supernatural, and contemporary, ethical, and professional. Many physicians were philosophers, as confirmed by their views of life, such as Hippocrates of Cos, Aristotle (hailed as the father of comparative anatomy and physiology), Pythagoras of Samos, Alcmaeon of Croton, Empedocles, Praxagoras, Erasistratus, Galen, and others, including Asclepiades of Bithynia (atomists affinity). Asclepiades, a Greek physician born in Prusa, studied in Athens and Alexandria. His thought was influenced by Democritus’ theories, refusing extensively the Hippocratic

Greek Medicine Practice at Ancient Rome: The Physician Molecularist Asclepiades.
Science.gov (United States)
Santacroce, Luigi; Bottalico, Lucrezia; Charitos, Ioannis Alexandros
2017-12-12
Background: In the pre-Hellenistic period, the concept of medicine was not well-defined. Usually, a disease was considered as a divine punishment and its treatment was devolved to the priests who asked for healing from the divinities. The only job that could be compared to medical practice was a kind of itinerant medicine, derived from the Egyptian therapeutic tradition based only on practical experience and performed by people that knew a number of remedies, mostly vegetable, but without any theoretical bases about the possible mechanisms of action. Opinions about the human nature (naturalistic thinking) and the origin of the illness and heal were the basis of Greek medicine practiced by ancient priests of Asclepius. However, with the evolution of the thought for the continuous research of "κόσμος" (world) knowledge, philosophy woulld become an integral part of medicine and its evolution. This close relationship between philosophy and medicine is confirmed by the Greek physician Galen in the era of the Roman Empire. Methods: Philosophical thought looked for world knowledge starting from mathematics, physics, astronomy, chemistry, medicine, psychology, metaphysics, sociology, and ethics. We must keep in mind that, according to the ancient people, the physicians could not heal the patients without the aid of a "divine God" until medicine, thanks to the Hippocratic practice, became more independent from the supernatural, and contemporary, ethical, and professional. Many physicians were philosophers, as confirmed by their views of life, such as Hippocrates of Cos, Aristotle (hailed as the father of comparative anatomy and physiology), Pythagoras of Samos, Alcmaeon of Croton, Empedocles, Praxagoras, Erasistratus, Galen, and others, including Asclepiades of Bithynia (atomists affinity). Asclepiades, a Greek physician born in Prusa, studied in Athens and Alexandria. His thought was influenced by Democritus' theories, refusing extensively the Hippocratic ideas that
Juramento o promesa de jueces y magistrados // Oath or affirmation at the Judiciary
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Carmen Castañón Jiménez
2016-08-01

and support magistrates and judges. 2.3.2 Replacement of Justices of the peace. 2.3.3 Intern judges as substitute judges with full jurisdictional powers. 3. GOVERNING BODIES. 3.1 General Council of the Judiciary. 3.2 Governing bodies of jurisdictional courts. 4. CONCLUSIONS
THE CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE OF CROWNING IN CROATIANHUNGARIAN LAW (THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE EMPEROR FRANZ JOSEPH I CORONATION FOR THE KING OF HUNGARY AND CROATIA
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
László Heka
2017-12-01
Full Text Available This year marks the 150th anniversary of the Coronation of Franz Joseph l as the King of Hungary and Croatia which was marked by the Hungarian side as the condition of reconciliation with Vienna and the conclusion of the Austro-Hungarian settlement. This compromise between Austria and Hungary has served as a template for a yearlong Croatian-Hungarian settlement in many segments. With these two settlements, the Hungarians settled their relations with the court and with the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, with whom Hungary had been in the state community since 1102. This event marked the end of a long-standing conflict with Austria, and the Croatian issue was removed from the agenda in Budapest and Vienna. In the course of eight centuries of the common statehood, the Coronation was one of the pivotal constitutional questions. The act of the Coronation, which gave the King legitimacy, consisted of the church ritual (anointing and the secular part manifested in taking the oath, and it had a public character and meaning. The latter was reflected in the fact that the crown oath and crown vow (the diplomas of inauguration were considered the contract between the people and the King, and therefore the Crown Defender had a constitutional character. The King got his legitimacy only if he was crowned with the crown of St. Stephen (the Holy Crown, so Franz Joseph l became the Hungarian and Croatian King only after the crowning in Buda. Since the palatine function was incomplete at the time, Hungary had to be represented by Count Gyula Andrassy, who was then the president of the government. After the King’s death in 1916, during the last royal Coronation, a political-legal debate was raised about whether Hungary should be represented by the Prime Minister or other person on behalf of the people.
Il Fasciculo di Medicina of 1493: medical culture through the eyes of the artist.
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DiMaio, Salvatore; Discepola, Federico; Del Maestro, Rolando F
2006-01-01
THE FASCICULUS MEDICINA, printed in 1491, is considered the first illustrated medical book. The Latin essays and illustrations in this volume provide insight into the medical knowledge of Western Europe and, in the Italian edition published in 1493, glimpses into the medical culture of the late 15th century. We outline the scientific and social environments into which the Fasciculus Medicinae of 1491 was introduced and the transition that occurred with the publication of the 1493 Italian edition. The artist of the 1493 Fasciculo witnessed a paradigm shift occurring. In four woodcuts, the artist captured four themes: the relevance of knowledge-based medicine, the emergence of laboratory medicine, the Hippocratic lessons of patient observation, and the emerging revolution in anatomy.
[The epiglottis in antiquity in medicine and philosophy].
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Repici, L
1990-01-01
In Antiquity, the epiglottis and the related question whether drink enters the lung is a problem embracing both differently organized philosophical strategies and differently developed medical competences. Over the centuries, the history of a physiological question gradually turns into a debate where we find philosophers disagreeing with philosophers and physicians with physicians. A peculiar feature of this debate is that from a certain time on it involves a division between those who defend Plato's view on the subject and those who (philosophers as well as physicians) criticize it. Plato, Aristotle and Chrysippus, the Hippocratic authors and Erasistratus in the testimony of Aulus Gellius, Plutarch and indirectly also of Cicero, and then Galen and Macrobius have a special place in the development of this topic.
The art and science of prognostication in early university medicine.
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Demaitre, Luke
2003-01-01
Prognosis occupied a more prominent place in the medieval curriculum than it does at the modern university. Scholastic discussions were rooted in the Hippocratic Aphorisms and shaped by Galen's treatises On Crisis and On Critical Days. Medical prediction, as an art dependent on personal skills such as memory and conjecture, was taught with the aid of the liberal arts of rhetoric and logic. Scientific predictability was sought in branches of mathematics, moving from periodicity and numerology to astronomy. The search for certitude contributed to the cultivation of astrology; even at its peak, however, astrological medicine did not dominate the teaching on prognostication. The ultimate concern, which awaits further discussion, was not even with forecasting as such, but with the physician and, indeed, the patient.
A dream come true: being President of ASHRM.
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Oppenberg, Andrew A
2014-01-01
During our 33rd Annual Conference of the American Society for Healthcare Risk Management, I had the absolute honor and privilege to thank our 2013 ASHRM board and staff along with the ASHRM membership. On behalf of the membership I extended heartfelt thanks for a job well done to our retiring board members, friends, and colleagues: Faye Shepherd, Ellen Grady-Venditti, Michael Midgley, and Immediate Past President Mary Anne Hilliard. Together, we welcomed 2014 ASHRM board members and witnessed the oath of office to Hala Helm, David Sine, and Sherrill Peters, along with President-Elect Ellen Grady-Venditti and our 2014 President Jacque Mitchell. © 2014 American Society for Healthcare Risk Management of the American Hospital Association.
MEMAKNAI SUMPAH PEMUDA DI ERA REFORMASI
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Sutejo K. Widodo
2013-03-01
Full Text Available The moment of Sumpah Pemuda (Young Man Oath took place 84 years ago, reflecting the spirit of nationalism that is still very important in this Reformation era. This paper endeavors to dig deeper meaning of Sumpah Pemuda in its pre-independence era and applying it to our contemporary situation. The method used here is historical research using literature resources, such as articles, books, and other readings in internet. It is then concluded that the spirit of Sumpah Pemuda should be our contemplative materials and valuable Iesson so that Reformation era may succeed in achieving national goals stated in the Constitution, a society that is fair, prosperous, and democratic. Keywords: Sumpah Pemuda, Reformation era, nationalism.
Constituição epidêmica: velho e novo nas teorias e práticas da epidemiologia Epidemic constitution: old and new theories and practices in epidemiology
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Dina Czeresnia
2001-08-01
Full Text Available O artigo analisa a importância da idéia de constituição epidêmica, identificada pela presença recorrente do pensamento hipocrático na história da epidemiologia. Em termos gerais, constituição relaciona epidemias a circunstâncias geográfico-atmosféricas. O que se destaca é a concepção do fenômeno epidêmico como desequilíbrio da harmonia da natureza, como totalidade e ultrapassando a dimensão geográfica. Permanência de um pensamento hipocrático não significa a existência de uma continuidade. A idéia de constituição foi marcada por descontinuidades e definida por conceitos distintos no decorrer da história. A força desse pensamento deve ser compreendida a partir da base filosófica que a origina: a physis. O interesse pelo pensamento pré-socrático ganha significado especial na crise da modernidade, trazendo novos elementos, também, para a interpretação da idéia de constituição em epidemiologia.The article analyzes the importance of the concept of epidemic constitution, whose presence has been recurrently identified in Hippocratic thinking throughout the history of epidemiology. In general terms, constitution relates epidemics to geographic and atmospheric conditions. The outstanding point in the article is the view of epidemics as phenomena associated to disruption in the harmony of nature, here understood as a whole beyond geographic dimensions. The permanence of Hippocratic thinking does not imply continuity. The concept of epidemic constitution has been discontinuous and structurally different throughout history. The power of the concept lies on its philosophical foundations: physis. Pre-Socratic ideas gain special significance for the understanding of the crisis of modern times and introduces new elements for the interpretation and conceptualization of constitution in epidemiology.
Emergencies and acute diseases in the collected works of Hippocrates: observation, examination, prognosis, therapy.
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Askitopoulou, Helen; Stefanakis, Georgios; Astyrakaki, Elisabeth E; Papaioannou, Alexandra; Agouridakis, Panagiotis
2016-12-01
The collected works οf Hippocrates include a wealth of references to emergencies and acute conditions; if the physician could treat these, he would be considered superior to his colleagues. Works most relevant to current Emergency Medicine are presented. They indicate Hippocrates' remarkable insight and attention to the value of close observation, meticulous clinical examination, and prognosis. Hippocrates and his followers disdained mystery and were not satisfied until they had discovered a rational cause to diseases. They assigned great significance to distressing signs and symptoms - the famous Hippocratic face, the breathing pattern, pain, seizures, opisthotonus - pointing to a fatal outcome, which they reported to their patient. The principles of treatment of emergencies, such as angina, haemorrhage, empyema, ileus, shoulder dislocations and head injuries, are astonishingly similar to the ones used nowadays.
Eye bank procedures: donor selection criteria.
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Sousa, Sidney Júlio de Faria E; Sousa, Stella Barretto de Faria E
2018-01-01
Eye banks use sterile procedures to manipulate the eye, antiseptic measures for ocular surface decontamination, and rigorous criteria for donor selection to minimize the possibility of disease transmission due to corneal grafting. Donor selection focuses on analysis of medical records and specific post-mortem serological tests. To guide and standardize procedures, eye bank associations and government agencies provide lists of absolute and relative contraindications for use of the tissue based on donor health history. These lists are guardians of the Hippocratic principle "primum non nocere." However, each transplantation carries risk of transmission of potentially harmful agents to the recipient. The aim of the procedures is not to eliminate risk, but limit it to a reasonable level. The balance between safety and corneal availability needs to be maintained by exercising prudence without disproportionate rigor.
An affective computing algorithm based on temperament type in E－Learning
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WANG Biyun
2013-02-01
Full Text Available This paper extracts five emotional features according to the emotions that may affect in learning,and introduces psychological theory to generate emotional susceptibility matrix and to draw personalized emotion vector by different learners' temperament type vectors,which all reflect the emotional state of the learners more realistically.This paper also recommends learners of different emotions and emotional intensity to learn the knowledge of different levels of difficulty,making learning more humane.Temperament type is a temperament doctrine evolved based on the Hippocratic humoral theory and can be a good expression of human personality foundation.Temperament type has been introduced into affective computing in the E－Learning in this paper so that computer can be better on the classification of the learner's personality and learning state and realistically be individualized.
SUMPAH POCONG: Upaya Konstruksi Fiqh Kultural Khas Indonesia
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Iwan Zaenul Fuad
2014-05-01
Full Text Available As a cultural rite in Indonesia, especially among Javanese, Sumpah Pocong (a kind of oath, which wore an Islamic gown and/or held by Islamic rites for a death man is an unique rite. Nevertheless looked a like Islamic rites, but it has never found in classical or modern Islamic book of fiqh. The uniqueness guessed that it has made up from acculturation process among Indonesian fuqahā to solve a problem of less or no single evidence in social dispute such calumnies or admission claims. They (Indonesian fuqahā has modified the institutions in Islamic norm about evidence (mubāhalah and li’ān oath as a kind of acceptable rite among Indonesian moslem, culturally – that we know recently as Sumpah Pocong. Nevertheless, the refusal views came from puritanist, refused of it as a part of Islamic norm (syari’ah, fiqh. They noted that Sumpah Pocong as a kind bid’ah practices and not a part of syari’a. Hence, it must be abandoned and eliminated from Islamic legal iuris (fiqh. According to me, this puritan’s view is unfriendly toward local wisdom that lie on Sumpah Pocong, as traditional rite that based on acculturation of Islamic norm with local practices. This research aimed to refuse those puritan’s accusation and prove otherwise that Sumpah Pocong is legally true as a part of fiqh. Eventhough, it can be proved using classical ushuliyah method, qiyas, I did so with cultural fiqh contruction approaches. The using of this method grounded the distinctively (Indonesian cultural fiqh construction, that is more friendly toward local cultural practices in Indonesia, but firmly-still hold Islamic principles. So, I had to construct first this tolerant concept by summarising the Islamic cultural concept of Hasbi as-Shiddiqy, Munawir Sadzali, and Abdurrahman Wahid, in order to bridge the gap between cultural practices and Islamic principles.
Epilepsy in popular Medicine from the Classic Age to the Modern Age: a study on elk hoof as an original treatment.
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Tagarelli, Antonio; Piro, Anna
2018-04-12
European people believed that epilepsy was both a sacred and demoniac disease in the pre- and post-Hippocratic Age, and this belief continued into the Christian era. Epilepsy was wrapped in mystery. The present work shows an epileptic treatment using elk (Alces alces) hoof, which was better known among Northern European people, and explains its historical and popular origins that lead to its importance and success within the Official Medicine in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries until its gradual decline as a specific treatment in the subsequent centuries. We study authors from both Antiquity and the Modern Age. The present work concludes by highlighting the relationship between epilepsy and its magic-religious inheritance. It could be considered a valid example showing how a popular treatment can earn honors in the Official Pharmacopoeia, but later be excluded.
The Invention of Infertility in the Classical Greek World:
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Flemming, Rebecca
2013-01-01
Summary The article examines the understandings of, and responses to, reproductive failure in the classical Greek world. It discusses explanations and treatments for non-procreation in a range of ancient Greek medical texts, focusing on the writings of the Hippocratic Corpus, which devote considerable energy to matters of fertility and generation, and places them alongside the availability of a divine approach to dealing with reproductive disruption, the possibility of asking various deities, including the specialist healing god Asclepius, for assistance in having children. Though the relations between these options are complex, they combine to produce a rich remedial array for those struggling with childlessness, the possibility that any impediment to procreation can be removed. Classical Greece, rather than the nineteenth century, or even 1978, is thus the time when “infertility,” understood as an essentially reversible somatic state, was invented. PMID:24362276
Life and Death Decision Making, by Baruch A. Brody.
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Veatch, Robert M
1989-04-01
Veatch considers the pluralistic casuistry theory advocated by Baruch Brody in his 1988 book, Life and Death Decision Making, to be an important contribution to the secular medical ethics literature. The casuistic and pluralistic elements of Brody's new model are described as intriguing but controversial because Brody both excludes several ethical appeals (i.e., classical Hippocratic ethics, virtue theory) and/or limits other questionable appeals (i.e., consequences for families and others in society, the virtue of integrity) without accounting for these decisions. Veatch also questions Brody's use of intuitional judgment to determine what ought to be done after examination of various appeals and their significance because Brody's approach raises serious problems about how various appeals are counted. Veatch does affirm the rich assessment of medical ethical problems made possible by Brody's pluralistic approach but notes the difficulties it raises.
The invention of infertility in the classical Greek world: medicine, divinity, and gender.
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Flemming, Rebecca
2013-01-01
The article examines the understandings of, and responses to, reproductive failure in the classical Greek world. It discusses explanations and treatments for non-procreation in a range of ancient Greek medical texts, focusing on the writings of the Hippocratic Corpus, which devote considerable energy to matters of fertility and generation, and places them alongside the availability of a divine approach to dealing with reproductive disruption, the possibility of asking various deities, including the specialist healing god Asclepius, for assistance in having children. Though the relations between these options are complex, they combine to produce a rich remedial array for those struggling with childlessness, the possibility that any impediment to procreation can be removed. Classical Greece, rather than the nineteenth century, or even 1978, is thus the time when "infertility," understood as an essentially reversible somatic state, was invented.
Intensive care ethics in evolution.
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Hall, Katherine
1997-01-01
The ethics of treating the seriously and critically ill have not been static throughout the ages. Twentieth century medicine has inherited from the nineteenth century a science which places an inappropriate weight on diagnosis over prognosis and management, combined with a seventeenth century duty to prolong life. However other earlier ethical traditions, both Hippocratic and Christian, respected both the limitations of medicine and emphasised the importance of prognosis. This paper outlines some of the historical precedents for the treatment of the critically ill, and also how the current paradigm limits clinical practice and causes ethical tensions. An understanding that other paradigms have been ethically acceptable in the past allows wider consideration and acceptance of alternatives for the future. However future alternatives will also have to address the role of technology, given its importance in this area of medicine.
Všední a svátecní chvíle za socialismu
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Karel Cudlín
2017-10-01
Full Text Available The following annex presents a_selection of documentary photography by Karel Cudlín, born in Prague, quarter Žižkov, in 1960. He can also be considered as a_representative of Street Photography and a_photographer of Exotic East. Black and white pictures portray everyday and holiday moments in socialism, particularly in Prague of 1980s. They show for example workers in a_factory, Roma people of Žižkov, waiting for scarce goods, entertainment in Lucerna Palace, Communist celebrations, honour guard, the oath of enlistment into the basic military service. The selection from larger collection symbolically points at two perspectives on the fall of Communism (breaking events in Národní street and cutting through the barbed wires of Iron Curtain.
[Learning from errors: applying aviation safety concepts to medicine].
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Sommer, K-J
2012-11-01
Health care safety levels range below other complex industries. Civil aviation has throughout its history developed methods and concepts that have made the airplane into one of the safest means of mass transport. Key elements are accident investigations that focus on cause instead of blame, human-centered design of machinery and processes, continuous training of all personnel and a shared safety culture. These methods and concepts can basically be applied to medicine which has successfully been achieved in certain areas, however, a comprehensive implementation remains to be completed. This applies particularly to including the topic of safety into relevant curricula. Physicians are obliged by the oath"primum nil nocere" to act, but economic as well as political pressure will eventually confine professional freedom if initiative is not taken soon.

[AN ENTRY FOR A "DICTIONARY OF GENETICS" GENERATION AND ASPECTS OF HEREDITY FROM THE PRESOCRATICS TO GALEN: THE MAIN NOTIONS AND THE TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY].
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Giorgianni, Franco; Provenza, Antonietta
2015-01-01
This article aims at dealing with the historical development and the terminology of the notion of generation in ancient Greece, taking as well into consideration several aspects of the notion of heredity, for, at present, research in this field lacks a consistent encyclopedic entry on such subjects. The Presocratic - mainly Empedoclean - notions of 'mixing' and 'separation' lurk behind the Hippocratic treatise De genitura/De natura pueri, in which the process of generation is explained through the 'mixing' mechanism of a female semen and a male one. Semen comes from each part of both parents, so it is sound from the sound parts, and unhealthy from the unhealthy parts. It is considered as the "foam of blood" (Diogenes, A 24 DK), gathering itself into a web of blood vessels that bring it to the genital organs. The mixed semen keeps on fixing itself in the womb thanks to pneuma ('breath'), until the embryo takes human shape. Generation is influenced by both the environment (Airs, Waters, Places) and dietetics (On Regimen, I). Male and female are on different levels in CH, since the former is characterized as hot and strong, and the latter is considered as cold and weak; as a consequence of this, the articulation takes longer in the case of a female embryo. On the other hand, the pangenesis and the preformism theory claim for a strong mutual relationship. Sex determination depends from the 'prevalence' of the male or female semen. The generation of twins of different sex depends from such 'prevalence', as well as from the conformation of the womb and its places (right/male, left/female). Both nature (physis) and use (nomos) have a role in the mechanism of inheritance, as the case of the Macrocephalians in Airs Waters Places shows. On the other hand, Plato's Timaeus exemplifies the theory according to which semen derives from the spinal marrow. The structures of the body - bones, flesh, nerves - aim at protecting marrow itself for the sake of maintaining the continuity
Children's Physic: Medical Perceptions and Treatment of Sick Children in Early Modern England, c. 1580-1720.
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Newton, Hannah
2010-12-01
Historians of medicine, childhood and paediatrics have often assumed that early modern doctors neither treated children, nor adapted their medicines to suit the peculiar temperaments of the young. Through an examination of medical textbooks and doctors' casebooks, this article refutes these assumptions. It argues that medical authors and practising doctors regularly treated children, and were careful to tailor their remedies to complement the distinctive constitutions of children. Thus, this article proposes that a concept of 'children's physic' existed in early modern England. This term refers to the notion that children were physiologically distinct, requiring special medical care. Children's physic was rooted in the ancient traditions of Hippocratic and Galenic medicine: it was the child's humoral make-up that underpinned all medical ideas about children's bodies, minds, diseases and treatments. Children abounded in the humour blood, which made them humid and weak, and in need of medicines of a particularly gentle nature.
[Epilepsy in the Spanish Renaissance. The work of Pérez Cascales of Alcalá].
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García-Albea, E
During the Renaissance, the University of Alcalá de Henares represented the most best of Spanish medical humanism. A return to the classics after mediaeval religious obscurantism meant a 'modern' spirit of reconsideration of the major neurological disorders. In 1611 Francisco Pérez Cascales, trained at this university, wrote the first great Spanish treatise on paediatrics, Liber de affectionibus puerorum, which included a long chapter on epilepsy (alferecía). The author, considered to be a 'Hippocratic galenist' critically reviewed, with data from empirical observations, the Greek theory of humours. Following the Galenic tradition, he distinguished three types of epilepsy: primary or originating in the brain, and by 'consensus' (originating in another region but with secondary cerebral involvement) either of the stomach or other parts of the body. The work of Pérez Cascales is one of the most complete contributions to the under understanding of epilepsy at his time.
The historical origins of the vegetative state: Received wisdom and the utility of the text.
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Adams, Zoe M; Fins, Joseph J
2017-01-01
The persistent vegetative state (PVS) is one of the most iconic and misunderstood phrases in clinical neuroscience. Coined as a diagnostic category by Scottish neurosurgeon Bryan Jennett and American neurologist Fred Plum in 1972, the phrase "vegetative" first appeared in Aristotle's treatise On the Soul (circa mid-fourth century BCE). Aristotle influenced neuroscientists of the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, Xavier Bichat and Walter Timme, and informed their conceptions of the vegetative nervous system. Plum credits Bichat and Timme in his use of the phrase, thus putting the ancient and modern in dialogue. In addition to exploring Aristotle's definition of the "vegetative" in the original Greek, we put Aristotle in conversation with his contemporaries-Plato and the Hippocratics-to better apprehend theories of mind and consciousness in antiquity. Utilizing the discipline of reception studies in classics scholarship, we demonstrate the importance of etymology and historical origin when considering modern medical nosology.
The philosophical background: from principles to rules and analysis.
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Sommerville, Ann
2002-01-01
Encounters between doctors and patients are subtle but complex forms of social interaction. Attempts to regulate aspects of the doctor-patient relationship have a long history. Initially, the production of guidance on principles and conduct was the domain of practitioners. In the 21st century, modern medical ethics still reflects some of this traditional thinking even though the responsibility for formulating ethical guidance increasingly falls to policy-makers, lawyers and theoreticians rather than doctors. Ethical concepts are also increasingly interwoven with contemporaneous concepts of patient autonomy, human rights and law. In a brief and necessarily sketchy overview of some of the key influences on European ethical development, this article traces the development of medical ethics through three broad stages: from principles to rules to providing tools for detailed moral analysis. It also discusses whether the original Hippocratic principles still find echo with modern doctors. Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
Aspects of vulnerable patients and informed consent in clinical trials [Aspekte schutzbedürftiger Patienten sowie der Einwilligung nach Aufklärung in klinischen Prüfungen
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Hundt, Ferdinand
2013-01-01
Full Text Available [english] Scope: To discuss the rationale behind informed consent in clinical trials focusing on vulnerable patients from a European and German viewpoint. Methods: Scientific literature search via PubMed, Medline, Google.Results: Voluntary informed consent is the cornerstone of policies regulating clinical trials. To enroll a patient into a clinical trial without having obtained written and signed consent is to be considered as a serious issue in the conduct of a clinical trial. Development of ethical guidance for physicians started before Christ Era with the Hippocratic Oath. Main function of consent, as articulated in all guidelines developed for clinical research, is to facilitate an individual’s freedom of choice, respect autonomy, and thus to ensure welfare of the participants in clinical trials. Minors are unable to provide legally binding informed consent, this issue is addressed through a combination of parental permission and minor’s assent. Illiteracy is a critical problem that affects all corners of our earth; it has no boundaries and exists among every race and ethnicity, age group, and economic class. New strategies to improve communication with patients including the use of videotapes or animated cartoon illustrations could be taught. Finally the time with the potential participant seems to be the best way to improve understanding. Conclusion: Discovery of life saving and life enhancing new treatments requires partnership that is based on good communication and trust between patients and researchers, sponsors, ethics committees, authorities, lawyers and politicians so that vulnerable patients can benefit from the results of well controlled clinical trials. [german] Ziel: Diskussion der Aspekte der Einwilligung schutzbedürftiger Patienten nach Aufklärung zur Teilnahme an klinischen Prüfungen aus europäischem und deutschem Blick.Methoden: Wissenschaftliche Literaturrecherche via PubMed, Medline und Google. Ergebnis: Das
MEMBUKA TABIR SUMPAH DALAM AL-QUR’AN (Studi Analisis Penafsiran ‘A’isyah Bint Al-Syati’ Tentang Ayat-Ayat Sumpah
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Muhammad Hasdin Has
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Abstract This study discusses al-Aqsam fi al-Qur'an (Interpretation of 'A'isyah bint al-Shati 'in Kitab al-Tafsir al-Baya ni li al -Qur'a al-Karim. This research conducted library research by using the hermeneutics, philology, sociology, historical, and psychological approach. Results of this study conclude that curse in Tafsir al-Bayani is composed two aspects, the etymology and terminology. In terms of etymology, curse is true meaning and earnest pronounced by the reciter. As for the aspects of terminology, curse is a verse by way of sensory reasoning. It is diverting attention (la fitah of something that can be felt (Hissi to something abstract. The forms of curse are two, the oath with the letter wau al-qasam and vows with the letter la. The function of curse in al-Tafsir al-Bayani has shifted from its original function of which is to exalt or glorify oath object into a rhetorical aged in which aims to analogize between muqsam bih with Javab al-qasam. Keyword: curse, Bint Syati, interpretation. Abstrak Tulisan ini membahas topik al-Aqsam fi al-Qur’an (Studi Penafsiran ‘A’isyah bint al-Syati’ dalam Kitab al-Tafsir al-Bayani li al-Qur’an al-Karim tentang Ayat-ayat sumpah. Untuk menjawab permasalahan pokok di atas maka dilakukan penelitian kepustakaan (library research dengan menggunakan pendekatan ilmu tafsir, filologi, sosiologi, historis, dan psikologis. Hasil Penelitian ini menyimpulkan: 1 Hakikat qasam dalam al-Tafsir al-Bayani terdiri dari dua aspek, yaitu etimologi dan terminologi. Dari segi etimologi qasam bermakna sumpah yang benar berbeda dengan kata half yang mengandung arti kebohongan sumpah dan ketidaksungguhan si pengucapnya. Secara terminologi, qasam adalah gaya bahasa dalam al-Qur’an yang menjelaskan makna sebuah ayat dengan cara penalaran indrawi yaitu pengalihan perhatian (lafitah dari sesuatu yang dapat dirasakan (hissi kepada sesuatu yang abstrak. 2 Bentuknya ada dua, yaitu sumpah dengan huruf wau al-qasam dan
Tradition as the genealogy of truth Hippocrates and Boerhaave between assimilation, variation and deviation.
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Lo Presti, Roberto
2010-01-01
It is a matter of fact that rarely in the history of modern medicine has a physician gained such immediate and universal fame, and rarely has his contribution to medical knowledge and teaching been so promptly and almost unanimously recognized as a fundamental and, so to speak, a foundational one, as in the case of Boerhaave. In fact, the contribution he gave to provide medicine with a 'scientific' framework, and medical teaching with solid methodological bases, proved decisive. Otherwise, his appraisal of the Ancients (and especially of Hippocrates) and his will to refer to Hippocrates as a model for medical teaching were proverbial. Taking the corpus of his orations as a point of reference, I will thus try to elucidate 1) Boerhaave's main focus and theoretical goals; 2) the argumentative and methodological strategies he adopted in order to achieve them; 3) the position that the key-concept of 'tradition', the figure of Hippocrates, and the notion of 'Hippocratism' hold within these strategies.
Questioning the Patient, Questioning Hippocrates: Rufus of Ephesus and the Pursuit of Knowledge.
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Letts, Melinda
2016-01-01
Rufus of Ephesus' short treatise, Quaestiones Medicinales, the only ancient medical work that takes as its topic the dialogue between doctor and patient, has usually been seen as a procedural practical handbook serving an essentially operational purpose. In this paper I argue that the treatise, with its insistent message that doctors cannot properly understand and treat illnesses unless they supplement their own knowledge by questioning patients, and its remarkable appreciation of the singularity of each patient's experience, shows itself to be no mere handbook but a work addressing the place of questioning in the clinical encounter. I illustrate some of the differences between Rufus' conceptualisation of the relevance and use of questioning and that which can be seen in the theoretical and descriptive writings of Galen and in the Hippocratic corpus, and show how apparent resonances with some of the preoccupations of modern Western healthcare can be used judiciously to elucidate the significance of those differences.
Justice in health care: the contribution of Edmund Pellegrino.
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Veatch, R M
1990-06-01
Edmund Pellegrino has pioneered work in medical ethics calling for a reconstruction of Hippocratic ethics. In particular, he has spoken of incorporating principles that concern justice and the common good. This article traces his commitment to the common good, concern for the poor, opposition to libertarianism, acknowledgement of the necessity of rationing, and reluctance to give clinicians social allocational tasks. It asks how Pellegrino relates distributive justice to the common good. Drawing on his theory relating autonomy to patient-centered beneficence (in which autonomy is one element of the good rather than a side constraint on the good), the author argues that Pellegrino appears to make justice one element of the common good rather than a distributional moral constraint on promoting the good. He suggests that Pellegrino stands in three consequentialist or teleological moral traditions: professional physician ethics, Aristotelianism, and Catholic moral theology, but that there are the makings of a more independent, more egalitarian theory of justice in his writings.
Abandonment of terminally ill patients in the Byzantine era. An ancient tradition?
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Lascaratos, J; Poulakou-Rebelakou, E; Marketos, S
1999-06-01
Our research on the texts of the Byzantine historians and chroniclers revealed an apparently curious phenomenon, namely, the abandonment of terminally ill emperors by their physicians when the latter realised that they could not offer any further treatment. This attitude tallies with the mentality of the ancient Greek physicians, who even in Hippocratic times thought the treatment and care of the terminally ill to be a challenge to nature and hubris to the gods. Nevertheless, it is a very curious attitude in the light of the concepts of the Christian Byzantine physicians who, according to the doctrines of the Christian religion, should have been imbued with the spirit of philanthropy and love for their fellowmen. The meticulous analysis of three examples of abandonment of Byzantine emperors, and especially that of Alexius I Comnenus, by their physicians reveals that this custom, following ancient pagan ethics, in those times took on a ritualised form without any significant or real content.
Exploitation of the vulnerable in research: Responses to lessons learnt in history.
Science.gov (United States)
Dhai, Amaboo
2017-05-24
The Nuremberg Trials raised insightful issues on how and why doctors who were trained in the Hippocratic tradition were able to commit such egregious and heinous medical crimes. The vulnerable were considered to be subhuman, of decreased intelligence, of no moral status and lacking human dignity. The reputation of the medical profession had been undermined, professionalism questioned and the doctor-patient relationship damaged as a result of the Nazi medical experiments. The World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki has been hailed as one of the most successful efforts in rescuing medical research from the darkness of the scandals and tragedies in health research. The first Research Ethics Committee in South Africa was established in 1966 at the University of the Witwatersrand. From the mid-1970s other institutions followed suit. The promulgation of the National Health Act No. 61 of 2003, in 2004, resulted in strong protectionism for research participants in the country.
The efficacy of medicine during the campaigns of Alexander the Great.
Science.gov (United States)
Ruffin, J R
1992-09-01
This paper examines the various factors that may have determined the efficacy of physicians during the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Such general variables as the adequacy of preparation, the nature of the medical profession, and the extent of preventative measures are all discussed at the outset of the paper, followed by a more detailed examination of the specific wounds, illnesses, and treatments of Alexander as described in the accounts of the Alexander historians Plutarch, Curtius, and Arrian. Where no remedy is given by these writers (as is usually the case), this paper speculates on the efficacy of possible treatments as advocated in the contemporary Hippocratic corpus. Casualty statistics of the campaigns are compared to a similar review of Homer's Iliad. From these examinations, this paper concludes that wound treatment efficacy was significantly greater than that of illness treatment, and that Alexander lost many more men to disease than to the wounds of war.
Exploitation of the vulnerable in research: Responses to lessons learnt in history
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Amaboo Dhai
2017-06-01
Full Text Available The Nuremberg Trials raised insightful issues on how and why doctors who were trained in the Hippocratic tradition were able to commit such egregious and heinous medical crimes. The vulnerable were considered to be subhuman, of decreased intelligence, of no moral status and lacking human dignity. The reputation of the medical profession had been undermined, professionalism questioned and the doctor-patient relationship damaged as a result of the Nazi medical experiments. The World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki has been hailed as one of the most successful efforts in rescuing medical research from the darkness of the scandals and tragedies in health research. The first Research Ethics Committee in South Africa was established in 1966 at the University of the Witwatersrand. From the mid-1970s other institutions followed suit. The promulgation of the National Health Act No. 61 of 2003, in 2004, resulted in strong protectionism for research participants in the country.
Emotional Temperament in Food-Related Metaphors: A Cross-Cultural Account of the Conceptualizations of SADNESS
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Zahra Khajeh
2013-11-01
Full Text Available What people in a society and culture eat or the way they consume their food may become a source domain for emotional temperament and therefore an implication for portrayal of their specific cultural models. Adopting the basic assumptions of the Lakoffian School on ‘experiential realism’ and ‘universal embodiment’ this study is an attempt to delve into the conceptual system of Persian in order to explore its specific socio-cultural motivations for the construction and semantic changes in the use of metaphorical concepts of sadness. The metaphorical uses of food-related concepts in Persian manifest that, in spite of some correspondences to those in English, sadness metaphorical concepts are distinctive in Persian. The conceptual metaphor variations reveal many vestiges of Hippocratic notions of humoral doctrine and Avicennian Traditional Medicine, suggesting that the cultural models of humoralism and dietetics have left their traces deeply in the Persians’ belief systems. The effects, therefore, have been extended into Persian metaphoric language.
[Healthcare Provider Professional Secrecy: an Issue for Public Health Democracy somewhere between Immanence and Alienation.
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Pautier, Silvère
2017-09-01
For a long time considered as total and absolute, healthcare professional secrecy is today difficult to reconcile with care practices. Lots of paradoxes question its preservation in favour of general interest and public order against the protection of private interest within an individualistic normative society. Exploring this interrogation, the article's objective is to initiate an ethical discussion from a professional caregiver secrecy's historical and sociological evolution perspective. Thus, with the help of theoretical understandings, especially those by Michel Foucault, medical secrecy is considered a defense of rationality specific to populations' government. This conceptualization finds arguments through social collective norms attached to an alienating biopower at the expense of secrecy integrated as an individualistic and immanent social norm. However, beyond the well-known debate on the absolute necessity for change, evolution… the distance from the Socratic and Hippocratic principles engage people and society in real democratic decisions about Health. Also, health professionals, patients, usgers and society must consider the limits that would lead to medical confidentiality.
[Hippocrates, father of semiology and medical deontology].
Science.gov (United States)
Dupont, E
2005-01-01
Elaborated 24 centuries ago, Hippocrate's and his school's works are considerable. They concern all aspects of medicine, surgery and even obstetrics, tackled by three approaches: clinical observation by constitution for each patient of what can be considered as the ancestor of the current medical file and by use of clinical signs still in application in modern semeiology; the Oath, basis of benevolence ethic, still taken nowadays but in an actualized form by future medical doctors; humoral theory which proposes a physiopathological concept of diseases and deduces a therapeutical approach still in use until the end of 19th century, by lack of sufficient knowledge about organs function and origin of diseases. It consists in an amalgam of archaic concepts, elaborated by presocratic philosophers about matter's structure transposed to body fluids and presented in a pseudocoherent form. Current concepts of diseases, especially role of pathogens render it obsolete.
[Management of Personal Information in Clinical Laboratory Medicine:--Chairmen's Introductory Remarks].
Science.gov (United States)
Yoshida, Hiroshi; Shimetani, Naoto
2014-11-01
The Japanese Society of Laboratory Medicine has been running its own Medical Safety Committee, and holding a symposium on medical safety during the annual meeting. The medical world is filled with a considerable amount of personal information, including genetic information, the ultimate personal information. We, as medical staff, have to manage such personal information not only in times of peace but also during disasters or emergency situations. In Japan, the Act on the Protection of Personal Information is currently being implemented, but a number of problems remain. Human beings have entered the information technology era, including electrical medical record systems, which is useful for research and education besides medical practice. This is why personal information must be more effectively protected from leakage, misconception, and abuse. We should create a sound system to manage personal information, with the spirit of protecting patient information that originated from the Oath of Hippocrates.
From unpublished heritage of a famous linguist: an article of A. O. Biletsky "Σαστήρ - vox obscura"
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Gorbach T.
2014-01-01
Full Text Available The article introduces manuscript writings of A. Biletsky and T. Chernyshova into scientific circulation. These writings have been little known so far and are in particular the materials which show the intention of A. Biletsky to publish the collected book of his own articles on lexicography. Among these documents there is a preface to his collected book and its contents. The collected book has never been published, which proves the actuality of this publication. The article «Σαστήρ - vox obscura» is neither mentioned among the lists of A. Biletsky published writings. It is devoted to the problem of interpretation of the word "σαστήρ", which had been used in the text of ChersonesosTaurica citizens’ oath and remained an actual "vox obscura" - "an obscure word" - even despite the attempts to interpret it.
Tuberculosis in ancient times
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Louise Cilliers
2008-09-01
Full Text Available In spite of an array of effective antibiotics, tuberculosis is still very common in developing countries where overcrowding, malnutrition and poor hygienic conditions prevail. Over the past 30 years associated HIV infection has worsened the situation by increasing the infection rate and mortality of tuberculosis. Of those diseases caused by a single organism only HIV causes more deaths internationally than tuberculosis. The tubercle bacillus probably first infected man in Neolithic times, and then via infected cattle, but the causative Mycobacteriacea have been in existence for 300 million years. Droplet infection is the most common way of acquiring tuberculosis, although ingestion (e.g. of infected cows’ milk may occur. Tuberculosis probably originated in Africa. The earliest path gnomonic evidence of human tuberculosis in man was found in osteo-archaeological findings of bone tuberculosis (Pott’s disease of the spine in the skeleton of anEgyptian priest from the 21st Dynasty (approximately 1 000 BC. Suggestive but not conclusiveevidence of tuberculotic lesions had been found in even earlier skeletons from Egypt and Europe. Medical hieroglyphics from ancient Egypt are silent on the disease, which could be tuberculosis,as do early Indian and Chinese writings. The Old Testament refers to the disease schachapeth, translated as phthisis in the Greek Septuagint. Although the Bible is not specific about this condition, tuberculosis is still called schachapeth in modern Hebrew. In pre-Hippocratic Greece Homer did not mention phthisis, a word meaning non-specific wasting of the body. However. Alexander of Tralles (6th century BC seemed to narrow the concept down to a specific disease, and in the Hippocratic Corpus (5th-4th centuries BC phthisis can be recognised as tuberculosis. It was predominantly a respiratory disease commonly seen and considered to be caused by an imbalance of bodily humours. It was commonest in autumn, winter and spring

Statement to 54. regular session of IAEA General Conference 2010, 20 September 2010, Vienna, Austria
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Amano, Yukiya
2010-01-01
A year ago, I addressed the 53rd General Conference after taking my Oath of Office as Director General. I said that the Agency's contribution to addressing key global issues could be maximized only if it pursued its objectives in a balanced manner. A constant theme of my first ten months in office has been to pursue multiple objectives in regard to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and the promotion of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, including technical cooperation, in a balanced manner. I am trying to change the widespread perception of the Agency as simply the world's 'nuclear watchdog' because it does not do justice to our extensive activities in other areas, especially in nuclear energy, nuclear applications, and technical cooperation. This year, we are focusing on cancer, which is the subject of the Scientific Forum starting tomorrow. Today, I would like to look back on the past ten months and share some thoughts on our work in the near future
Professionalism: definition and qualities
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Raschke RA
2014-05-01
Full Text Available No abstract available. Article truncated at 150 words. Moses Maimonides (1135-1206 AD was a Jewish rabbi, philosopher and physician who studied and practiced in northern Africa. The Oath of Maimonides expresses his attitude towards our shared profession, that is still applicable to the bedside in a modern ICU: "The eternal providence has appointed me to watch over the life and health of Thy creatures.May the love for my art actuate me at all time; may neither avarice nor miserliness, nor thirst for glory or for a great reputation engage my mind; for the enemies of truth and philanthropy could easily deceive me and make me forgetful of my lofty aim of doing good to Thy children. May I never see in the patient anything but a fellow creature in pain. Grant me the strength, time and opportunity always to correct what I have acquired, always to extend its domain; for knowledge is immense and the spirit of ...
Philip Morris's website and television commercials use new language to mislead the public into believing it has changed its stance on smoking and disease.
Science.gov (United States)
Friedman, Lissy C
2007-12-01
This paper analyses Philip Morris's evolving website and the legal strategies employed in its creation and dissemination. Internal tobacco documents were searched and examined and their substance verified and triangulated using media accounts, legal and public health research papers, and visits to Philip Morris's website. Various drafts of website language, as well as informal discussion of the website's creation, were located in internal Philip Morris documents. I compared website statements pertaining to Philip Morris's stance on cigarette smoking and disease with statements made in tobacco trials. Philip Morris created and disseminated its website's message that it agreed that smoking causes disease and is addictive in an effort to sway public opinion, while maintaining in a litigation setting its former position that it cannot be proved that smoking causes disease or is addictive. Philip Morris has not changed its position on smoking and health or addiction in the one arena where it has the most to lose-in the courtroom, under oath.
The presentation of forensic psychiatric evidence in court.
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Gutheil, T G
2000-01-01
After defining the role of expert witness, the article reviews the basics of courtroom testimony under the rubrics of (a) truth (presenting under oath only that testimony that one can "swear to," to a reasonable degree of medical certainty); (b) testing (including both psychological testing and tests to assess admissibility standards); and (c) theater (including elements of drama, solemnity, and ritual as well as persuasiveness to the "audience"). Pathways to effectiveness are discussed, including use of visual materials, adjustment of language level for the jury's comprehension and attention to the narrative dimension of the case. Areas of excluded testimony are identified, such as the "ultimate issue" in the case, comments on credibility of other witnesses and comments on the legal process itself. Pitfalls that lie on the path to effectiveness are described, including narcissistic arrogance, anger, and using testimony in a personal crusade; means of avoiding these pitfalls are noted. The author concludes that effective courtroom testimony fulfills expert witness functions necessary to the legal system.
CONCEPT OF "GENERIC ORIGIN" AND CHRISTIAN VALUES AS THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVEL VASILYEV'S ARTISTIC SYSTEM
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Nina Viktorovna Popova
2014-11-01
Full Text Available This article contemplates the system of moral and aesthetic values which predetermined the main characteristics of Pavel Vasilyev’s artistic system, and traces the main stages of his creative biography. The main attention is paid to his key works – poems The Song about Death of Cossack Army, Salt Revolt, Khristolyubovskiye Printed Cottons, Summer, and August, as well as the poems written during the period of 1930–1937 (Farewell to Friends, Stonemason, Old Moscow, Serafi m Dagaev’s Town, Horse, Camel, Injured Song, Oath on Chalice. The article raises the question about the most important role of the concept of “generic origin”, Christian values and Christian symbolism in Vasilyev’s poetics and studies the problem of using various forms of verbal folk art in the art structure of his poems for the reflection of Russian orthodox traditions. The axiological approach and methods of historical typological and structural semiotic methods for studying art texts are used.
Somatic diseases in child survivors of the Holocaust with posttraumatic stress disorder: a comparative study.
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Sperling, Wolfgang; Kreil, Sebastian; Biermann, Teresa
2012-05-01
The incidence of mental and somatic sequelae has been shown to be very high in people who survived the Holocaust. In the current study, 80 Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder were examined based on evaluation of their complete record (medical reports, clinical history, medical statements, and handwritten declarations of patients under oath). These survivors were compared with subjects with posttraumatic stress disorder caused by traumata other than the Holocaust. The data were analyzed for the presence of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and orthopedic diseases that developed in the time between the earliest medical report (expert opinion) and the latest expert opinion. Analysis revealed an increase in myocardial infarction, chronic degenerative diseases, and cancerous changes in the second expert opinion. No differences between the groups were seen with regard to sex, age at traumatization, or age at examination. Several implications of the data are discussed, including the implication that the survivors examined in this study may comprise a highly resilient group, inasmuch as they had reached an advanced age.
Doctor-patient confidentiality - right and duty of a doctor in law regulations
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Janusz Jaroszyński
2018-03-01
Full Text Available Physician’s professional secrecy is one of the most important duties of a doctor and should be provided with confidentiality regarding his or her health. Generally speaking, there is no legal definition of "physician’s professional secrecy" in Poland, although this concept already appears in the oath of Hippocrates: ‘I will keep secret anything I see or hear professionally which ought not to be told’. The issue of medical confidentiality (physician’s professional secrecy has been regulated in several legal acts such as: The Patient Rights and Patients Ombudsman Act, The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, The Medical Profession Act, The Civil Code Act, The Criminal Code Act and Code of Medical Ethics which is not considered as a legal act. The patient has the right to require confidentiality of the information concerning him and the obligation to keep medical confidentiality will apply to every representative of the medical profession, who obtained certain information by various professional activities.
77 FR 48775 - Changes To Implement the Inventor's Oath or Declaration Provisions of the Leahy-Smith America...
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2012-08-14

... the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act; Final Rule #0;#0;Federal Register / Vol. 77 , No. 157 / Tuesday... States Patent and Trademark Office, Commerce. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The United States Patent and... assigned, or is under an obligation to assign, the invention, or who otherwise shows sufficient proprietary...
[An encounter between medicine and astronomy: migraine visions].
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Lardreau, Esther
2011-06-01
Until the second half of the eighteenth century, the very definition of migraine as hemicrania (pain felt in one side of the head) eclipsed symptoms that were then considered as "marginal", although tingling sensations, speech impairment and visual impairment had already been described by Piso and Wepfer. The possibility of a migraine without a headache nevertheless started to be envisaged, inviting one to re-evaluate the status of these phenomena. But, as paradoxical as it may seem, it is in the field of astronomy that some of these phenomena such as visual aberrations were analyzed systematically and acknowledged to be migrainous. Scintillating scotoma is no exception: it was indeed mentioned as early as in the Hippocratic corpus, but until the end of the nineteenth century it was addressed as a separate condition to migraine. We limit our study to the visual aura. Our purpose is to show that the ophthalmic symptoms affecting migraine sufferers were not, by themselves, a medical object--which somehow calls into question the very functioning of science.
The semiosis of the Anthropocene geological era. Reflections between geoethics and semiotics starting from Peirce's triangle
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De Pascale, Francesco; Dattilo, Valeria
2016-04-01
This paper presents the first formulation of a theoretical proposal which aims to reconcile, or better, to work together, two different approaches: geoethics and the semiotic tradition of Peirce, on the basis of some important affinities. We will refer to geoethics, discipline that deals with the ethical, social and cultural implications of geological and geographical practice, at the intersection of Geoscience, Geography, Philosophy, Sociology and Economy. The proposal of this work is to try to explain the new processes of the Anthropocene era through geoethics and semiotics, using as a "translator mechanism" one of the key notions of Peirce semiotics: the semiotic triangle. On the one hand, we employ the geoethical paradigm as a possible interpretative framework for such processes (in other words, we identify in the geoethical paradigm a significant exemplification of hippocratic type, according to some scientists); on the other hand, we use the triangle "geology / geography - planet illness - society", as a metaphor of the principles and the processes inherent Anthropocene era, able to return them in a particularly random way through the semiotic triangulation of Peirce.
[Does therapeutic privilege have a place in modern medicine?
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Salinas, Rodrigo R; Echeverría B, Carlos; Arriagada U, Anamaría; Goic G, Alejandro; Quintana V, Carlos; Rojas O, Alberto; Serani M, Alejandro; Taboada R, Paulina; Vacarezza Y, Ricardo
2017-09-01
During the last years, bioethical discussion has highlighted the role of the patients' autonomy, being informed consent its particular expression, about decisions that they should make about their own health. The Hippocratic tradition, the deontological positions of the Geneva Declaration of the World Medical Association and numerous codes of ethics in various countries, require that the physician, above all, should ensure patients' health. In this context the discussion on pros and cons for the so-called "therapeutic privilege" are discussed. The "therapeutic privilege" refers to the withholding of information by the clinician during the consent process in the belief that disclosure of this information would lead to harm or suffering of the patient. The circumstances and conditions in which this privilege can become valid are discussed. Special reference is made in order to respect multiculturalism and to the possibility of obtaining advice from health care ethics committees. The role of prudence in the doctor-patient relation must be highlighted. Disclosure of information should be subordinated and oriented to the integral well-being of the patient.
[The first deontology dissertation in Croatia (Desković, 1943)].
Science.gov (United States)
Segota, I
1995-01-01
The first Croatian deontological dissertation, and probably one of the oldest in Europe, was written in Vienna in 1843. It was also published there in German. Our medical historians discovered it 40 years ago. However, its contents have up to now been unknown to our scientific and broader community. The manuscript, titled "About Physician's Duties to the State and to his Fellow-Men" (in German original: Joseph Descovich, Ueber die Pflichten des Artzes, Gegen den Staat uind seine Mitmenschen), is the work of a Dalmatian physician from Omis, Dr. Josip Desković. Nowadays when medical ethics has evolved into an independent academic discipline, and is rapidly spreading on all continents, this dissertation indicates that historical roots of medical ethics in Croats are by more than 150 years older compared to some other European countries, e. g. Sweden. The author presents the content of the dissertation and analyses it from ethical and sociological viewpoints. He relates it to Hippocratic ethics as well as to contemporary medical ethics termed bioethics, which is steadily establishing itself in modern medicine.
From Hippocrates to Commodities: three models of NHS governance: NHS governance, regulation, Mid Staffordshire inquiry, health care as a commodity.
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Newdick, Christopher

2014-01-01
A series of inquiries and reports suggest considerable failings in the care provided to some patients in the NHS. Although the Bristol Inquiry report of 2001 led to the creation of many new regulatory bodies to supervise the NHS, they have never enjoyed consistent support from government and the Mid Staffordshire Inquiry in 2013 suggests they made little difference. Why do some parts of the NHS disregard patients' interests and how we should we respond to the challenge? The following discusses the evolution of approaches to NHS governance through the Hippocratic, Managerial and Commercial models, and assesses their risks and benefits. Apart from the ethical imperative, the need for effective governance is driven both by the growth in information available to the public and the resources wasted by ineffective systems of care. Appropriate solutions depend on an understanding of the perverse incentives inherent in each model and the need for greater sensitivity to the voices of patients and the public. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press; all rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals. .
[A review of the principle mythical gods in ancient greek medicine].
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Lips Castro, Walter; Urenda Arias, Catalina
2014-12-01
Like their prehistoric ancestors, the people of early civilizations lived related to the supernatural. Facing life-threatening situations, such as illness and death, people of ancient civilizations resorted to divination, prophecy, or the oracle. Regarding the curative activities of the ancient Greek civilization, there was a period in which these processes were exclusively linked to a supernatural perspective of the origin of disease. This stage of development of Greek healing practices corresponds to what might be called pre-Hippocratic Greek medicine. In ancient Greek civilization, myths exerted a strong influence on the concepts of disease and the healing processes. Although the first divine figure of Greek mythology related to medicine was Paeon, healing cults related to Apollo and Asclepius had a higher importance in tradition and Greek mythology. The Apollonian divine healing consisted in the ability to eliminate chaos and keep away evil, while in the Asclepian perspective, the role of healer was linked to specific procedures. Personal and medical skills allowed Asclepius to surpass his father and achieve his final consecration as a god of medicine.
A trifocal perspective on medicine as a moral enterprise: towards an authentic philosophy of medicine.
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Ssebunnya, Gerald M
2015-02-01
The fundamental claim that the practice of medicine is essentially a moral enterprise remains highly contentious, not least among the dominant traditional moral theories. The medical profession itself is today characterized by multicultural pluralism and moral relativism that have left the Hippocratic moral tradition largely in disarray. In this paper, I attempt to clarify the ambiguity about practicing medicine as a moral enterprise and echo Pellegrino's call for a phenomenologically and teleologically derived philosophy of medicine. I proffer a realistic trifocal matrix in which the virtuous moral agency and the teleologically derived moral imperative of the physician are comprehensively integrated with an action-guiding practical analytical framework for the resolution of ethical dilemmas in medicine. I argue that this trifocal perspective points us towards an authentic philosophy of medicine that is not only verifiable through Lonerganian self-appropriation, but also authentically objective through the possible moral self-transcendence of the good physician. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy Inc. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: .
Taklik Talak Perspektif Ulama Mazhab dan Pengaruhnya dalam Berumah Tangga
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Sofyan Yusuf
2017-12-01
Full Text Available Taklik talak controversy which contained in articles 45 and 46 in the compilation of Islamic law (KHI does not only occur among mazhab scholars, but also community. This is because of taklik talak influential in the household life. This study used a qualitative descriptive method. The data was collected through observation, interview, documentation and was analyzed qualitatively. The study finding as follow: First, the majority of Islamic Scholars assumed that the fall of divorce when a swear in. Second, Ibn Hazm and Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah argued that the taklik containing oath (qasam does not causing divorce. Third, an understanding of the related society, including divorce, taklik: 1 reading of sigat taklik is a form of guarantee of the husband; 2 contents of sighat taklik is the covenant of marriage between a husband and wife, and signed, not just spoken only; 3 agreement is not obligatory agreement taklik talak which should be held on any marriage, but once divorce already enforced by taklik, then it cannot be revoked.
Amistad, simposio y poesía lírica
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Silvia Porres Caballero
2010-01-01
Full Text Available Los poetas líricos componen obras para ser leídas en los banquetes. En ellas se recogen los efectos del vino y las actividades que de su ingesta se acompañan, tales como el juego del cótabo, el brindis o el paso de las copas de comensal en comensal. Sus poemas también nos hablan de la relación entre los hombres allí reunidos, su opinión acerca del juramento y la traición, su malestar ante un Estado que se hunde como un navío, y su unión frente al tirano.The lyric poets composed works to be read at the banquet. They reflect the effects of wine and the activities connected to drinking, like the game called kottabos. Their poems also talk about the relationship between the men gathered there, their opinion about oaths and their betrayal, their discomfort with a state that is sinking like a ship, and their union against the tyrant.
Are the Origins of Precision Medicine Found in the Corpus Hippocraticum?
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Konstantinidou, Meropi K; Karaglani, Makrina; Panagopoulou, Maria; Fiska, Aliki; Chatzaki, Ekaterini
2017-12-01
Precision medicine (PM) is currently placed at the center of global attention following decades of research towards the improvement of medical practice. The subject of this study was to examine whether this trend had emerged earlier, in fact if the fundamentals of PM can be traced back to the ancient Greek era. For this reason, we studied the collection of all the Hippocratic texts, called the Corpus Hippocraticum, using original translations, and attempted an interpretation of the ancient authors in the context of the modern concept of PM. The most important points located in the ancient passages were: (1) medicine in not 'absolute', thus its directions cannot be generalized to everybody, (2) each human body/organism is different and responds differently to therapy; therefore, the same treatment cannot be suitable for everybody and (3) the physician should choose the appropriate treatment, depending on the patients' individual characteristics, such as different health status and life style (activities, diet, etc.). Although the ancient 'precision medicine' is different from its modern description, the latter derived from well-established experimental conclusions, it becomes apparent that there is a common conception, aiming to achieve more effective healing by focusing on the individual.
Los sermones del obispo Potamio de Lisboa
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Juan Carlos Sánchez León
1998-01-01
Full Text Available Este trabajo analiza los sermones De Lázaro y De martyrio Esaiae prophetae de Potamio, obispo de Lisboa en el siglo IV d.C. Las descripciones «tenebrlstas» de los cuerpos de Lázaro e Isaías que aparecen en estas obras, una «anatomía alucinante» que habla a la vista, al oído y al olfato, son probablemente un ejemplo muy personal de la simbiosis entre la medicina pagana y la teología cristiana que se produjo en el encuentro entre Hipocratismo y Cistianismo durante el Imperio romano.This piece of work analyse De Lázaro and De martyrio Esaiae prophetae Potamius' homilies, who was bishop in Lisbon in the 4th century. The «tenebrist» descriptions of Lazarus and Esaias' bodies, that emerge as these works like a «dazzlin anatomy» that speaks to the sense of sight, to the hearin and to the smell, set probably a very subjective exemple of the symbiosis that came about the pagan medicine and the Christian theology in the meeting between the Hippocratism and the Christianity during the Román Empire.
The Evolution of Autonomy.
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Stammers, Trevor
2015-01-01
There can be little doubt, at least in the Western world, that autonomy is theruling principle in contemporary bioethics. In spite of its 'triumph' however,the dominance of the utilitarian concept of autonomy is being increasinglyquestioned. In this paper, I explore the nature of autonomy, how it came todisplace the Hippocratic tradition in medicine and how different conceptsof autonomy have evolved. I argue that the reduction of autonomy to'the exercise of personal choice' in medicine has led to a 'tyranny of autonomy' which can be inimical to ethical medical practice rather than conducive to it.I take the case of Kerrie Wooltorton as an illustration of how misplacedadherence to respect for patient autonomy can lead to tragic consequences.An analysis of autonomy based on the work of Rachel Haliburton isdescribed and applied to the role of autonomy in a recent bioethicaldebate--that arising from Savulescu's proposal that conscientious objection by health-care professionals should not be permitted in the NHS. Inconclusion, I suggest Kukla's concept of conscientious autonomy as onepromising pathway to circumvent both the limitations and adverse effectsof the dominance of current (mis)understandings of autonomy in biomedical ethics.

Ancient medical texts, modern reading problems
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Maria Carlota Rosa
2006-12-01
Full Text Available The word tradition has a very specific meaning in linguistics: the passing down of a text, which may have been completed or corrected by different copyists at different times, when the concept of authorship was not the same as it is today. When reading an ancient text the word tradition must be in the reader's mind. To discuss one of the problems an ancient text poses to its modern readers, this work deals with one of the first printed medical texts in Portuguese, the Regimento proueytoso contra ha pestenença, and draws a parallel between it and two related texts, A moche profitable treatise against the pestilence, and the Recopilaçam das cousas que conuem guardar se no modo de preseruar à Cidade de Lixboa E os sãos, & curar os que esteuerem enfermos de Peste. The problems which arise out of the textual structure of those books show how difficult is to establish a tradition of another type, the medical tradition. The linguistic study of the innumerable medieval plague treatises may throw light on the continuities and on the disruptions of the so-called hippocratic-galenical medical tradition.
The physician in the technological age.
Science.gov (United States)
Jaspers, K
1989-09-01
Translator's summary and notes: Karl Jaspers (1883-1969) argues that modern advances in the natural sciences and in technology have exerted transforming influence on the art of clinical medicine and on its ancient Hippocratic ideal, even though Plato's classical argument about slave physicians and free physicians retains essential relevance for the physician of today. Medicine should be rooted not only in science and technology, but in the humanity of the physician as well. Jaspers thus shows how, within the mind of every medical person, the researcher contests with the physician and the technician with the humanist. Jaspers therefore opposes all modern tendencies that regard men as abstractions. As a creative existentialist influenced by Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Husserl, he reasons that clinical medicine should always treat patients as irreducable individuals, and his thinking on psychotherapy argues for a realm of interiority, freedom, intelligibility, and existential communication that transcends the reach of the causal thinking of natural science. This essay, written in 1959, reflects Jaspers' lifelong preoccupation with the philosophical meaning of medicine (he received his MD degree in 1909) and the totality of the human person. It should significantly enhance our own comprehension of medical power, dangers, reasoning, and accomplishments.
Hippocrates as Galen's teacher.
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Jouanna, Jacques
2010-01-01
Starting from the frescoes of the cathedral of Anagni which present an obvious relationship between Hippocrates as Galen's teacher and the medieval image of man's place in the universe dominated by the number four, this paper returns to the origins of this quaternary theory in Hippocratic medicine with the four humors (Nature of Man), then follows its evolution in Galen and finally into late Greek and Byzantine medicine where the quaternary division will have an unprecedented extension, with the four temperaments. In particular, a new piece of evidence from this late period attributed to Hippocrates (the small treatise of Greek Medicine The Pulse and the Human Temperament) appears as the veritable source of the Latin Letter attributed to Vindicianus. Therefore, contrary to what was believed until now, the doctrine of the four temperaments was not elaborated first in a Latin form. Throughout its history, the quaternary theory will remain connected to Hippocrates, but the image and teaching of the Father of Medicine will change as the theory evolves. A second rediscovered treatise of the late period (The Formation of Man) starts with this phrase: 'Words of Hippocrates to Galen his own pupil'. This seems a felicitous commentary to the medical scene in the cathedral of Anagni.
Physicians for the prevention of nuclear war. A portrayal of the Nobel prize winner. Betrifft: Aerzte gegen den Atomkrieg. Ein Portraet des Friedensnobelpreistraegers
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jogschies, R.
1986-01-01
The publication abstracted reports on the history and aims of IPPNW (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War). In recognition of their continuous and consistent international campaign of enlightenment its 140,000 members were awarded the peace Nobel prize in 1985. Emphasis is placed on the achievements and work of the Western Germany section of ''Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War''. The portrait is the first of its kind to comprehensibly acquaint even non-experts with the background, history and difficulties of the medical resistance to the dangers of nuclear war. Neither stopping at national or at political borders the medical hippocratic mission of fighting against a nuclear holocaust has brought about and developed a professional disinterestedness which is not equalled by any other kind of social and moral devotion. The publication analyses the worldwide threatening situation, the forgotten lesson taught by the past and the chances of medical protest. The result pointed out expresses an optimistic view. Chances are good if IPPNW does not only supply us with facts but also sets an example of modern morality. Interesting rudimentary attempts of initation can already be observed with other professions, for example among journalists.
Chapter 44: history of neurology in Italy.
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Bentivoglio, Marina; Mazzarello, Paolo
2010-01-01
The chapter starts from the Renaissance (although the origins of Italian neurology can be traced back to the Middle Ages), when treatises of nervous system physiopathology still followed Hippocratic and Galenic "humoral" theories. In Italy, as elsewhere in Europe, the concepts of humoral pathology were abandoned in the 18th century, when neurology was influenced by novel trends. Neurology acquired the status of clinical discipline (as "clinic of mental diseases") after national reunification (declared in 1861 but completed much later). At the end of the 19th and first decades of the 20th century, eminent Italian "neuropsychiatrists" (including, among many others, Ugo Cerletti, who introduced electroconvulsive shock therapy in 1938) stimulated novel knowledge and approaches, "centers of excellence" flourished, and "Neurological Institutes" were founded. In the first half of the 20th century, the history of Italian neurology was dominated by World Wars I and II (which stimulated studies on the wounded) and the fascist regime in-between the Wars (when the flow of information was instead very limited). Italy became a republic in 1946, and modern neurology and its distinction from psychiatry were finally promoted. The chapter also provides detailed accounts of scientific societies and journals dedicated to the neurological sciences in Italy.
[The Galenic content of Isaac Beeckman's medical ideas (1617-1629)].
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Moreau, Elisabeth
2011-01-01
The Journal tenu par Isaac Beeckman de 1604 à 1634 has been studied in the history of the seventeenth-century scientific revolution following the theme of Isaac Beeckman's physical mathematical mechanistic view, his proto-molecular theory and his atomistic Lucretian influence. This article goes deeper into the medical ideas of the Journal: how Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637) settles the structure of living matter according to his intensive reading of Galen. It develops a different analysis from the traditionally triumphalist approach in the history of science, focused on the victory of Cartesian mechanism, particularly in the history of medicine taking up Galenism very briefly because of its obsolete physiology. The Galenic corpus inside Isaac Beeckman's Journal consists of the many commentaries of Galen which Beeckman has put down in writing since 1616 until 1627, after when the passages linked to Galen became fewer. Isaac Beeckman's study of Galenic medicine is analyzed according to three approaches: the teleological dimension of Galenism showing up the organic conception of human body corresponding to the divine Providence and consistent with Beeckman's Calvinist belief, the physiologic angle of Galenism, based on natural faculties, stressing the purely speculative aspect of Beeckman's commentaries, while the pathologic and therapeutic angle supports the Hippocratic humourism influence.
Evaluation of the antiulcerogenic and analgesic activities of Cordia verbenacea DC. (Boraginaceae).
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Roldão, Erika de Freitas; Witaicenis, Aline; Seito, Leonardo Noboru; Hiruma-Lima, Clélia Akiko; Di Stasi, Luiz Claudio
2008-09-02
Cordia verbenacea is a medicinal plant popularly used in Brazil as anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and anti-rheumatic agent without detailed pharmacological and toxicological studies. The study was aimed to investigate the effects of Cordia verbenacea in antiulcer, analgesic and antioxidant assays, as well as to evaluate its toxic effects and phytochemical profile. Antiulcer activity of plant extract was evaluated using ethanol/HCl, ethanol and piroxican-induced gastric lesions methods. The pH, volume and total acid of gastric juice were determined by pylorus-ligated assay. Analgesic activity was evaluated by writhing, tail-flick and hot-plate tests. Antioxidant activity was determined by in vitro lipoperoxidation assay. Acute toxicity and number of deaths were evaluated by Hippocratic screening. The ethanol leaf extract shows a potent antiulcer activity in the ethanol/HCl and absolute ethanol-induced gastric lesions. The IC(50) value of plant extract on the lipid peroxidation was 76.11mug/ml. Preliminary phytochemical tests were positive for flavonoids, steroids, saponins, fixed acids, alkaloids and phenols. In the analgesic models the extract did not present any activity. Cordial verbenaceae showed a potent antiulcer activity at the dose of 125mg/kg and this effect may be associated with an improvement in stomach antioxidant mechanisms.
[Red tape in psychiatry: on bureaucracy, bureaucratism, and our secret fondness for procedures].
Science.gov (United States)
Blom, J D; Smink, F R E; Kwidama, E V; Vladár Rivero, V M
2016-01-01
A frequent complaint in psychiatry is that the psychiatrist-patient relationship and the quality of care are hampered by bureaucratic processes. To provide an analysis of various types of bureaucracy in psychiatry that can serve as a starting-point for the improvement of care and the performance of qualitative studies. We conducted an exploratory study using PubMed, Google, and various Dutch medical journals. Contemporary psychiatry is characterised by a bureaucratic organization structure. Mental, somatic, and social problems are translated in a standardised manner into medical jargon which gives rise to a DSM diagnosis, a cost-price, and outcome measures. This medical-bureaucratic system has important virtues, provided it is applied efficiently and the patient-psychiatrist relationship remains intact. In the Netherlands, however, this balance has been disturbed. Future research can be facilitated if distinctions are made between various types of bureaucracy (referred to here as Hippocratic, Weberian, and Kafkaesque bureaucracy). In addition, we discuss various national initiatives which aim to counter bureaucracy, including initiatives of the Dutch government. If the patient-psychiatrist relationship is to regain its central role, bureaucracy needs to be countered constantly. The government can facilitate this process, but healthcare providers can also play a key role and meanwhile help to bring about a substantial reduction in the costs of care.
Codes of medical ethics: traditional foundations and contemporary practice.
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Sohl, P; Bassford, H A
1986-01-01
The Hippocratic Coprus recognized the interaction of 'business' and patient-health moral considerations, and urged that the former be subordinated to the latter. During the 1800s with the growth of complexity in both scientific knowledge and the organization of health services, the medical ethical codes addressed themselves to elaborate rules of conduct to be followed by the members of the newly emerging national medical associations. After World War II the World Medical Association was established as an international forum where national medical associations could debate the ethical problems presented by modern medicine. The International Code of Medical ethics and the Declaration of Geneva were written as 20th century restatements of the medical profession's commitment to the sovereignty of the patient-care norm. Many ethical statements have been issued by the World Medical Association in the past 35 years; they show the variety and difficulties of contemporary medical practice. The newest revisions were approved by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association in Venice, Italy October 1983. Their content is examined and concern is voiced about the danger of falling into cultural relativism when questions about the methods of financing medical services are the subject of an ethical declaration which is arrived at by consensus in the W.M.A.
A Escola Médica de Pádua: medicina e filosofia no período moderno The Paduan School of Medicine: medicine and philosophy in the modern era
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Regina Andrés Rebollo
2010-06-01
Full Text Available Trata-se de contribuição parcial ao entendimento da história da recepção e transmissão dos textos clássicos hipocráticos e galênicos na Itália do período moderno. Observando-se rotuli e puncti da Escola Médica da Universidade de Pádua, que registram as disciplinas e os conteúdos ministrados no período compreendido entre 1500 e 1600, pode-se conhecer o currículo oficial dessa famosa escola. A consulta a tais documentos mostra o compromisso da formação médica oficial com a tradição, em especial com Hipócrates, Galeno, Avicena e Aristóteles.This is a partial contribution to an understanding of the history of the reception and transmission of classical Hippocratic and Galenic texts in Italy's modern period. By examining rotuli and puncti of the School of Medicine of Padua University, which record the subjects and content taught in the period between 1500 and 1600, one can study the official curriculum of this famous school. Perusal of these documents shows the commitment of official medical training to tradition, especially with respect to Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna and Aristotle
The power of semen: Aristotle and some Galen’s fallacies
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Andrey Darovskikh
2017-01-01
Full Text Available In this paper, I try to demonstrate how critical empiricism and philosophical reasoning intertwine with each other and affected the development of medicine. It is a case study considering the problems of generation and semen in the writings of Aristotle and Galen via relationship between such concepts as matter, form, movement, change, causes and some others. The main question addressed in the paper is the reason of Galen’s return to Hippocratic paradigm of two-semina (male and female. I argue that the reason is two-fold: 1 Different philosophical reasoning and erroneous understanding of some aspects of Aristotle’s embryological model by Galen. 2 Empirical discoveries, which proved to be wrong. I demonstrate that Galen’s understanding of form/matter relationship, and his view on matter as an underling principle conditioned his understanding of the notion of physical change, that allowed him to speak about conception only as quantitative mixture between equal substrata. Finally, I show that Galen’s view on teleology and his limited understanding of formal/final vs efficient causes and their relationship forced him to claim the inadequacy of Aristotle’s biology and necessitated Galen to introduce emendations in definitions of seminal faculties of genders and reproductive fluids.
Tarihsel Perspektif Işığında Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Rusya Federasyonu Arasındaki İlişkiler (Relations Between Republic of Turkey and Russian Federation In Consideration of Historical Perspective
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İsmail DEMİR
2014-12-01
Full Text Available In relations and state policies between Republic of Turkey and Russian Federation at present, we can see the traces of empires which were existent centuries before. Big wars occured between these empires, interests of these two empires conflicted with each other but both of them disappeared with the effect of nationalism movements, yet two new nation-states emerged from the ashes of these two empires: Republic of Turkey and Russian Federation. Long-term governments of Putin and Erdogan in Turkey and Russia provided these two states to make cooperation in the fields of politics, trade and energy, “win-win” strategy was followed but these two states had different policies in the areas of Cyprus, Chechnya, and Syrian Civil War. Especially the different oaths followed by two states in Syrian Civil War seems to be an important problem that can interrupt the good relations of these two countries. This study, while examining Russia and Turkey’s predecessors’ historical relations, at the same time reveals modern Russia and Turkey’s cooperation areas and foreign policy differences. In the light of these knowledges, predictions about relations between Turkey and Russia in the near future is left to readers’ discretion.
[Teletransmission, health care and deontology].
Science.gov (United States)
Lousson, J P
1995-01-01
EDI is the technique the most frequently used by Chemists to relay their daily orders to their suppliers. Three out of four Chemists in France are computerised using various forms of computer hardware and software. The Health Care organisations propose that Chemists use the EDI to relay to the CETELIC all the items of information concerning their invoicing. This means handing over administrative information identifying the patient, the doctor ... as well as financial and confidential data such as the CIP code of the prescribed and delivered medicine. The law of the 4th January 1993 was instigated to control the rising expenses of the Health Care organisations and it mandates the Caisse Primaire d'Assurance Maladie (the French social security organisations) to retrieve and analyse the information thus gathered from all of the medical professionals involved. However, the accumulation of all these items of computerised information constitutes in effect a confidential medical file on each patient. This raises the following issues: Who does this confidential data belong to? Who should the Chemists give it to? What is to be done with it? Who will be responsible for its analysis in respect of the confidentiality problem? (Another medical professional bound by oath?) And how can we insure against subsequent abuse of this material?
PENERAPAN HUKUM DALAM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK DI PERADILAN UMUM
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Rahadi Wasi Bintoro
2011-05-01
Full Text Available This research is study about law construction of forming electronic contract in transaction that exploiting information technology and law of evidence that applying for electronic document. and to explaing its, researcher use statue approach, conceptual approach and case approach, that is included in the approach method in legal research. Pursuant to research which have been done, agreement in e-commerce is form when there is an acceptance from buyer by electrically or when the buyer signing a digital signature. Evidence law of electronic document that form in e-commerce and e-banking have strength of perfect verification as pukka act, as long as it is using security system which is difficult technically to be able to infiltrate or leaked by other party, while electronic document from transfer of company document to electronic media have strength of perfect verification. In the case of dispute in e-commerce, e-banking dispute and dispute of company document which have been transferred in the form of electronic media, hence can be raised by evidence appliance in the form of written evidence appliance, eyewitness, presupposition, confession, oath, and expert eyewitness to strengthen electronic document. But that way, rule of law not yet been given by comprehensively.
[The health and welfare of migrant workers as a factor in business competitiveness].
Science.gov (United States)
Moltrasio, A
2011-01-01
The role of the enterprises in tackling the immigration theme was significant in the last few years, though within a context of tensions, necessity of flexible approaches, and swaying feelings. However, the world of the entrepreneurs has certainly contributed to the promotion of quality of life and to the process of integration, through a few actions, such as education, the use of mediators for culture, cooperation with projects aimed at family conjunctions, regularizations, code of ethics. The acknowledgement that the immigrant workers is more prone to acquire health and safety culture is a step forward, as well as the co-existence of cultures is per se a positive factor toward behavioral changes. An industrial policy favoring work for itself, equity and merit, while creating moments of encounter, certainly facilitates good organization and integration, and delineates pathways for responsibility for immigrant workers as well. The occupational plant physician can proactively play a fundamental role for safety and health promotion for immigrant workers, considering the special relationship based on trust and the moments of encounter within the workplace, clear occasion "to treat every patient with the same care and diligence, regardless of ethnicity, religion, nationality, social condition", as the Hyppocrates oath states.
Antroponimia femminile nella Scozia del XIII secolo: la testimonianza del Ragman Roll (1296 Feminine anthroponyms in 13th-century Scotland: the Ragman Roll (1296
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Valeria Di Clemente
2012-10-01
Full Text Available La serie di documenti nota come Ragman Roll raccoglie i giuramenti di fedeltà e l’omaggio feudale resi da aristocratici, ecclesiastici, proprietari terrieri e borghesi di Scozia a Edoardo I Plantageneto dopo la campagna di occupazione inglese della primavera-estate 1296. In questa veste, essa riporta nomi e cognomi di circa 1800 persone, rappresentando una fonte preziosa per lo studio dell’antroponimia in uso in Scozia nella seconda metà del XIII secolo. Il presente saggio esamina gli antroponimi femminili nelle forme ricorrenti nel documento, ricostruendone la vicenda storico-etimologica e culturale.
The documents known as Ragman Roll collect the fealty oaths sworn and the homages rendered by Scottish nobility, clergy, landowners and burgesses to Edward I Plantagenet after the English invasion of Scotland in the spring and summer of 1296. These documents record personal names and surnames of ca. 1800 people, being a precious source for the study of Scottish anthroponymy in the second half of the 13th century. This paper focuses on the feminine anthroponyms occurring in the Ragman Roll, on their form and on their historical-etymological and cultural background.
Development of professional expertise in optometry.
Science.gov (United States)
Faucher, Caroline
2011-04-01
Development of professional expertise is the gradual transition from novice to expert within a profession. Studies on expertise in the profession of optometry have never been published. However, many studies have been performed in other health professions (e.g., nursing, medicine, physical therapy, occupational therapy). This report is an overview of the development of professional expertise that will highlight some applications for optometry. A 5-level scale of professional expertise development, divided into 2 parts, is described. The first part is the progression of students during their professional studies (novice, intermediate, competent). The second part is the professional development occurring during the practice years (advanced, expert). Personal and collective efforts are required to foster the progression toward expertise. Great interest for the profession, motivation, and deliberate practice are individual attitudes that help this progression. The "optometric community of practice," by means of university (professional) training, continuing education, and collaboration between colleagues, also contributes to this process. Professional development is an integral part of the Optometric Oath. Each clinical case is a potential learning experience contributing to one's professional development. Optometrists' attitudes are predominant factors in the progression from one level to another. Copyright © 2011 American Optometric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Two medieval doctors: Gilbertus Anglicus (c1180-c1250) and John of Gaddesden (1280-1361).
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Pearn, John
2013-02-01
Biographies of medieval English doctors are uncommon and fragmentary. The two best-known English medieval physicians were Gilbertus Anglicus and John of Gaddesden. This paper brings together the known details of their lives, compiled from extant biographies and from internal references in their texts. The primary records of their writings exist in handwritten texts and thereafter in incunabula from the time of the invention of printing in 1476. The record of the lives of these two medieval physicians can be expanded, as here, by the general perspective of the life and times in which they lived. Gilbertus Anglicus, an often-quoted physician-teacher at Montpellier, wrote a seven-folio Compendium medicinae in 1271. He described pioneering procedures used later in the emergent disciplines of anaesthetics, cosmetic medicine and travel medicine. Gilbertus' texts, used extensively in European medical schools, passed in handwritten copies from student to student and eventually were printed in 1510. John of Gaddesden, an Oxford graduate in Arts, Medicine and Theology, wrote Rosa Anglica, published circa 1314. Its detailed text is an exemplar of the mixture of received Hippocratic and Galenic lore compounded by medieval astronomy and religious injunction, which mixture was the essence of medieval medicine. The writings of both these medieval English physicians formed part of the core curriculum that underpinned the practice of medicine for the next 400 years.
Pre-Modern Bosom Serpents and Hippocrates' Epidemiae 5: 86: A Comparative and Contextual Folklore Approach
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Davide Ermacora
2016-03-01
Full Text Available A short Hippocratic passage (Epidemiae 5: 86 might constitute the earliest Western surviving variant of the well-known narrative and experiential theme of snakes or other animals getting into the human body (motif B784, tale-type ATU 285B*. This paper aims: 1 to throw light on this ancient passage through a comparative folkloric analysis and through a philological-contextual study, with reference to modern and contemporary interpretations; and 2 to offer an examination of previous scholarly enquiries on the fantastic intrusion of animals into the human body. In medieval and post-medieval folklore and medicine, sleeping out in the field was dangerous: snakes and similar animals could, it was believed, crawl into the sleeper’s body through the ears, eyes, mouth, nostrils, anus and vagina. Comparative material demonstrates, meanwhile, that the thirsty snake often entered the sleeper’s mouth because of its love of milk and wine. I will argue that while Epidemiae 5: 86 is modelled on this long-standing legendary pattern, for which many interesting literary pre-modern (and modern parallels exist, its relatively precise historical and cultural framework can be efficiently analysed. The story is embedded in a broad set of Graeco-Roman ideas and practices surrounding ancient beliefs about snakes and attitudes to the drinking of unmixed wine.
Utility of Hippocrates' prognostic aphorism to predict death in the modern era: prospective cohort study.
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St John, Philip D; Montgomery, Patrick R
2014-12-15
To determine if one of Hippocrates' aphorisms, identifying good cognition and good appetite as two prognostic factors, predicts death in community living older adults in the modern era. Secondary analysis of an existing population based cohort study. Manitoba Study of Health and Aging. 1751 community living adults aged more than 65 enrolled in the Manitoba Study of Health and Aging in 1991 and followed over five years. Time to death. We recreated the hippocratic prognosticator using an item that measures appetite drawn from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-depression subscale, and the mini-mental state examination, with a score of >25 being considered as normal. People with normal cognition and appetite were compared with those with either poor cognition or poor appetite. We constructed Cox regression models, adjusted for age, sex, education, and functional status. The prognostic aphorism predicted death, with an unadjusted hazard ratio of 2.37 (95% confidence interval 1.93 to 2.88) and a hazard ratio of 1.71 (1.37 to 2.12) adjusted for age, sex, and education. Both poor appetite and poor cognition predicted death. The sensitivity and specificity were not, however, sufficient for the measure to be used alone. An aphorism devised by Hippocrates millennia ago can predict death in the modern era. © St John et al 2014.

Utility of Hippocrates’ prognostic aphorism to predict death in the modern era: prospective cohort study
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Montgomery, Patrick R
2014-01-01
Objective To determine if one of Hippocrates’ aphorisms, identifying good cognition and good appetite as two prognostic factors, predicts death in community living older adults in the modern era. Design Secondary analysis of an existing population based cohort study. Setting Manitoba Study of Health and Aging. Participants 1751 community living adults aged more than 65 enrolled in the Manitoba Study of Health and Aging in 1991 and followed over five years. Main outcome measure Time to death. Methods We recreated the hippocratic prognosticator using an item that measures appetite drawn from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-depression subscale, and the mini-mental state examination, with a score of >25 being considered as normal. People with normal cognition and appetite were compared with those with either poor cognition or poor appetite. We constructed Cox regression models, adjusted for age, sex, education, and functional status. Results The prognostic aphorism predicted death, with an unadjusted hazard ratio of 2.37 (95% confidence interval 1.93 to 2.88) and a hazard ratio of 1.71 (1.37 to 2.12) adjusted for age, sex, and education. Both poor appetite and poor cognition predicted death. The sensitivity and specificity were not, however, sufficient for the measure to be used alone. Conclusion An aphorism devised by Hippocrates millennia ago can predict death in the modern era. PMID:25512328
Polar bears: the fate of an icon.
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Fitzgerald, Kevin T
2013-11-01
the bears are so vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Polar bears have few alternatives if their habitat (the sea ice) and their access to their ringed seal prey rapidly disappear. Predictions that polar bears may be able to adjust and sustain themselves on alternative food sources are not based on reality. Spring breakup of the sea ice is happening much earlier as well as fall freezeup is getting later, thereby prolonging the open water period that the bears are shore bound. If trends continue and the ice continues to disappear, the effect on polar bears would be devastating. Veterinarians must stay involved in polar bear studies and in multidisciplinary conservation studies dealing with threatened and endangered species worldwide. On account of their training, veterinarians can offer a unique skill set that can provide access to a number of technologies critical to conservation efforts. The oath veterinarians take on graduation from veterinary school charges them to be sworn to the "conservation of animal resources" and in the education of the public. We are only as good as the oaths we keep. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.
La cuestión de los ritos chinos y malabares: desobediencia e idolatría en la compañía de Jesús
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ST. Clair Segurado, Eva María
2002-06-01
Full Text Available Among the different accusations made against the Jesuits relating to their missionary work in the Far East, the discobedience of the pontifical decrees that condemmed the chinese and malabar rites was the most important. The Company's enemies insisted specially on this charge, because it represented a ruptured of their oath of absolute submision to the papal dispositions, specifically the fourth vow. The Jesuits defended theirselves from this accusations vehemently, presenting arguments of the considerable credibility though the were unable to deny their evident rebelliousness. The matter was reduced to the fact that both parties upheld anthropological opposing concepts.
De entre las diversas acusaciones formuladas contra los jesuitas acerca de su labor misional en Extremo Oriente, la de desobedecer los decretos pontificios que prohibían los ritos chinos y malabares fue la más importante. Los detractores de la Compañía insistieron especialmente en este cargo, pues constituía un quebramiento de su juramento de someterse totalmente a las disposiciones del pontífice, es decir, el cuarto voto. Los jesuitas se defendieron con energía de estas acusaciones, recurriendo a argumentos de considerable verosimilitud, pero sin poder eludir la evidencia de su rebeldía. La cuestión se reducía a que ambas partes sostenían concepciones antropológicas enfrentadas.
LINGUA-SEMIOTICS OF POWER RITUAL
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Astafurova Tatyana Nikolaevna
2015-06-01
Full Text Available The article deals with lingua-semiotic representation of the power ritual as one of the symbolic forms of behavior that over time ceases to be spontaneous and becomes regular and repeated. Under discussion is the rite of coronation, which was becoming more complicated and acquired a final form throughout the history of Anglo-Saxon statehood. The process of defining parameters and characteristics of the power ritual is performed by chrono-, topo-, sound and language components of the ritual; it is established that in ritual communication the verbalization of the event is gradually becoming more complicated, clarifying its linguistic component, which largely ensures the success of the ritual; the non-verbal signs acquire additional meaning becoming dominant over simplified verbal signs. It is proved that within the ritual space of the Anglo-Saxon statehood an extensive and rigidly fixed system of signs and symbols has been formed, nominating the process of interaction between the sovereign and his subjects – three groups of signs characterizing the Anglo-Saxon power ritual communication: regulating, processing and classifying signs. Their content distinction is analyzed. Authority widely applies these signs as tools to influence the society through social stereotypes and ethnic psychological associations. Artifacts, as symbols of state power, and oaths, as discursive element of the coronation, are stated as the central elements of the ritual.
Alfonso el Regenerador. Performing Monarchy and Spanish Nationalist Imaginary, from a comparative perspective (1902-1913
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Javier Moreno Luzón
2013-08-01
Full Text Available This article studies the links between monarchy and Spanish nationalism in the first decade of Alfonso XIII’s reign. It uses a comparative perspective to analyse the Spanish case in the context of the performing monarchies than emerged in Europe in the period 1870-1914. It focuses on three different aspects: the great monarchical ceremonies, specially the royal oath to the Constitution —or coronation—; the royal trips, extraordinarily developed; and the military ceremonies containing a strong nationalist meaning as the annual swearing of loyalty to the national flag by new soldiers. Through those performances, the crown was integrated in a national imaginary dominated by discourses and practices of regeneration of the fatherland in the aftermath of the colonial disaster of 1898: in such a regeneration, the king was thought as a necessary force. In fact, Alfonso was known as el Regenerador (the regenerator. At a lower level of pomp and splendor than other european monarchies, the Spanish king was perceived as a national symbol by different groups. Among them, local elites, various associations and the heterogeneus public of the royal spectacles, shown by the mass media. Those performances reinforced the political role of a king that enjoyed constitutional executive powers, like most of the European monarchs, and whose decisions were highly controversial.
PENERAPAN HUKUM DALAM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK DI PERADILAN UMUM
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Rahadi Wasi Bintoro
2011-05-01
Full Text Available This research is study about law construction of forming electronic contract in transaction that exploiting information technology and law of evidence that applying for electronic document. and to explaing its, researcher use statue approach, conceptual approach and case approach, that is included in the approach method in legal research. Pursuant to research which have been done, agreement in e-commerce is form when there is an acceptance from buyer by electrically or when the buyer signing a digital signature. Evidence law of electronic document that form in e-commerce and e-banking have strength of perfect verification as pukka act, as long as it is using security system which is difficult technically to be able to infiltrate or leaked by other party, while electronic document from transfer of company document to electronic media have strength of perfect verification. In the case of dispute in e-commerce, e-banking dispute and dispute of company document which have been transferred in the form of electronic media, hence can be raised by evidence appliance in the form of written evidence appliance, eyewitness, presupposition, confession, oath, and expert eyewitness to strengthen electronic document. But that way, rule of law not yet been given by comprehensively. Keywords : internet, e-commerce, e-banking, company documen, evidence law
A Genetic Approach to the Development of New Therapeutic Phages to Fight Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Wound Infections
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Elena Pleteneva
2012-12-01
Full Text Available Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent participant in wound infections. Emergence of multiple antibiotic resistant strains has created significant problems in the treatment of infected wounds. Phage therapy (PT has been proposed as a possible alternative approach. Infected wounds are the perfect place for PT applications, since the basic condition for PT is ensured; namely, the direct contact of bacteria and their viruses. Plenty of virulent (“lytic” and temperate (“lysogenic” bacteriophages are known in P. aeruginosa. However, the number of virulent phage species acceptable for PT and their mutability are limited. Besides, there are different deviations in the behavior of virulent (and temperate phages from their expected canonical models of development. We consider some examples of non-canonical phage-bacterium interactions and the possibility of their use in PT. In addition, some optimal approaches to the development of phage therapy will be discussed from the point of view of a biologist, considering the danger of phage-assisted horizontal gene transfer (HGT, and from the point of view of a surgeon who has accepted the Hippocrates Oath to cure patients by all possible means. It is also time now to discuss the possible approaches in international cooperation for the development of PT. We think it would be advantageous to make phage therapy a kind of personalized medicine.
Differential genetic regulation of canine hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis.
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Zhengkui Zhou
2010-10-01
Full Text Available Canine hip dysplasia (HD is a common polygenic trait characterized by hip malformation that results in osteoarthritis (OA. The condition in dogs is very similar to developmental dysplasia of the human hip which also leads to OA.A total of 721 dogs, including both an association and linkage population, were genotyped. The association population included 8 pure breeds (Labrador retriever, Greyhounds, German Shepherd, Newfoundland, Golden retriever, Rottweiler, Border Collie and Bernese Mountain Dog. The linkage population included Labrador retrievers, Greyhounds, and their crosses. Of these, 366 dogs were genotyped at ∼22,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP loci and a targeted screen across 8 chromosomes with ∼3,300 SNPs was performed on 551 dogs (196 dogs were common to both sets. A mixed linear model approach was used to perform an association study on this combined association and linkage population. The study identified 4 susceptibility SNPs associated with HD and 2 SNPs associated with hip OA.The identified SNPs included those near known genes (PTPRD, PARD3B, and COL15A1 reported to be associated with, or expressed in, OA in humans. This suggested that the canine model could provide a unique opportunity to identify genes underlying natural HD and hip OA, which are common and debilitating conditions in both dogs and humans.
Dimensi Spiritual dalam Kepemimpinan
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Arcadius Benawa
2014-10-01
Full Text Available This article aims to show that the spiritual aspect must be noted in the leadership because every leader is always marked with oath of office in carrying out her/his position. So, how leaders are accountable, it is not only on the horizontal level but also at the vertical level. Research was done with phenomenological and literature studies about the practice of leadership faced with a number of theories about leadership and then to be synthesized the more authentic leadership than just imaging or false branding leadership. This article was based on the assumption that leadership (including in the political sphere was merely a sociological problem that kicked out spiritual aspects, while in the historical development of leadership, it had never been excluded from the spiritual dimension, whether in the form of manipulative (just because fed people understand that leadership came from the “sky”/gods. So then, a king acted tyrannical and led to the birth of authentic leadership as popularized as servant leadership. This article concluded that authentic leadership will give more benefit to develop the life system as well as the purpose of leadership itself rather than a merely apparent leadership which actually hurts the members (people because of the failure to meet the expectations of the members (people.
Biomedicine or Holistic Medicine for Treating Mentally Ill Patients? A Philosophical and Economical Analysis
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Søren Ventegodt
2007-01-01
Full Text Available Today we have two scientific medical traditions, two schools or treatment systems: holistic medicine and biomedicine. The two traditions are based on two very different philosophical positions: subjectivistic and objectivistic. The philosopher Buber taught us that you can say I-Thou or I-It, holding the other person as a subject or an object. These two fundamentally different attitudes seem to characterize the difference in world view and patient approach in the two schools, one coming from psychoanalysis and the old, holistic tradition of Hippocratic medicine. Holistic medicine during the last decade has developed its philosophical positions and is today an independent, medical system seemingly capable of curing mentally ill patients at the cost of a few thousand Euros with no side effects and with lasting value for the patient. The problem is that very few studies have tested the effect of holistic medicine on mentally ill patients. Another problem is that the effect of holistic medicine must be documented in a way that respects this school's philosophical integrity, allowing for subjective assessment of patient benefit and using the patient as his/her own control, as placebo control cannot be used in placebo-only treatment. As the existing data are strongly in favor of using holistic medicine, which seems to be safer, more efficient, and cheaper, it is recommended that clinical holistic medicine also be used as treatment for mental illness. More research and funding is needed to develop scientific holistic medicine.
Environment and Health: Not Only Cancer.
Science.gov (United States)
Colao, Annamaria; Muscogiuri, Giovanna; Piscitelli, Prisco
2016-07-19
The Hippocratic tradition emphasized environmental causes of diseases and the need for harmony between the individual and the natural environment as the right philosophy to maintain a good health status. Public awareness and scientific attention concerning environmental pollution is usually focused on the consequent increased risk of developing cancer. Air pollution has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) to cause cardiovascular and respiratroy diseases, as well as lung cancer, after acute/chronic exposure to fine particulates (PM2.5 and PM10) even at concentrations which are 50% lower than those accepted as legal limits in many developed countries. An increase of 10 µg/m³ of PM2.5 produces a +4%-6% of overall mortality, a +10% of cardiovascular disease prevalence (arithmyas, acute myocardial infarctions, and heart failure) and a +22% of lung cancer prevalence. In addition to these chronic effects, acute hospitalizations are also affected, especially among susceptible populations such as children and diabetic patients. Water and soil contamination also have an additional detrimental effect on people's health. Other issues concerning environment contamination and human health include male/female fertility, metabolic and thyroid conditions, but also professional exposures resulting in occupational diseases. Moreover, in the perspective of "gender medicine", different acute or chronic effects of environmental pollution should be specifically assessed both in men and in women. This special issue on "Environmental Diseases" is aimed at providing a global overview about different threats to human health possibily originating from environmental contamination.
Development of Anatomophysiologic Knowledge Regarding the Cardiovascular System: From Egyptians to Harvey
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bestetti, Reinaldo Bulgarelli; Restini, Carolina Baraldi A.; Couto, Lucélio B.
2014-01-01
Our knowledge regarding the anatomophysiology of the cardiovascular system (CVS) has progressed since the fourth millennium BC. In Egypt (3500 BC), it was believed that a set of channels are interconnected to the heart, transporting air, urine, air, blood, and the soul. One thousand years later, the heart was established as the center of the CVS by the Hippocratic Corpus in the medical school of Kos, and some of the CVS anatomical characteristics were defined. The CVS was known to transport blood via the right ventricle through veins and the pneuma via the left ventricle through arteries. Two hundred years later, in Alexandria, following the development of human anatomical dissection, Herophilus discovered that arteries were 6 times thicker than veins, and Erasistratus described the semilunar valves, emphasizing that arteries were filled with blood when ventricles were empty. Further, 200 years later, Galen demonstrated that arteries contained blood and not air. With the decline of the Roman Empire, Greco-Roman medical knowledge about the CVS was preserved in Persia, and later in Islam where, Ibn Nafis inaccurately described pulmonary circulation. The resurgence of dissection of the human body in Europe in the 14th century was associated with the revival of the knowledge pertaining to the CVS. The main findings were the description of pulmonary circulation by Servetus, the anatomical discoveries of Vesalius, the demonstration of pulmonary circulation by Colombo, and the discovery of valves in veins by Fabricius. Following these developments, Harvey described blood circulation
Biomedicine or holistic medicine for treating mentally ill patients? A philosophical and economical analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Ventegodt, Søren; Kandel, Isack; Merrick, Joav
2007-12-18
Today we have two scientific medical traditions, two schools or treatment systems: holistic medicine and biomedicine. The two traditions are based on two very different philosophical positions: subjectivistic and objectivistic. The philosopher Buber taught us that you can say I-Thou or I-It, holding the other person as a subject or an object. These two fundamentally different attitudes seem to characterize the difference in world view and patient approach in the two schools, one coming from psychoanalysis and the old, holistic tradition of Hippocratic medicine. Holistic medicine during the last decade has developed its philosophical positions and is today an independent, medical system seemingly capable of curing mentally ill patients at the cost of a few thousand Euros with no side effects and with lasting value for the patient. The problem is that very few studies have tested the effect of holistic medicine on mentally ill patients. Another problem is that the effect of holistic medicine must be documented in a way that respects this school's philosophical integrity, allowing for subjective assessment of patient benefit and using the patient as his/her own control, as placebo control cannot be used in placebo-only treatment. As the existing data are strongly in favor of using holistic medicine, which seems to be safer, more efficient, and cheaper, it is recommended that clinical holistic medicine also be used as treatment for mental illness. More research and funding is needed to develop scientific holistic medicine.
[The ethics of health care organization].
Science.gov (United States)
Goic, Alejandro
2004-03-01
Health care organization is not only a technical issue. Ethics gives meaning to the medical profession's declared intent of preserving the health and life of the people while honoring their intelligence, dignity and intimacy. It also induces physicians to apply their knowledge, intellect and skills for the benefit of the patient. In a health care system, it is important that people have insurance coverage for health contingencies and that the quality of the services provided be satisfactory. People tend to judge the medical profession according to the experience they have in their personal encounter with physicians, health care workers, hospitals and clinics. Society and its political leaders must decide upon the particular model that will ensure the right of citizens to a satisfactory health care. Any health care organization not founded on humanitarian and ethical values is doomed tofailure. The strict adherence of physicians to Hippocratic values and to the norms of good clinical practice as well as to an altruistic cooperative attitude will improve the efficiency of the health care sector and reduce its costs. It is incumbent upon society to generate the conditions where by the ethical roots of medical care can be brought to bear upon the workings of the health care system. Every country must strive to provide not only technically efficient medical services, but also the social mechanisms that make possible a humanitarian interaction between professionals and patients where kindness and respect prevail.
History of rheumatology
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Shrikant Deshpande

2014-01-01
Full Text Available This article describes the history and various milestones of rheumatology from ancient to modern times. The origin of rheumatology can be traced to ancient times. Diseases such as gout and osteoarthritis were prevalent in ancient people. Many ancient skeletons show signs of gout and osteoarthritis. The ancient book on Indian Medicine, Charaka Samhita, gives a vivid description of many variants of arthritis. Charaka, an eminent Ayurvedic physician, described rheumatoid arthritis (RA in Charaka Samhitha as "Vishkantha," meaning painful joints. The word rheumatology has its origin in the word "rheuma," which means flowing, and is mentioned in Hippocratic corpus. Hippocrates made several observations about gout, popularly known as "aphorisms of gout." Many famous paintings in the medieval era depict joint diseases. Hand lesions resembling those of RA are found in paintings of the Flemish school. "The virgin with canon van der paele," a painting by Jan Van Eyck (1436, shows thickened arteries in the temple, suggestive of temporal arthritis. The famous portrait of Federigo de Montefeltre, thought to have been painted by Joos (Justus van Gent, shows arthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the left index finger. Rheumatology developed as a well-recognized specialty of medicine in the 20th century. American Physicians Bernard Comroe and Joseph Lee Hollander coined the term rheumatologist in 1940. Rheumatology has rapidly advanced during the last 50 years due to improved diagnosis as a result of progress in immunology, molecular biology, genetics and imaging.
Diet and dietetics in al-Andalus.
Science.gov (United States)
Salas-Salvadó, Jordi; Huetos-Solano, Maria D; García-Lorda, Pilar; Bulló, Mònica
2006-08-01
Al-Andalus society (711-1492) based its idea of health on the wisdom of Classical Greece, the Hippocratic-Galenic theories, as well as the Persian and Hindu cultures. The twelfth century in al-Andalus is considered to be the most prolific period for works of a scientific and technical nature. At the time, the main treatises on dietetics were written and this science reached its widest expression with such leading figures as Ibn Wāfīd, Avenzoar, Averroes and Maimonides, whose works revealed the first scientific knowledge on the nutritional processes of the human body. Diet was regarded as being essential for health and the prevention of disease. Dietary guidelines were written for different age groups, different body types and different seasons of the year. The amount of food to be ingested, the number of meals recommended and the order in which the food should be consumed were all issues that were discussed. A variety of foods were thought to have medicinal properties, some of which are known today. The diet in al-Andalus was varied and very probably made a substantial contribution to the origin of the present-day Mediterranean diet, rich in olive oil, wholemeal cereals, fruit and vegetables, fish, lamb, poultry, nuts and spices. We also find that many of the terms in current use in diet and agriculture are a living testimony to the Arabic influence, as are many of the dishes of our varied Mediterranean gastronomy.
Development of Anatomophysiologic Knowledge Regarding the Cardiovascular System: From Egyptians to Harvey
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Bestetti, Reinaldo Bulgarelli, E-mail: ; Restini, Carolina Baraldi A.; Couto, Lucélio B. [Universidade de Ribeirão Preto - UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brazil)
2014-12-15
Our knowledge regarding the anatomophysiology of the cardiovascular system (CVS) has progressed since the fourth millennium BC. In Egypt (3500 BC), it was believed that a set of channels are interconnected to the heart, transporting air, urine, air, blood, and the soul. One thousand years later, the heart was established as the center of the CVS by the Hippocratic Corpus in the medical school of Kos, and some of the CVS anatomical characteristics were defined. The CVS was known to transport blood via the right ventricle through veins and the pneuma via the left ventricle through arteries. Two hundred years later, in Alexandria, following the development of human anatomical dissection, Herophilus discovered that arteries were 6 times thicker than veins, and Erasistratus described the semilunar valves, emphasizing that arteries were filled with blood when ventricles were empty. Further, 200 years later, Galen demonstrated that arteries contained blood and not air. With the decline of the Roman Empire, Greco-Roman medical knowledge about the CVS was preserved in Persia, and later in Islam where, Ibn Nafis inaccurately described pulmonary circulation. The resurgence of dissection of the human body in Europe in the 14th century was associated with the revival of the knowledge pertaining to the CVS. The main findings were the description of pulmonary circulation by Servetus, the anatomical discoveries of Vesalius, the demonstration of pulmonary circulation by Colombo, and the discovery of valves in veins by Fabricius. Following these developments, Harvey described blood circulation.
The history of modern spinal traction with particular reference to neural disorders.
Science.gov (United States)
Shterenshis, M V
1997-03-01
The last 200 years of the history of spinal traction is described in the present article. The study starts at the end of the 18th century with the works of JA Venel (1789) who tried to apply the Hippocratic idea to modern surgery. Orthopedic specialists of the last century were mostly preoccupied with corsets and the method gained broader popularity when neurologists paid attention to the similar method of suspension. The Russian neurologist Osip Mochutkovsky described suspension as a method for the treatment of tabes dorsalis in an article published in the Russian magazine 'Vratch' in 1883. His works became known in Europe when JM Charcot paid attention to it and published a special short monograph on this subject in 1889. This work was translated into English (1889) and Russian (1890) and the method became popular in the treatment of tabes dorsalis and other neurological diseases. The eminent Russian neurologist VM Bekhterev proposed the combination of body suspension with cervical traction (1893). Some years later Gilles de la Tourette promoted the use of spinal traction in his neurological clinic (1897). Unfortunately neurologists worked without the cooperation of orthopedic specialists. During the first decades of the 20th century suspension was also replaced by traction in neurology. This method was used by both neurologists and orthopedic specialists but in the last decades neurologists lost their interests in it and it found greater use in traumatology and in spinal surgery where it is still in use today.
Hippocratic obligation to shareholder profit? Medical treatment patents and the Australian High Court in Apotex Pty Ltd v Sanofi-Aventis Australia Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 50.
Science.gov (United States)
Vines, Tim
2014-06-01
The method of treatment of suffering in patients, including through surgery and the administration of therapeutic drugs, are essential features of medical professionalism. Few, if any practitioners committed to developing the core professional virtue of loyalty to relief of patient suffering through consistently implementing the basic principles of medical ethics, would consider that such beneficial methods of practice are, or should be, the subject of a patent--requiring the practitioner utilising them to pay a royalty or risk infringement proceedings. Indeed a formal opinion of the American Medical Association declares "the use of patents, trade secrets, confidentiality agreements, or other means to limit the availability of medical procedures places significant limitation on the dissemination of medical knowledge, and is therefore unethical". Yet this could be the direction in which Australian patent law is heading. The decision of the High Court of Australia in Apotex Pty Ltd v Sanofi-Aventis Australia Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 50, upholding a patent over a method of using a known drug to prevent or treat psoriasis, may ultimately force practitioners to re-consider whether their basic ethical obligations to patients are secondary to a requirement to maximise profit for shareholders in companies holding medical patents. This column reviews this decision and its possible implications for health practitioners. It places it in context of other recent court decisions that have expanded the intrusion of corporate-owned intellectual property monopolies into Australian medical practices, and how legislative restrictions upon them in the Patents Act 1990 (Cth) places practitioners and patients at risk of more costly, ineffective or restricted health care. This column concludes by cautioning that Australia's scope to address policy problems caused by this case may be limited should it sign up to the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, particularly if that preferential trade and investment deal includes an Investor-State Dispute Settlement clause that creates a mechanism for multinational corporations to challenge offshore, Australian federal and state policy decisions they perceive undercut their investments.
Medical History in the Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine.
Science.gov (United States)
Otte, Andreas
2017-01-01
The Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine is about to celebrate its 20th anniversary end of 2017. On board of the editorial team since 2003, this journal has influenced me like a good friend over the many past years. From time to time, the journal has published interesting and valuable historical notes. They show that nuclear medicine has a history and that medicine is its basis. They also teach us today, and some of the ancient perspectives and approaches are still valid. The reader of HJNM may be interested in these historical contributions, as they are timeless. Therefore, it was our idea to summarize these in the following pages. Where there is a link to the free article, this is noted. Upon opening all articles, you will find out that these are a book or so of its own. In thanks to the editor-in-chief of the Journal for his continuing support on the historical section. Below we refer to the historical papers of the Journal: History of Nuclear Medicine. Nuclear Medicine and History of Science and Philosophy: Atomic Theory of the Matter. G.N. Sfakianakis, 2001; 4(3); 155-60. Editorial. Pioneers of nuclear medicine, Madame Curie. P.C. Grammaticos. 2004; 7(1); 29-30. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/ magazine/eng/jan04/editorial.htm Editor's note. Hippocrates' Oath. The editor. 2004; 7(1); 31. Editorial. Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus. P. Grammaticos, A. Diamantis. 2008; 11(1): 2-4. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/jan08/2.pdf Special Article. The contribution of Maria Sklodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie to Nuclear and Medical Physics. A hundred and ten years after the discovery of radium. A. Diamantis, E. Magiorkinis, 2008; 11(1): 33-8. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/ eng/jan08/33.pdf Brief Historical Review. Lymphatic system and lymphoscintigraphy. P. Valsamaki. 2009; 12(1): 87-89. http://nuclmed.web. auth.gr/magazine/eng/jan09/89.pdf (In Greek) Historical Review. The philosophic and

Review Essay: Governmentality in Late Colonial Korea?
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Henry Em
2012-12-01
Full Text Available Takashi Fujitani, Race for Empire: Koreans as Japanese and Japanese as Americans during World War II. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. 520 pp. $65 (cloth.Jun Uchida, Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876-1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011. 500 pp. $50 (cloth.In South Korea, more so than in most other postcolonial countries, the issue of sovereignty and the colonial past remains a central feature of politics. Most recently, during a televised presidential debate on December 4, 2012, Lee Jung-hee of the Unified Progressive Party said something that likely had never been said on South Korean television: “Takaki Masao signed an oath of loyalty [to the Emperor of Japan], in his own blood, to become an officer in the Japanese [Imperial] Army. You know who he is. His Korean name is Park Chung Hee.” Lee Jung-hee then made the connection between that colonial past and the willingness to sell out the nation’s sovereignty in the present. The conservative candidate Park Geun-hye, the daughter of the late President Park Chung Hee who ruled South Korea from 1961 through 1979, and members of Park’s Saenuri Party, remain true to their “roots”: these “descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators and dictators” (again sold out South Korea’s sovereignty (on November 22, 2011 when they rammed the US-ROK Free Trade Agreement through the National Assembly.
The potential conflict between policy and ethics in caring for undocumented immigrants at academic health centers.
Science.gov (United States)

Cacari Stone, Lisa; Steimel, Leah; Vasquez-Guzman, Estela; Kaufman, Arthur
2014-04-01
Academic health centers (AHCs) are at the forefront of delivering care to the diverse medically underserved and uninsured populations in the United States, as well as training the majority of the health care workforce, who are professionally obligated to serve all patients regardless of race or immigration status. Despite AHCs' central leadership role in these endeavors, few consolidated efforts have emerged to resolve potential conflicts between national, state, and local policies that exclude certain classifications of immigrants from receiving federal public assistance and health professionals' social missions and ethical oath to serve humanity. For instance, whereas the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provides a pathway to insurance coverage for more than 30 million Americans, undocumented immigrants and legally documented immigrants residing in the United States for less than five years are ineligible for Medicaid and excluded from purchasing any type of coverage through state exchanges. To inform this debate, the authors describe their experience at the University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH) and discuss how the UNMH has responded to this challenge and overcome barriers. They offer three recommendations for aligning AHCs' social missions and professional ethics with organizational policies: (1) that AHCs determine eligibility for financial assistance based on residency rather than citizenship, (2) that models of medical education and health professions training provide students with service-learning opportunities and applied community experience, and (3) that frontline staff and health care professionals receive standardized training on eligibility policies to minimize discrimination towards immigrant patients.
Medelklassens buspojkar: en maskulinitetsstudie i Erik Pallins Pojkarna på Klasro
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Öhrn, Magnus
2011-03-01
Full Text Available In my article, “Young rascals of the middle-class–masculinities in Erik Pallins Pojkarna på Klasro”, I argue that Pojkarna på Klasro (1922 in many regards is a typical boy's book, and a good starting-point for mapping out and studying the Swedish branch of the genre, a genre defined by gender. During the 1920s the Swedish author Erik Pallin (1878–1964 wrote five books about the three brothers Erik, Nisse and Anders, which all take place at the family's summerhouse Klasro during school holidays. The stories mainly revolve around typical boyhood adventures and outdoor activities, such as hiking, exploring, swimming, rowing, and fighting other gangs of boys, in this case, preferably boys of the lower classes. Not surprisingly, Pallin's text describes a patriarchal hierarchy, where the boys are adjusted to hegemonic masculinity and driven by homosocial desire, which leads to the excluding of girls; most female characters play subordinated (anonymous parts and are bound up with the domestic sphere. In terms of power, an intersectional perspective shows that besides gender, age, physical abilities, geographical domicile (in this case Stockholm and class are important factors when the boys establish their pecking order. An interesting aspect of the fact that the boys belong to the middle-class, is the lack of typical boy's discourse (slang, puns, oaths etc., which otherwise is common in Swedish boy's books of this era.
Moral Crisis, Pragmatism, and the Lessons of the Library War Effort
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John T.F. Burgess
2016-02-01
Full Text Available In 1917, the leadership of the American Library Association (ALA developed the Library War Service program. This program was designed to collect funds and distribute books to American soldiers who were in training or deployed for World War I. The war effort provided an opportunity to regain status for the profession that had been lost as a result of policy decisions during the progressive era in librarianship. This search for external validation resulted in a return to culturally authoritarian practices such as the censorship of German language material, denial of access to pacifist organizations, and the institution of mandatory loyalty oaths among library employees. This paper presents an examination of how resolving the moral crisis in American librarianship that occurred as part of the Library War Service eventually led to the establishment of some of the major ethical codes used by the ALA. It makes the case that this resolution promoted closer integration of the profession’s identity and its behaviour. It argues as well that this integration has led members of the ALA to develop expertise in defending the public’s intellectual freedoms, which is a significant contribution to society. Attention is given to the pragmatic nature of historical and contemporary progressive policy decisions and to the risks to the status of public libraries posed by moral crises that result from seeking external validation for the worth of the library profession.
Uro-words making history: ureter and urethra.
Science.gov (United States)
Marx, Franz Josef; Karenberg, Axel
2010-06-15
We comprehensively review the history of the terms "ureter" and "urethra" from 700 BC to the present. Using a case study approach, ancient medical texts were analyzed to clarify the etymology and use of both terms. In addition, selected anatomy textbooks from the 15th to 17th centuries were searched to identify and compare descriptions, illustrations, and various expressions used by contemporary authors to designate the upper and lower parts of the urinary tract. The Ancient Greek words "ureter" and "urethra" appear early in Hippocratic and Aristotelian writings. However, both terms designated what we today call the urethra. It was only with increasing anatomical knowledge in Greek medical texts after the 1st century AD that definitions of these words evolved similar to those we employ today. Numerous synonyms were used which served as a basis for translation into Arabic and later Latin during the transfer of ancient knowledge to the cultures of the medieval period. When Greek original texts and their Arabic-Latin version were compared during the Renaissance, this led to terminological confusion which could only be gradually overcome. Around the year 1600, the use of the latinized terms "ureter" and "urethra" became generally accepted. The dissemination of these terms in modern national languages and the emergence of clinical derivatives complete this historical development. The history of the terms "ureter" and "urethra" is exemplary of the difficulties with which the development of a precise urologic terminology had to struggle. The story behind the words also clarifies why even today we still have imprecise or misleading terms.
From Hippocrates to modern medicine.
Science.gov (United States)
Orfanos, C E
2007-07-01
Hippocrates was the first to introduce the concept of 'physis' and to transform hieratic or theocratic medicine into rational medicine. The overall construction of the Asclepieion on Kos clearly indicates that he and his school followed a holistic concept, combining scientific thought with drug therapy, diet schedules, and physical and mental exercise, also asking for God's help. Hippocrates also formulated the first standards and ethical rules to be followed in medical profession, which are still valid today. The knowledge of Graeco-Roman medicine has been transferred by Arab scholars into the West, whereas renaissance, urbanization, and industrialisation have changed its face over the centuries. With the entrance of molecular technology and economy, modern medicine now faces the risk of becoming itself industrialized. Correct use of new scientific knowledge, individualized management with a Hippocratic holistic approach and compassionate sympathy for the patient who suffers, should be considered in the years to come for maintaining the level of medical profession. The venue of our European Congress in Rhodes is very close to Kos, another historic Aegean island, the place where Hippocrates has given the first professional standards in European medicine and in medicine in general. They were established 2600 years ago and are still valid today.(1,2) If one draws a red line and marks some cornerstones of the evolution that has taken place in medicine over the past centuries, it is evident that these first rules formulated by Hippocrates and his school also reveal the future responsibilities for our profession and make them better recognizable and more conclusive.
Authentication of ruta graveolens and its adulterant using internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Qurainy, F.A.; Khan, S.; Ali, M.A.; Hemaid, M.A.; Ashraf, M.
2011-01-01
Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae) is commonly known as 'Sudab' which is well known for hippocratic medicine and is commonly used in indigenous health-care system in India. Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) in raw drug trading has almost similar morphology to R. graveolens in dried state, is being sold locally or used clinically as an adulterant of R. graveolens (genuine) at a relatively low price under the same name 'Sudab' which has ultimately reduced the efficacy and quality of this herb. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of nuclear ribosomal DNA gene of genuine and adulterant were sequenced and analyzed to assess species admixture in raw drug trading of genuine herbal drug. The BLAST search results of ITS sequence of genuine sample of 'Sudab' i.e., R. graveolens showed 99% similarity to the sequence of R. graveolens, however, E. dracunculoides showed 100% similarity to the species of Euphorbia and did not show any similarity with R. graveolens. The sequence alignment of both species was entirely different to each other. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequence of adulterant sample i.e., E. dracunculoides together with sequences of Euphorbia species available in the GenBank has also clearly showed its nesting within the Euphorbia tree. The generated ITS sequences of both samples in the present study may be referred hereafter as species-specific DNA barcode signature, which can be used in authenticating and validating the exact species identities to discriminate the genuine sample of 'Sudab' from its adulterants if any available to guarantee the quality and purity of this drug in the herbal drug market. (author)
Development of Anatomophysiologic Knowledge Regarding the Cardiovascular System: From Egyptians to Harvey
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Reinaldo Bulgarelli Bestetti
2014-12-01
Full Text Available Our knowledge regarding the anatomophysiology of the cardiovascular system (CVS has progressed since the fourth millennium BC. In Egypt (3500 BC, it was believed that a set of channels are interconnected to the heart, transporting air, urine, air, blood, and the soul. One thousand years later, the heart was established as the center of the CVS by the Hippocratic Corpus in the medical school of Kos, and some of the CVS anatomical characteristics were defined. The CVS was known to transport blood via the right ventricle through veins and the pneuma via the left ventricle through arteries. Two hundred years later, in Alexandria, following the development of human anatomical dissection, Herophilus discovered that arteries were 6 times thicker than veins, and Erasistratus described the semilunar valves, emphasizing that arteries were filled with blood when ventricles were empty. Further, 200 years later, Galen demonstrated that arteries contained blood and not air. With the decline of the Roman Empire, Greco-Roman medical knowledge about the CVS was preserved in Persia, and later in Islam where, Ibn Nafis inaccurately described pulmonary circulation. The resurgence of dissection of the human body in Europe in the 14th century was associated with the revival of the knowledge pertaining to the CVS. The main findings were the description of pulmonary circulation by Servetus, the anatomical discoveries of Vesalius, the demonstration of pulmonary circulation by Colombo, and the discovery of valves in veins by Fabricius. Following these developments, Harvey described blood circulation.
[Cholera in 1831. Challenges for science and the federal government].
Science.gov (United States)
Stamm-Kuhlmann, T
1989-01-01
The peak of the first great cholera pandemic in 1831 fomented the controversy among contagionists and non-contagionists. In the following year the public debate centered around the correct interpretation of the recent experiences with cholera. The central government of the bureaucratic-absolutist monarchy in Prussia adhered to a firmly contagionist interpretation of the disease and reacted accordingly. Local authorities in Königsberg and Berlin and the bourgeoisie in the merchant city of Danzig, however, stressed the destructive consequences of the cordon system. They considered the results of an interruption in trade and industry to be worse than the damage inflicted by the epidemic. The summer of 1831 demonstrated that cholera could not be stopped by the cordons, but the King's medical advisors nevertheless remained contagionists. Non-contagionists put forward several hypotheses to explain the origin and the spreading of cholera, mainly "miasma" theory and the Hippocratic paradigm of "epidemic constitution". The correlation between poverty and disease, however, was widely noticed. Physicians in the city of Bremen pointed to the necessity of sanitary precautions to be taken in cholera-free periods. On the other hand, many "honest" citizens believed that individuals with a "dissolute" conduct of life were more at risk to contract cholera than others. Instead of costly sanitary policies, the well-to-do classes preferred to identify the defense against cholera with the segregation of unwelcome elements of society. The article is based on hitherto unpublished sources from the former Prussian State Archives at Merseburg, GDR, and the State Archive of the Hanseatic City of Bremen.
History of epilepsy: nosological concepts and classification.
Science.gov (United States)
Wolf, Peter
2014-09-01
The purpose of this review is to provide insight into the development of the nosological views of the epilepsies, from prehistoric times to the present, and highlight how these views are reflected by terminology and classification. Even the earliest written documents reveal awareness that there are multiple forms of epilepsy, and it is surprising that they should be included under the same disease concept, perhaps because the generalised tonic-clonic seizure served as a common denominator. The Hippocratic doctrine that the seat of epilepsy is in the brain may be rooted in earlier knowledge of traumatic seizures. Galenus differentiated cases where the brain was the primary site of origin from others where epilepsy was concomitant with illness in other parts of the body. This laid the fundament for the distinction between idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsies, the definition of which changed considerably over time. The description of the multiple seizure types as they are known at present started in the late 18th century. Attempts to classify seizure types began in the late 19th century, when Jackson formulated a comprehensive pathophysiological definition of epilepsy. Electroencephalography supported a second dichotomy, between seizures with localised onset and others with immediate involvement of both hemispheres which became known as "generalised". In recent years, advanced methods of studying brain function in vivo, including the generation of both spontaneous and reflex epileptic seizures, have revolutionised our understanding of focal and "generalised" human ictogenesis. Both involve complex neuronal networks which are currently being investigated.
Environment and Health: Not Only Cancer
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Annamaria Colao
2016-07-01
Full Text Available The Hippocratic tradition emphasized environmental causes of diseases and the need for harmony between the individual and the natural environment as the right philosophy to maintain a good health status. Public awareness and scientific attention concerning environmental pollution is usually focused on the consequent increased risk of developing cancer. Air pollution has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO to cause cardiovascular and respiratroy diseases, as well as lung cancer, after acute/chronic exposure to fine particulates (PM2.5 and PM10 even at concentrations which are 50% lower than those accepted as legal limits in many developed countries. An increase of 10 µg/m3 of PM2.5 produces a +4%–6% of overall mortality, a +10% of cardiovascular disease prevalence (arithmyas, acute myocardial infarctions, and heart failure and a +22% of lung cancer prevalence. In addition to these chronic effects, acute hospitalizations are also affected, especially among susceptible populations such as children and diabetic patients. Water and soil contamination also have an additional detrimental effect on people’s health. Other issues concerning environment contamination and human health include male/female fertility, metabolic and thyroid conditions, but also professional exposures resulting in occupational diseases. Moreover, in the perspective of “gender medicine”, different acute or chronic effects of environmental pollution should be specifically assessed both in men and in women. This special issue on “Environmental Diseases” is aimed at providing a global overview about different threats to human health possibily originating from environmental contamination.
[Euthanasia through history and religion].
Science.gov (United States)
Gajić, Vladimir
2012-01-01
INTRODUCTION Euthanasia represents an ethical, social, legal and medical issue, which is being disputed more and more frequently worldwide. In Serbia, it is illegal and punishable by law and subject to a prison sentence. Euthanasia verbatim, meaning "good death", refers to the practice of ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. It can be voluntary, when a person knowingly declares the wish to end life, and involuntary, when relatives and family make decisions on behalf of patients in coma. It can be active, when a person applies a medical procedure to end life and passive, when medical procedures which can extend a patient's life are not applied. EUTHANASIA THROUGH HISTORY: The term was known in old Greece, and Hippocrates mentioned it in his oath, which is now taken by all doctors in the world, by which they pledge not to apply a medicine which can lead to death of the patients, nor to give such counsel. Euthanasia had its most vigorous impetus in the mid-20th century when it was being carried out deliberately in Nazi Germany. All leading religions from Christianity, over Buddhism, to Islam, are directly or indirectly against any kind of euthanasia. EUTHANASIA TODAY: At the beginning of the 21st century, euthanasia was legalized in several most developed countries in the world, among them the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Japan, India and some American and Mexican federal states. The World Medical Association from 82 countries has condemned euthanasia, and called all medical workers who practice euthanasia to reconsider their attitudes and to stop this practice.
Amerigo di Narbona, ultimo sovrano di Arborea?
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Gallinari, Luciano
1999-12-01
Full Text Available In the light of a new document that has been found in the Archivo de la Corona de Aragón in Barcelona, this article presents a new outline of the political situation in the interior of the "Giudicato" or Kingdom of Arborea while the news concerning the agreement between the "judge" of Arborea William II, viscount of Narbonne, and the king of Aragon, Ferdinand I, for the selling of the "judge" 's rights about the "Giudicato" spread in Sassari in 1414. In consequence of this agreement, Sassari, capital town of Arborea, refusing the William II's decision, elected new "judge" of Arborea Aymeric of Narbonne, viscount's brother, and took the oath.[fr] A la lumière d'un nouveau document des Archives de la Couronne d'Aragon de Barcelona, cet article présente des nouveaux données sur la situation politique à l'intérieur du Judicat ou royaume d'Arborée lorsque en 1414 à Sassari se répandit la nouvelle que le juge d'Arborea Guillaume II, vicomte de Narbonne, et le roi d'Aragon Ferdinan 1er étaient arrivés à un accord pour la vente des droits que le juge avait sur le Judical sarde. En consequence de cet accori, la capitale judicale Sassari, en refusant la décision de Guillaume II, nomma nouveau juge d'Arborée Aymeric de Narbonne frère du vicomte, en lui prêtant serment.
In Defence of Throne and Shrine. The Organization of the Royalist Volunteers in Lerida | En defensa del trono y del altar. La organización de los cuerpos de voluntarios realistas en Lérida
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Antoni Sánchez Carcelén
2015-12-01
Full Text Available This study focuses on the formation of the Royalist Volunteers (1823-1826 units after Ferdinand VII’s second restoration in the city of Lerida. It analyses the establishment of the Committee for the Promotion of the Lerida Royalist Volunteers intended to obtain the necessary equipment and weaponry. It also examines the oath of the flag by the Royalist Volunteers on the basis of Priest Manuel Costa’s sermon, the first officers appointed by the municipal corporation –all of them members of the local oligarchy–, the establishment of a Royalist Volunteers Deputy-Inspection, the new officers and, finally, the social and professional background of those enlisted immediately after the 1826 regulations were published. | Este estudio se centra en la formación de los cuerpos de Voluntarios Realistas (1823-1826 tras la segunda restauración en el trono de Fernando VII en la ciudad de Lérida. El texto analiza el establecimiento de la Junta de Fomento de los Voluntarios Realistas de Lérida para poder así adquirir el equipamiento y armamento necesario; el juramento de la bandera por parte de los Voluntarios Realistas a partir del sermón pronunciado por el eclesiástico Manuel Costa; los primeros oficiales designados por la corporación municipal –pertenecientes a la oligarquía local–; la instauración de la Subinspección de Voluntarios Realistas; los nuevos oficiales; y, finalmente, la composición socio-profesional de los primeros alistados una vez publicado el reglamento de 1826.
Ethical considerations during times of conflict: challenges and pitfalls for the psychiatrist.
Science.gov (United States)
Strous, Rael D
2013-01-01
Despite the advances of civilization, conflict remains in many areas around the world. Often psychiatry finds itself playing an essential role in dealing with the consequences of conflict or influencing the process. Along with this involvement comes great responsibility as well as many associated ethical dilemmas. Although bound by professional medical oaths, many physicians disregard fundamental medical ethical principles during times of conflict and situations of "dual loyalty." The phenomenon should be addressed so that ethical awareness and sensitivity to these issues are nurtured. Important factors for psychiatrists during times of conflict to consider include their "social contract" with the community, dangers of boundary violations, the ethics of media contact, involvement in governmental and political activities and confidentiality. In addition, their role in conflict resolution and unique ethical considerations in the military should be considered. While as regular citizens, psychiatrists in their individual capacity may involve themselves in political activism, at an organizational level it should be discouraged. A physician's skills should only be exploited to save lives and provide comfort as entrusted by society, and any other pursuit, even in the name of the state, should be proscribed. Rather than engage in political activism, psychiatrists can promote the rights of patients, especially if these rights are limited during conflict. Responsibility and ethically-driven commitment needs to be primary for the psychiatrist who involves himself either directly or indirectly with patients during times of conflict. Trauma and its effects during conflict should be addressed without any unbalanced attention to pathological responses.
Humores e odores: ordem corporal e ordem social no Rio de Janeiro, século XIX Humors and odors: body order and social order in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro
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Tania Andrade Lima
1996-02-01
Full Text Available Escavações arqueológicas empreendidas em lixos domésticos do século XIX, no Rio de Janeiro, vêm recuperando um abundante equipamento destinado à excreção de materiais fecais e catarros. Com base nesse material foram analisadas e interpretadas as atitudes adotadas à época em relação aos humores corporais, como resultado da impregnação das mentalidades dos novos segmentos 'burgueses' - em processo de ascensão e consolidação - pelo humorismo hipocrático. O texto aponta como a implantação de uma ordem corporal foi fundamental para a construção e manutenção da ordem social do século XIX e mostra a ideologia de higienização como uma das mais conseqüentes e eficazes estratégicas para a sustentação do projeto vitorioso de hegemonia da burguesia.Archeological diggings in household garbage deposits from nineteenth-century Rio have uncovered an abundance of equipment used in the elimination of fecal material and phlegm. These findings formed the basis for an analysis and interpretation of the era's attitudes regarding body fluids, as adopted when the mentalities of the new 'bourgeois' segments - then undergoing a process of rise and consolidation - were impregnated by Hippocratic humoralism. The text shows how the introduction of a 'body order' was fundamental in building and keeping the social order in the nineteenth century. It likewise shows how the ideology of hygienization was one of the most important and efficacious strategies for underpinning the bourgeoisie's (victorious project to achieve hegemony.
Health Technology Assessment - science or art?
Science.gov (United States)
Hofmann, Bjørn
2013-01-01
The founding disciplines of HTA are clearly scientific, and have been firmly based among the natural sciences. However, common definitions of HTA indicate that HTA is something more than the "pure application of science". This article investigates whether this "something" also makes HTA an art. The question of whether HTA is a science or an art is pursued in two specific and historically rich directions. The first is whether HTA is an art in the same way that medicine is described as an art. It has been argued extensively that medicine is based on two different and partly incompatible cultures, i.e., the natural sciences and humanities. Medicine is based on disciplines within the natural sciences, while its value judgments have been placed in the humanities camp. This dichotomy is present in HTA as well, and the first part of the investigation illustrates how HTA is an art in terms of its inherent and constitutive value-judgments. The second part of the science/art-scrutiny leads us to the ancient (Hippocratic) concept of art, téchne, where we find an etymological and a conceptual link between HTA and art. It demonstrates HTA is not an arbitrary process, even though it involves value judgments and relates complex decision making processes. As an art (téchne) HTA has a specific subject matter, requires inquiry and mastery of general rational principles, and is oriented to a specific end. In conclusion, the science-or-art-question makes sense in two specific perspectives, illustrating that HTA is a science based art. This has implications for the practice of HTA, for its education, and for the status of its results.
Medications and their use in the Graeco-Roman era
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François Retief
2007-09-01
Full Text Available As from the 6th century BC Graeco-Roman medical therapy comprised three components, viz. diet and healthy lifestyle (regimen, surgery and medicaments (pharmacotherapy, of which the latter was the oldest. Although the Corpus Hippocraticum (5th century BC, with minor Egyptian influence, contained no text of medicines as such, and seemed to prefer regimen to medicaments, it nevertheless laid the foundation for the empirical use of pharmacotherapy (free of superstition and magic for the next millennium. The first Greek herbal was produced by Diocles in the 4th century BC, when the botanist Theophrastus also wrote his classic works on plants which contained a significant contribution on herbal medicines. The Alexandrian Medical School systematized and expanded Hippocratic medicine, and Herophilus introduced compound preparations. The concept that medicaments cure illness by restoring the bodily balance of humours and primary properties was largely perpetuated, but new views on physiology were gradually emerging. Unfortunately the bulk of original contributions from Hellenistic doctors are lost to posterity and only known to us through the writings of for example Celsus and Galen in Roman times. The interesting history of theriac, the so-called universal antidote, is reviewed. In the 1st century Dioscorides produced his Materia Medica which remained an authoritative pharmacopoeia up to modern times. Galen’s empiric views on pharmacotherapy (2nd century, still largely based on Hippocrates, became dogma in Medieval times, but mysticism and superstition gradually swept back into medicine. Retrospectively it is clear that with the exception of certain analgesics and narcotics like opium, Graeco-Roman medicaments were pharmacologically inert (even toxic and obtained positive results largely through a placebo effect.
Homeopatia: prática médica coadjuvante Homeopathy: coadjutant medical practice
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Marcus Zulian Teixeira
2007-08-01

Full Text Available Em vista do binômio saúde-doença da concepção homeopática abranger aspectos diversos da individualidade humana, a escolha do medicamento deve englobar as características psíquicas, emocionais, gerais e físicas do paciente. Neste processo de "individualização do medicamento", o entendimento da complexidade humana exige tempo e dedicação, encontrando a resposta satisfatória após um conjunto variável de atuações. Atuando de forma coadjuvante às demais práticas médicas, o médico homeopata deve ter consciência de que poderá suspender os medicamentos alopáticos necessários à manutenção da integridade do paciente tão somente quando tiver certeza da ação substitutiva do medicamento homeopático escolhido. Deste modo, estará cumprindo o aforismo hipocrático primo non nocere.Considering that in the homeopathic conception, the binomial health-disease encompasses several aspects of human individuality, choice of the medication should include the patient's psychic, emotional, general and physical characteristics. In this process of "individualization of medication", understanding the human complexity demands time and dedication to finding the satisfactory reply after a variable number of attempts. Acting as coadjutant to other medical practices, the homeopath should be aware that he may only interrupt administration of the allopathic drugs necessary for maintenance of the patient's integrity when he is assured of the substitutive action of the homoeopathic medication chosen. This way, the Hippocratic aphorism primo non nocere will be fulfilled.
Polish Code of Ethics of a Medical Laboratory Specialist.
Science.gov (United States)
Elżbieta, Puacz; Waldemar, Glusiec; Barbara, Madej-Czerwonka
2014-09-01
Along with the development of medicine, increasingly significant role has been played by the laboratory diagnostics. For over ten years the profession of the medical laboratory specialist has been regarded in Poland as the autonomous medical profession and has enjoyed a status of one of public trust. The process of education of medical laboratory specialists consists of a five-year degree in laboratory medicine, offered at Medical Universities, and of a five-year Vocational Specialization in one of the fields of laboratory medicine such as clinical biochemistry, medical microbiology, medical laboratory toxicology, medical laboratory cytomorphology and medical laboratory transfusiology. An important component of medical laboratory specialists' identity is awareness of inherited ethos obtained from bygone generations of workers in this particular profession and the need to continue its further development. An expression of this awareness is among others Polish Code of Ethics of a Medical Laboratory Specialist (CEMLS) containing a set of values and a moral standpoint characteristic of this type of professional environment. Presenting the ethos of the medical laboratory specialist is a purpose of this article. Authors focus on the role CEMLS plays in areas of professional ethics and law. Next, they reconstruct the Polish model of ethos of medical diagnostic laboratory personnel. An overall picture consists of a presentation of the general moral principles concerning execution of this profession and rules of conduct in relations with the patient, own professional environment and the rest of the society. Polish model of ethical conduct, which is rooted in Hippocratic medical tradition, harmonizes with the ethos of medical laboratory specialists of other European countries and the world.

The early history of glaucoma: the glaucous eye (800 BC to 1050 AD
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Leffler CT
2015-02-01
Full Text Available Christopher T Leffler,1 Stephen G Schwartz,2 Tamer M Hadi,3 Ali Salman,1 Vivek Vasuki1 1Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; 2Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Naples, FL, USA; 3Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center at Knoxville, TN, USA Abstract: To the ancient Greeks, glaukos occasionally described diseased eyes, but more typically described healthy irides, which were glaucous (light blue, gray, or green. During the Hippocratic period, a pathologic glaukos pupil indicated a media opacity that was not dark. Although not emphasized by present-day ophthalmologists, the pupil in acute angle closure may appear somewhat green, as the mid-dilated pupil exposes the cataractous lens. The ancient Greeks would probably have described a (normal green iris or (diseased green pupil as glaukos. During the early Common Era, eye pain, a glaucous hue, pupil irregularities, and absence of light perception indicated a poor prognosis with couching. Galen associated the glaucous hue with a large, anterior, or hard crystalline lens. Medieval Arabic authors translated glaukos as zarqaa, which also commonly described light irides. Ibn Sina (otherwise known as Avicenna wrote that the zarqaa hue could occur due to anterior prominence of the lens and could occur in an acquired manner. The disease defined by the glaucous pupil in antiquity is ultimately indeterminate, as the complete syndrome of acute angle closure was not described. Nonetheless, it is intriguing that the glaucous pupil connoted a poor prognosis, and came to be associated with a large, anterior, or hard crystalline lens. Keywords: glaucoma, history of ophthalmology, couching
A Review and Integrative Analysis of Ancient Holistic Character Medicine Systems
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Søren Ventegodt
2007-01-01
Full Text Available The ancient holistic medical systems help the patient by balancing the “elements” of the human character. This work aims to understand the nature of these elements and the process of the physician balancing them. Using the concept of poly-ray cosmology we see that the medical systems from ancient India, China and Greek basically share the same inner structure and also the same logic of the treatment processes. We analyze the double concept of yin-yang, the Ayurvedic triadic concepts of Pitta, Kapha and Vata, the four elements of Hippocratic humoral medicine, and the five elements of Chinese medicine, and find that each of these conceptual frameworks make up a “theory” or model of the world that is a perfect wholeness, allowing the physician to interpret the world and his patient in order to identify the imbalances of his or her character that need to be treated. Independently of the system this can be a palliative treatment, if energies are only balanced in present time, or a causal cure if the physician is using the similarity principle to take his patient into regression back to the events in the personal history that originally created the imbalances (the traumas. To help the patient back to the traumas he is exposed to a small dose of the original harming stimulus; this can be an internal process like visualization supported by the therapist words, or an external process provoked by his actions. If the physician is balancing the elements without such a healing of the patient's existential core this can still momentarily help the patient by alleviating the symptoms, but it will not have a permanent effect.
Die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van melaatsheid in die antieke tyd: navorsings - en oorsigartikels
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François Retief
2009-09-01
Full Text Available Through the ages leprosy has ﬁlled mankind with awe and horror. It still remains one of the unconquered infectious diseases, although the World Health Organisation reports a decrease in its prevalence (18 million to two million new cases annually over the past 20 years. For many, leprosy’s origins are to be traced back to the Hebrew Bible and the condition of zara’ath mentioned in Leviticus 13-14. This was a light-coloured scaly skin lesion which rendered the patient ritually unclean. Such a person was banned from society by a priest, and could only return on being pronounced clean. Zara’ath was almost certainly a benign skin lesion and not leprosy. When the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek (the Septuagint in the 3rd century BC, zara’ath was translated as lepros/lepra, possibly after an apparently comparable disease described in the Hippocratic Corpus (5th – 4th centuries BC. The Hippocratic disease was clearly a benign, scaly skin eruption, and not leprosy as we know it. The fact that leprosy, as a very chronic progressive disease with a characteristic clinical picture, was not described by Hippocrates, almost certainly means that it did not occur in the Greek community of the time. True leprosy is an infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae, and manifests initially as light-coloured skin macules. With prominent bodily immunity against the organism the skin lesions enlarge slowly, later become scaly with a numb surface, and are complicated by nervous inﬁltration and atrophic degeneration of the extremities (tuberculoid leprosy. With low immunity, progressive nodular inﬁltration of skin and underlying structures result in extensive deformities (e.g. the typical “leonine facies”, subcutaneous abscesses, destruction of nerves and other tissues, blindness, deafness and testicular atrophy (lepromatous leprosy. Medical writings of ancient civilisations show that a leprosy-like disease was recognised in Mesopotamia by the 2nd
Roma y los sistemas monetarios provinciales. Monedas romanas acuñadas en Hispania en la segunda guerra púnica
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María Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO
2009-12-01
Full Text Available RESUMEN: Se señala la libertad económica que la Roma republicana concedió a las provincias para la acuñación de moneda local y para la utilización de los sistema ponderales propios. En el caso de Hispania todos los valores acuñados bajo Roma proceden de patrones indígenas, incluido el mal llamado "denario ibérico". Por su parte, los generales romanos gozan de la misma libertad de acuñación respecto a su sistema monetario y se aprovechan de los factores económicos más rentables en las provincias; de ello son testimonio todos los valores anómalos de plata acuñados por Roma en Hispania que ya conocíamos y las nuevas monedas que publicamos aquí: una dracma del Juramento y los ases y semises de plata, las libellae y simbellae citadas por Varrón.ABSTRACT. We point out the economic freedom that Rome allowed the provinces in regard to the monetary sistems. In Hispania all the values minted in the Republican times are inscribed in the indigenous metrological standards, included the wrongly called "denario ibérico". On their side the Roman generals enjoyed the same freedom for minting any value in any metal in the provinces in regard to profit the special economic characteristic of the land. That is proved by all the anomalous silver denominations minted by the Romans in Spain, some of them newly discovered: a drachme of the Oath-taking scene and the silver ases and semises, the libellae and simbellae quoted by Varron.
“Greek” Secular Migration to Russia: Priorities and Regulation (End of 16th – First Half of 17th Centuries
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Oparina Tatyana A.
2016-10-01
Full Text Available The article investigates the problem of the attitude of the Russian authorities to the “Greek” migration. The author tracks the general and specific features of the Orthodox christians’ migration from the Ottoman Empire and from its vassal states. It was revealed that the “Greeks”, like other foreigners, were willingly turned to the Russian citizenship. However, in peacetime the need for foreigners sharply decreased. The admission of military and other experts to Russia who provoked doubts concerning their allegiance was banned. These prohibitions referred mainly to the immigrants from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, not the “Greeks”. The authorities had always been ready to engage the “Greeks” in the service. The precedent effort of the migration of Greek jeweler Alexander Dmitriev changed the situation for a short period. All the “Creeks” were allowed to cross the border without coordination with Moscow departments (Diplomatic or Internal Affair. But then the master asked a too large sum for his services. The authorities were extremely disappointed and refused to employ him in the Royal workshops. This was the only example during the first half of the 17th century when a “Greek” was rejected from the Russian citizenship. However, the incident of Alexandr Dmitriev had not changed the authorities’ politics, he became the reason for moving back to the old rules of coordination before allowing the “Greeks” to cross the Russian border. Besides, it was forbidden to hire foreigners, including the “Greeks”, who had violated the oath and fled from Russia. After that they had no chance to return.
El recibimiento del Sello Real de Carlos IV en la Audiencia de Guatemala (1792: epítome y epígono de una tradición secular (The Reception of the Royal Seal of Charles IV of Spain in the Chancery Court of Guatemala, 1792: Epitome and Epigone of a Secular
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J. Jaime García Bernal
2015-03-01
Full Text Available Resumen: El presente artículo analiza el recibimiento del Sello Real de Carlos IV en la ciudad de Guatemala en las postrimerías del Antiguo Régimen. Nos hemos basado en la Breve Relación (1793 que compuso el fraile dominico Carlos Cadena de la que examinamos sus códigos retóricos e ideológicos. Y en la documentación expedida por la Audiencia de Guatemala que se conserva en el Archivo General de Centroamérica. En primer lugar estudiamos los antecedentes de esta ceremonia en otras ciudades americanas a partir de las descripciones publicadas hasta ahora. En la segunda parte, nos detenemos en el estudio del programa decorativo de la entrada del sello en Guatemala. Posteriormente examinamos las funciones de ingreso, manifestación pública y juramento de la insignia real.Abstract: This article studies the reception of the Royal Seal of Carlos IV in the city of Guatemala in the late eighteenth century. It is based on the Breve Relación written by Dominican father Carlos Cadena (1793. We explore the rhetorical and ideological keys of this original text. We also have used the inform send by the district court of Guatemala that has been kept on the General Archive of Central America. The paper distinguished three phases. In the first part, we explore the forgoing records of this ceremony in others American cities starting from the sixteenth century. In the second part, we focus on the study of the ephemeral decorative program. Finally we emphasized the ceremony of the entry, public exhibition and civic oath of the Royal sign.
Health Technology Assessment – science or art?
Science.gov (United States)
Hofmann, Bjørn
2013-01-01
The founding disciplines of HTA are clearly scientific, and have been firmly based among the natural sciences. However, common definitions of HTA indicate that HTA is something more than the “pure application of science”. This article investigates whether this “something” also makes HTA an art. The question of whether HTA is a science or an art is pursued in two specific and historically rich directions. The first is whether HTA is an art in the same way that medicine is described as an art. It has been argued extensively that medicine is based on two different and partly incompatible cultures, i.e., the natural sciences and humanities. Medicine is based on disciplines within the natural sciences, while its value judgments have been placed in the humanities camp. This dichotomy is present in HTA as well, and the first part of the investigation illustrates how HTA is an art in terms of its inherent and constitutive value-judgments. The second part of the science/art-scrutiny leads us to the ancient (Hippocratic) concept of art, téchne, where we find an etymological and a conceptual link between HTA and art. It demonstrates HTA is not an arbitrary process, even though it involves value judgments and relates complex decision making processes. As an art (téchne) HTA has a specific subject matter, requires inquiry and mastery of general rational principles, and is oriented to a specific end. In conclusion, the science-or-art-question makes sense in two specific perspectives, illustrating that HTA is a science based art. This has implications for the practice of HTA, for its education, and for the status of its results. PMID:23935761
How Hemorrhage Control Became Common Sense.
Science.gov (United States)
Hawk, Alan James
2018-02-27

Just over 200 years ago, surgeons were puzzled that the use of the tourniquet to control hemorrhage as common sense during surgery was a relatively recent development. Within the last 20 years, much progress has been made to controlling hemorrhage in the prehospital context. Then, as now, it was surprising that progress on something that appeared obvious had occurred only recently, begging the question how controlling blood loss was common sense in a surgical context, but not for emergency treatment. Paper is a historical survey of the evolution of the medical understanding of hemorrhage along with technological response. The danger of blood loss had historically been consistently underestimated as physicians looked at other explanations for symptoms of how the human body responded to trauma. As the danger from hemorrhage became apparent, even obvious, responsibility for hemorrhage control was delegated down from the surgeon to the paramedic and eventually to individual service members and civilian bystanders with training to "Stop the Bleed." Hippocratic medicine assumed that blood diffused centrifugally into periphery through arteries. William Harvey's observation in 1615 that blood ran through a closed circulatory system gradually transformed conventional wisdom about blood loss, leading to the development of the tourniquet about a century later by Jean-Louis Petit, which made amputation of limbs survivable. However, physicians were cautious about their application during the First World War over concerns over effects on patient recovery. Hemorrhage had generally been seen as symptom to be managed until the patient would be seen by a surgeon who would stop the bleeding. More thorough collection and analysis of data related to case histories of soldiers wounded during the Vietnam Conflict transformed how surgeons understood the importance to hemorrhage leading to development of the doctrine of Tactical Combat Casualty Care in the late 1990's. economic
Educating the public, defending the art: language use and medical education in Hippocrates' The Art.
Science.gov (United States)
Rademaker, Adriaan
2010-01-01
The Hippocratic treatise The Art is an epideictic speech in defence of medicine against certain unnamed detractors. The author of The Art is fully aware of the fact that for him, language (as opposed to, say, a live demonstration) is the medium of education. Accordingly, the author shows full command of the main issues of the late fifth century 'sophistic' debate on the nature and the correct and effective use of language. In his views on language, the author seems to adopt a quite positivistic stance. For him, words reflect our perception and interpretation of the visual appearances or eidea of the things that are, and these appearances prove the existence of things in nature. To this extent, language reflects reality, provided that we language users have the expertise to form correct interpretations of what we observe. At the same time, language remains a secondary phenomenon: it is not a 'growth' of nature, but a set of conventional signs that have a basis in reality only if they are applied correctly. There is always the possibility of incorrect interpretation of our perceptions, which will lead to an incorrect use of language that does not reflect real phenomena. Words remain conventional expressions, and not all words can be expected to reflect the truth. In fact, the unnamed detractors of the art are victim to many such incorrect interpretations. Consistent with his view of language as secondary to visual phenomena, the author claims in his peroration that as a medium for the defence of medicine, the spoken word is generally considered less effective than live demonstrations. This modesty, while undoubtedly effective as a means to catch the sympathy of his public, still seems slightly overstated. Our author is fully aware of the powers and limitations of his medium, and shows great sophistication in its use.
Embodied Medicine: Mens Sana in Corpore Virtuale Sano.
Science.gov (United States)
Riva, Giuseppe; Serino, Silvia; Di Lernia, Daniele; Pavone, Enea Francesco; Dakanalis, Antonios
2017-01-01
Progress in medical science and technology drastically improved physicians' ability to interact with patient's physical body. Nevertheless, medicine still addresses the human body from a Hippocratic point of view, considering the organism and its processes just as a matter of mechanics and fluids. However, the interaction between the cognitive neuroscience of bodily self-consciousness (BSC), fundamentally rooted in the integration of multisensory bodily inputs, with virtual reality (VR), haptic technologies and robotics is giving a new meaning to the classic Juvenal's latin dictum " Mens sana in corpore sano " (a healthy mind in a healthy body). This vision provides the basis for a new research field, "Embodied Medicine": the use of advanced technologies for altering the experience of being in a body with the goal of improving health and well-being. Up to now, most of the research efforts in the field have been focused upon how external bodily information is processed and integrated. Despite the important results, we believe that existing bodily illusions still need to be improved to enhance their capability to effectively correct pathological dysfunctions. First, they do not follow the suggestions provided by the free-energy and predictive coding approaches. More, they lacked to consider a peculiar feature of the human body, the multisensory integration of internal inputs (interoceptive, proprioceptive and vestibular) that constitute our inner body dimension. So, a future challenge is the integration of simulation/stimulation technologies also able to measure and modulate this internal/inner experience of the body. Finally, we also proposed the concept of "Sonoception" as an extension of this approach. The core idea is to exploit recent technological advances in the acoustic field to use sound and vibrations to modify the internal/inner body experience.
Clima, cerebro y degeneración en Cabanis Climate, brain, and degeneration in Cabanis
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Sandra Caponi
2009-12-01

Full Text Available Son analizados los argumentos defendidos por Cabanis en el Rapports du physique et du moral de l'homme, tomando como punto de partida las Memorias Octava y Novena. Estas Memorias, dedicadas a analizar las influencias del régimen y del clima, permiten leer de otro modo los argumentos utilizados por Cabanis para explicar la relación entre las características físicas y los hábitos morales de individuos y razas. Son analizadas las deudas con la historia natural, particularmente con la teoría de la degeneración de Buffon; con la tradición médica hipocrática, fundamentalmente con la teoría de los humores, y con los estudios de anatomía y patología cerebral. Finalmente, examinamos el papel que la medicina y la higiene, pensadas como ciencias humanas y morales, poseen en los proyetos de la regeneración de la especie humana.This analysis of the arguments defended by Cabanis in Rapports du physique et du moral de l'homme takes as its point of departure his eighth and ninth Memoirs, which focus on analyzing the influences of regime and climate. These writings afford a new reading of the arguments Cabanis used to explain the relation between the physical traits and moral habits of individuals and races. The article analyzes his debts to natural history, especially Buffon's theory of degeneration; to the Hippocratic tradition, above all the humor theory; and to studies of brain anatomy and pathology. Lastly, it examines the role that the human and moral sciences of medicine and hygiene play in the regeneration of the human species.
Georg N. Koskinas (1885-1975) and his scientific contributions to the normal and pathological anatomy of the human brain.
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Triarhou, Lazaros C
2005-12-30
Georg N. Koskinas is invariably recognised by neuroanatomists as Constantin von Economo's co-author on the celebrated Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen, published 80 years ago in Vienna and Berlin. That text and Atlas are generally accepted as a monumental landmark in the evolution of morphological brain research. A number of neuroanatomists and neurophysiologists continue to use to this day the parcellation scheme of the cerebral cortex into 107 areas, proposed by von Economo and Koskinas (and logically denoted by alphabetical characters from the initials of the respective lobes), despite the commoner adoption of Brodmann's scheme of 52, randomly numbered, areas. Several works have been written about the life and work of von Economo; on the other hand, virtually nothing can be found in the biomedical literature about Koskinas. This study aims at posthumously restoring part of the fame due this illustrious man of 20th century science -- and giant figure of brain anatomy -- whom history has not treated in the fairest of ways. We present newly gathered biographical data, as well as lesser known aspects of his scientific productivity. Koskinas' neuropathological studies, in collaboration with Ernst Sträussler -- of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease fame -- include findings from patients inoculated with malaria as a form of therapy for progressive general paresis (research related to psychiatrist Wagner von Jauregg's 1927 Nobel Prize), colloid degeneration, and the laminar distribution of status spongiosus lesions. Koskinas' neuropsychiatric activities in Greece upon his return from Vienna in 1927, and until his parting in 1975, are further related, including his successful -- and "Hippocratic" -- practice in the suburbs of Athens, his association with the Vogt Institute for Brain Research at Neustadt, and lesser known neuroanatomical works.
Teratology in cultural documents and today.
Science.gov (United States)
Schumacher, Gert-Horst
2004-12-01
Teratology is the science of congenital malformations. The incidence of birth defects amounts to 2-3%, but it doubles postnatal owing to the fact that many dysfunctions are not discernible at birth. Congenital malformations were already known in ancient cultures, records from Assyrian and Babylonian astrologists as well as from physicians and philosophers of the Hippocratic era are testifying it. In medieval times they were recognized as supernatural phenomenons, terata, from what the term TERATOLOGY derived. In the eyes of the superstitious people affected stillborns were regarded as monster, symbol of devil or miracle. The foundation of anatomy as a science by Vesalius marked the beginning of a reorientation. In the 17th century, when the age of enlightenment began, ideas concerning the origin of birth defects became more objective. Original studies dealing with congenital malformations became common in the 18th century. Fundamental discoveries made by microscopy placed Teratology on a truly scientific basis. Significant impetus was grown to teratological research with the discovery of Gregg (1941) that German measles (rubella virus) of pregnant women caused birth defects in the embryo and the contergan disaster (1959--1962). Congenital malformations originate from genetic factors (single gene defects and chromosomal aberrations) and environmental factors, such as radiation, drugs, chemicals, and infectious agents. The susceptibility of teratogen depends on the period of embryonal development, which is classified into gametogenesis, blastogenesis, embryogenesis and fetogenesis. The Food and Drug Administration of the USA published guidelines for teratogenetic testing (1966). There are in-vivo and in-vitro-test programmes, the latter became of increasing importance owing to the large number of chemicals to be tested and the activities of opponents against animal experiments. Although great advances were made, the problem remained to transfer results from in
Do contágio à transmissão: uma mudança na estrutura perceptiva de apreensão da epidemia From contagion to transmission: a change in how epidemics are perceived
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Dina Czeresnia
1997-06-01
Full Text Available Este artigo situa os diferentes discursos que buscaram explicar as epidemias através da constituição de noções, conceitos e teorias. Procura assinalar suas condições de aparecimento a transformação, articulando-as ao conhecimento vigente em cada época. Analisa as percepções de 'contágio' a 'miasma' que relacionam a propagação das epidemias aos sentidos do tato e do olfato; a teoria da constituição epidêmica, releitura da tradição hipocrática; a a teoria do contágio formulada no século XVI por Fracastoro. Detém-se na construção do conceito de transmissão, articulada a emergência da medicina moderna, no século XIX, detectando uma descontinuidade quando ocorre mudança na estrutura perceptiva da propagação das doenças epidêmicas.The article contextualizes the various discourses that have sought to explain epidemics through the elaboration of different notions, concepts, and theories. It describes the circumstances under which these discourses appeared and were transformed and ties them in to each era's universe of knowledge. It analyzes (1 the perceptions of contagion and miasma that linked the spreading of epidemics to the senses of touch and smell; (2 the theory of epidemic constitution - a re-reading of the Hippocratic tradition; and (3 Fracastoro's 16th century theory of contagion. Special attention is devoted to elaboration of the concept of transmission in conjunction with the emergence of modern medicine during the 19th century and to the discontinuity occasioned by a new perception of how epidemic diseases spread.
Ethical reflections on Evidence Based Medicine
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S. Corrao
2013-05-01
Full Text Available BACKGROUND According to Potter’s point of view, medical ethics is the science of survival, a bridge between humanistic and scientific culture. The working out of judgements on right or wrong referred to the human being are studied by this science. Methodological quality is fundamental in clinical research, and several technical issues are of paramount importance in trying to answer to the final question “what is the true, the right thing?”. We know they are essential aspects as in medical ethics as in evidence based practice. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this paper is to talk about relationships and implications between ethical issues and Evidence Based Medicine (EBM. DISCUSSION EBM represents a new paradigm that introduces new concepts to guide medical-decision making and health-care planning. Its principles are deeply rooted in clinical research methodology since information are derived from sound studies of strong quality. Health-care professionals have to deal with methodological concepts for critical appraisal of literature and implementation of evidences in clinical practice and healthcare planning. The central role of EBM in medical ethics is obvious, but a risk could be possible. The shift from Hippocratic point of view to community-centred one could lose sight of the centrality of the patient. CONCLUSION Both EBM principles and the needs to adequately response to economic restrictions urge a balance between individual and community ethics. All this has to represent an opportunity to place the patient at the centre of medical action considering at the same time community ethics as systemic aim, but without forgetting the risk that economic restrictions push towards veterinary ethics where herd is central and individual needs do not exist.
Hans Blix appointed Director General
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1981-01-01
On 1 December 1981, Dr Hans Blix took office as Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency in succession to Dr Sigvard Eklund who has headed the IAEA since 1961. The Agency's Board of Governors nominated Dr Blix by acclamation on 26 September. His appointment was unanimously approved by the final session of the 25th regular session of the General Conference of the IAEA the same day. The President of the Conference, Ambassador Manaspas Xuto, administered the oath of office to Dr Blix at the final plenary meeting that day. Hans Blix was born in 1928 in Uppsala He studied at the University of Uppsala, at Columbia University, where he was also a research graduate and at Cambridge, where he received his Ph D In 1959 he became Doctor of Laws at the Stockholm University and in 1960 was appointed associate professor in international law. From 1963 to 1976 Dr Blix was Head of Department at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and served as Legal Adviser on International Law. In 1976 he became Undersecretary of State at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in charge of international development co-operation He was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs in October 1978 In September 1979 he was again appointed Undersecretary of State at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in charge of international development co-operation. Since 1961 he has been a member of Sweden's delegation to the United Nations General Assembly, and from 1962 to 1978 a member of the Swedish delegation to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. He has written several books on subjects associated with international and constitutional law and was leader of the Liberal Campaign Committee in favour of retention of the Swedish nuclear energy program in the referendum in 1980
Syntax and semantics of the dative case
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Antonić Ivana N.
2004-01-01
Full Text Available In this paper, the author presents the survey of syntactic-semantic, and, in relevant instances, also pragmatic-semantic characteristics of the dative case in the contemporary standard Serbian language. On the one hand, the existing, extensive descriptions of syntactic-semantic behavior of the dative case in large grammar books (cf. Daničić 1858; Stevanović 1979 taking into account the time when they were written - by their methodological approach and manner of presentation belong to the history of grammatical description; and, by the corpus they described, they belong to the history of the standard Serbian language. On the other hand, unlike other cases in the Serbian language, the dative case has not been monographically described so far, but it has been extensively discussed only in the confrontative research of the Russian and the Serbian language (cf. Milinković 1988. Taking into account all these facts, this paper is the author's attempt to point out to the well known characteristics of the dative case, along with some new details, presented in a different manner than before, but systematically comprehensively, clearly and, at the same time, without the extensive description of details irrelevant for the whole system. The author distinguishes eleven basic types of the dative case in the contemporary standard Serbian language. These are: the subject dative, the predicative dative, the object directive dative (that is the dative as the indirect object [the second object] and the explicative dative as the complement and at the same time, as a broadly understood, object-goal [and the single object at the same time], the possesive dative, the spatial directive dative, the instrumental dative, the causative dative, the criterion dative, the concessive dative, the ethic dative, and the dative in the speech acts of oaths and praises.
العلامة السيد أبو القاسم رضي الدين علي بن موسى بن جعفر الحسني المعروف بابن طاووس(589هـ 664هـ ومنهجه في كتاب (سعد السعود للنفوس Alalmaa ALSayyed Abu al-Qasim Radhi al-Din Ali ibn Musa ibn Jaafar al-Hassani known as Ibn Tawoos (589 Ah 664 Ah And His method in the book (Saad Al Saud of souls
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Dr. Mohmed Abbass Noemman Aljobry أ.م.د. محمد عباس نعمان الجبوري
2012-06-01
Full Text Available Praise be to Allah who created man, aware man of the statement, and peace and blessings on the pillow creatures Muhammad and his Generous family, and after: Jurists and scholars alive in the hearts and thoughts of the faithful and if they departed this world, their careers and their works live what remains forever, they are sponsored by it for the hearts and neighborhoods of hearts, that Mr. Radhi al-Din Ali bin Tawoos (God's mercy Beauty walk and role models who know her place above the level of the mind, knowledge is infinite factor the satisfaction of God Almighty Mahtata so most reservists, pride of Hilla city, his efforts to raise the nation and Asaaffha, and access to the height of greatness and integrity through Asudaih of tips and guidance gained from his grandfather and Ram and his father and his life. know religion his main concern and suggesting that arguments and evidence relied upon, teaches others how to derive rulings of the conversations of the Prophet (them blessings and peace. wrote books have scientific value and features Balothaqh text transfer in a topping books written in his time. His books (Saad Al Saud of souls have ways a new kind of authorship in this book, the first mention of suspicions and discussed and the response based on evidence and arguments. Vmnahjah Mr. Saad Saud book include the following: the oath on two fronts: Part One: Transfer of Qurans binoculars and Rabat Mecca. Part II: What transfer of interpretations of the Koran and the specialty, has explained in detail the methodology on which the book was keeping conclusion to reach the most important included in the search results.
¿Quién lo hizo? Datos sobre la investigación de delitos de sangre en al-Andalus
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Marín, Manuela
2005-12-01
Full Text Available Two procedures of criminal investigation in al-Andalus are presented in this paper. First, the tadmiya, an accusation made by a seriously injured person against his or her assailant; secondly, the qasāma, an oath pronounced 50 times by the male relatives of a victim of murder accusing somebody of the crime. These two procedures are examined through several cases, historically documented, of their actual practice in al-Andalus. Jurists' opinions were not always unanimous on these issues, owing to differences in school affiliations (Mālikites against Shāfi'ites and to divergences inside the same school. Personal attitudes and social and economic relationships also played an important role in criminal investigations, as attested in the cases under study.
En este artículo se estudian dos aspectos de la investigación sobre delitos de sangre en al-Andalus. En primer lugar, la tadmiya, inculpación hecha por una persona gravemente herida contra su atacante. En segundo lugar, la qasāma, el juramento cincuentenario que podían hacer los parientes masculinos de la víctima de un crimen contra alguien a quien acusaban de haberlo cometido. Estos dos procedimientos se examinan a través de varios casos, documentados históricamente, en que se pusieron en práctica. Las opiniones de los juristas no siempre fueron unánimes a este respecto, bien por diferencias entre las escuelas legales (mālikíes y šāfi'íes, bien por divergencias dentro de la propia escuela mālikí. Tal como puede observarse en los casos estudiados, las actitudes personales, así como las relaciones sociales y económicas, representaron un papel importante en las investigaciones sobre los delitos de sangre.
Why did so many German doctors join the Nazi Party early?
Science.gov (United States)
Haque, Omar S; De Freitas, Julian; Viani, Ivana; Niederschulte, Bradley; Bursztajn, Harold J
2012-01-01
During the Weimar Republic in the mid-twentieth century, more than half of all German physicians became early joiners of the Nazi Party, surpassing the party enrollments of all other professions. From early on, the German Medical Society played the most instrumental role in the Nazi medical program, beginning with the marginalization of Jewish physicians, proceeding to coerced "experimentation," "euthanization," and sterilization, and culminating in genocide via the medicalization of mass murder of Jews and others caricatured and demonized by Nazi ideology. Given the medical oath to "do no harm," many postwar ethical analyses have strained to make sense of these seemingly paradoxical atrocities. Why did physicians act in such a manner? Yet few have tried to explain the self-selected Nazi enrollment of such an overwhelming proportion of the German Medical Society in the first place. This article lends insight into this paradox by exploring some major vulnerabilities, motives, and rationalizations that may have predisposed German physicians to Nazi membership-professional vulnerabilities among physicians in general (valuing conformity and obedience to authority, valuing the prevention of contamination and fighting against mortality, and possessing a basic interest in biomedical knowledge and research), economic factors and motives (related to physician economic insecurity and incentives for economic advancement), and Nazi ideological and historical rationalizations (beliefs about Social Darwinism, eugenics, and the social organism as sacred). Of particular significance for future research and education is the manner in which the persecution of Jewish physician colleagues was rationalized in the name of medical ethics itself. Giving proper consideration to the forces that fueled "Nazi Medicine" is of great importance, as it can highlight the conditions and motivations that make physicians susceptible to misapplications of medicine, and guide us toward prevention of

Agathos Daimon and the Asklepian serpent.
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Pearn, John
2011-06-01
Much conjecture abounds about the origin of the Asklepian serpent of healing, this latter the universal metonym for curative medicine. Iconographic evidence of Asklepios with his staff-entwined serpent exists from Hippocratic times. Many theories exist about the origin of this reptilian symbol of curative medicine. Speculation has ranged from the skin-shed serpent emergent in new and robust health to putative associations with earlier Egyptian and Babylonian anguine (snake) symbols of life-determining power. Other scholars have drawn attention to the Palaeolithic, Neolithic and later Bronze-Age associations with serpent veneration in the context of rain and fertility religious invocations in India; and in many other cultures. In the South Pacific, in Australia and in Central and South America, serpents were regarded as spirits of the earth, often chthonian spirits who possessed life-giving powers. In Chaldean and Arabic etymology, the words for "serpent" and "life" have a synergy. In Classical Greece, the Agathos Daimon was literally the "noble spirit", a personal companion spirit ensuing health and good fortune. The Agathos Daimon was portrayed in iconography as a serpent, or as a fit and comely youth. This paper conjectures that the serpentine Agathos Daimon was one origin of the Asklepian symbol of medicine, portrayed as the serpent associated of the Homeric Asklepios. In later Roman times, the Agathos Daimon was transliterated to the agathodaemon, a protective companion spirit both of individuals and of the homes in which they lived. This benign resident spirit featured prominently in Roman art and was a common feature as a protective household spirit in first century homes at both Pompeii and Herculaneum. The agathodaemon motif also featured on Roman coins, such as bronze diobols of Antoninus Plus (138 - 161 A.D.) from Alexandrian mints in Egypt. In the twenty-first century, the serpentine Agathos Daimon is honoured not only as the symbol of medicine; but is
[Notes on euthanasia].
Science.gov (United States)
Goic, Alejandro
2005-03-01
In the Judeo-Christian tradition, human life is held to be sacred, a semblance of the divine and a gift from God which the individual cannot dispose of at his or her own will. Hence, these monotheistic religions have made of the crime of murder a transgression of God's own commandment not to kill and have extended the applicability of this commandment to the practice of euthanasia and suicide. On the other hand, some non-religious traditions offer plausible reasons favoring euthanasia. This is a delicate matter for physicians, since the Hippocratic tradition forbids euthanasia and because as care-givers they must also bear the psychological, moral and emotional burden of carrying it out. Physicians are trained to preserve life but not to bring it to an end. As human beings, they must always respect the principle of nonmaleficence, and as physicians they must always respect as well the principle of beneficence. It is difficult to accept the fact that ending a human life can be an act of beneficence. In order to differentiate between passive and active euthanasia, the concept of proportionality of medical acts must be brought into consideration. For instance, using high doses of opiates to alleviate pain or withholding the use of an extraordinary method of treatment are not passive acts aimed at ending the life of a terminally ill patient, but medical acts that are reasonable, judicious and proportionate to the condition and irreversibility of a patient's illness. Therefore, so-called passive euthanasia cannot be considered the same as euthanasia. On the other hand, medically assisted suicide is a deceitful form of active euthanasia. The aim of this act is to cause death and the physician is morally responsible for such a death, since he is providing the means for bringing a human life to an end. Many times the desire to die expressed by terminally ill elderly and helpless patients is a request for help and an expression of reproach against a society that allows for
[The origin of informed consent].
Science.gov (United States)
Mallardi, V
2005-10-01
, in the Hippocratic physician, that cared about the patient's suffering, but never neglected looking after his own outcome, endeavouring to avoid becoming involved in lack of success and death of a patient. The concept of consensus is inexistent, albeit, there is an awareness of the presence of precautious and preventive information. In the behaviour of doctors, in ancient times, it is not difficult to recognize the true motives and the real reasons that, already in those days, give rise to the necessary "defensive medicine" particularly as far as concerns the social status of the patient. Already from the early origins, continuing the Hippocratic tradition, the relationship between doctor and patient was consolidated, based upon two very definite criteria, represented, on the one hand, by the professional duty of the physician to do what is bestfor the patient and, on the other, the duty of the patient to completely accept the physician's decisions and intervention. The Hippocratic physician respected a principle of professional responsibility which was more religious and of a moral type, but, from a legal point of view, very weak inasmuch as it depended upon regulations elaborated by human beings. The conviction and certainty that the physician acted, in the interest of his patient's well-being, has been passed down over the centuries endowing the physician with moral authority and a kind of legal impunity, conditions which corresponded, in an almost reflection-likefashion, with the duty of obedience and subjection, on the part of the patient. Christianity was grafted into this consolidated vision of the sacral character of medicine and medical practice, which did not substantially change the Hippocratic type of ethical behaviour. Non only the population but also the Christian physician was aware of the religious importance of his intense activity as a mission and compared to a special kind of priesthood in safe-guarding health, considered as a gift of God
The Functions Of Taboo Words And Their Translation In Subtitling: A Case Study In “The Help”
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Agus Darma Yoga Pratama
2016-10-01
Full Text Available Translating taboo words in subtitling especially translating them into Indonesian is quite difficult since most of the Indonesian people are not used to uttering taboo or offensive words publicly. In addition, watching movie is more of social activity compared to reading and that is why reading taboo expressions while watching might be embarrassing. This study tries to explore the functions of taboo words found in “The Help” movie and tries to find out how the translator translate the taboo words into the target language in order to produce the closest functions to the source language without ignoring the technical aspects of subtitling. This study also deals with the strategy used by the translator to translate the taboo words. The main theories applied here in are from Karamitroglou (1998, Ljung (2011, Toury (1995, and Gottlieb (1992. There are 70 taboo words found in the raw data and the functions of those taboo words are to express sympathy, surprise, disappointment, disbelief, fear, annoyance, metaphorical interpretation, reaction to mishap, to emphasize the associated item, function as adjectival intensifier, name-calling, anaphoric use of epithet, oath, curse, unfriendly suggestion, and four of the taboo words show non-swearing word or in dysphemism form. The strategies applied are omission (16, transfer (27, and euphemism (26. In terms of the technical aspect in subtitling, all of the subtitles in the target language are presented at the maximum of two lines at once. However, there are three lines of the subtitles which exceed the maximum numbers of characters being proposed. Since taboo word is not only used to offend someone, it is important for the translator to get the closest equivalence in the target language in order to maintain its function. The translator may choose whether he/she wants to follow the source language norms to produce adequate target text or follow the target language norms in order to produce acceptable
Decentralised Leadership in Contemporary Jihadism: Towards a Global Social Movement
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Romain Bartolo
2011-05-01
Full Text Available On October 19th 2003, nearly six months after the outset of the invasion of Iraq by US troops, a video was released by al-Qaeda media arm 'al-Sahab' showing Osama bin Laden directly threatening Spain. In his words, Spain, then governed by Prime Minister José Maria Aznar from the 'Partido Popular' (PP, may face a terrorist attack should Spanish military forces continue to be part of the coalition that invaded Iraq[1] and toppled the Saddam Hussein regime. Less than six months later, on March 11th 2004, Madrid was shaken by coordinated bomb attacks in several commuter trains at peak hours, killing 191 people and wounding thousands. The “first well-known al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist conspiracy in Europe”[2] had been in preparation for years thanks to the long-term presence of radical Islamists on Spanish soil. The first jihadist bombing on this continent since 9/11[3] seemed to have answered Osama bin Laden’s warning call. Those who later claimed responsibility for these attacks pointed out Iraq as their main source of motivation. Symbolically the bombings were carried out a few days before the first anniversary of Iraq’s invasion. On the national scene, because “terrorism is meant to terrify”[4] and affect an audience, terrorists clearly intended to affect the outcome of the national general elections scheduled three days later. The Madrid terrorists were not self-starters, nor were they members of al-Qaeda who had performed an oath of allegiance to bin Laden. Instead, they were mostly first-generation immigrants from Northern Africa or the Near East who had been settled in Spain for years, had decent jobs and for some of them wives and children[5]. The setting up of the Madrid bombings was an illustration of the rising context of the contemporary jihadist movement, targeting a country and blaming it for what was happening thousands of kilometres away. This example is highly valuable to describe the continuously evolving nature of the
The History of Ethics and Professionalism within Optometry in the United States of America 1898-2015, Part 1.
Science.gov (United States)
Bailey, R Norman
2016-01-01
The history surrounding the development of codes of ethics and other official statements of desired professional conduct adopted by the American Optometric Association (AOA) reveals the struggle optometry faced in the United States ofAmerica (USA) in establishing itself as a leading primary health care profession. Information regarding the events and documents reported in this paper were obtained through research of the historical literature and archival material held in The Archives & Museum of Optometry at the American Optometric Association's headquarters at 243 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO; through current Association documents; and from discussions with those participating in the drafting of the more recent updates to the Association's ethical statements; codes, oaths, standards, and resolutions. This writing is an update to an earlier paper by the author, The history of ethics in the American Optometric Association 1898-1994. J Am Optom Assoc 1994; 65:427-444, which was written to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the then current Code of Ethics of the AOA. An additional purpose of this present writing is to help the reader understand, from a historical perspective, some of the driving forces and imperatives for the advancement of optometry's professional stature. Forces outside as well as within the profession were found to have influenced the drafting and redrafting of the official ethical and professional conduct statements meant to guide the professional behavior of the membership of the AOA. Ethical codes and other statements of desired conduct have been essential to the establishment of the profession of optometry. As optometry has grown and matured as a provider of primary eye and vision care services, so have its ethical emphases. To further understand the ethical and legal challenges for optometry as it worked to establish itself as a reputable profession, it is suggested the reader investigate in more detail the information provided in the
The Social Composition and Main Tasks of Russian Right-Monarchist and Centrist Political Parties of the Early Twentieth Century
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Alexander S. Zabolotskikh
2016-01-01
Full Text Available This article analyzes the social composition of the political parties of the Russian Empire in the early XX century and a real reflection of interests of different social groups. The estates principle of social organization of pre-revolutionary Russia, seems, was to be decisive to formation of the party organizations. However, in practice, many public organizations (in particular, the Black Hundred Party declared their all-estates character, trying to become the spokesman of the greatest possible number of social groups. By the beginning of XXcen tury in Russia there were about 60 parties, which could be called the all-Russian. Comparing the most famous of them, the author concludes that representatives of the Black Hundreds largely managed to realize the proclaimed all-estates construction principle of political organization. As stated by the leader of the Monarchist Party V.A.Gringmut, "Black Hundred-monarchists - are thousands, millions, it's - the whole Russian Orthodox people, remaining faithful to the oath unlimited Orthodox tsar" [10, p. 156]. The ideology of the Black Hundreds, which had the universal Christian character, reflecting the traditionalist outlook of the country's population, contributed to their penetration into the masses. Contrary to popular belief, the big bourgeoisie and the landlord class were not the only groups that are members of the «Union of October 17 th». However Octobrists faced with serious problems, attracting to its ranks of workers and peasants of the Russian population, because they are more focused on employers rather than workers. For example, as the researchers note, an important role in the creation of the "Union of October 17 th " played factory owners Brusnitsyns in St. Petersburg [3, p.122]. But by 1917 Octobrists altogether lost control of the labor movement. Thus, despite the constant positioning of the political parties of the Russian Empire as all-estates, in reality, they pursued the interests
The Social Composition and Main Tasks of Russian Right-Monarchist and Centrist Political Parties of the Early Twentieth Century
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Alexander S. Zabolotskikh
2016-01-01
Full Text Available This article analyzes the social composition of the political parties of the Russian Empire in the early XX century and a real reflection of interests of different social groups. The estates principle of social organization of pre-revolutionary Russia, seems, was to be decisive to formation of the party organizations. However, in practice, many public organizations (in particular, the Black Hundred Party declared their all-estates character, trying to become the spokesman of the greatest possible number of social groups. By the beginning of XXcen tury in Russia there were about 60 parties, which could be called the all-Russian. Comparing the most famous of them, the author concludes that representatives of the Black Hundreds largely managed to realize the proclaimed all-estates construction principle of political organization. As stated by the leader of the Monarchist Party V.A.Gringmut, "Black Hundred-monarchists - are thousands, millions, it's - the whole Russian Orthodox people, remaining faithful to the oath unlimited Orthodox tsar" [10, p. 156]. The ideology of the Black Hundreds, which had the universal Christian character, reflecting the traditionalist outlook of the country's population, contributed to their penetration into the masses. Contrary to popular belief, the big bourgeoisie and the landlord class were not the only groups that are members of the «Union of October 17th». However Octobrists faced with serious problems, attracting to its ranks of workers and peasants of the Russian population, because they are more focused on employers rather than workers. For example, as the researchers note, an important role in the creation of the "Union of October 17th" played factory owners Brusnitsyns in St. Petersburg [3, p.122]. But by 1917 Octobrists altogether lost control of the labor movement. Thus, despite the constant positioning of the political parties of the Russian Empire as all-estates, in reality, they pursued the interests of
Evaluation of acute toxicity, antibacterial activity, and mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Piper umbellatum L.
Science.gov (United States)
da Silva, Iberê Ferreira; de Oliveira, Ruberlei Godinho; Mendes Soares, Ilsamar; da Costa Alvim, Tarso; Donizeti Ascêncio, Sérgio; de Oliveira Martins, Domingos Tabajara
2014-01-01
Piper umbellatum L., Piperaceae, is a shrub that grows up to 3m high. It is commonly known as "capeba" or "pariparoba" in Brazil. Tea prepared using the leaves of this plant is employed in the treatment of infections and inflammatory processes in different countries. Approximately 50 compounds, notably from the flavonoid, alkaloid, terpene, and sterol classes, have been isolated from the leaves of Piper umbellatum. To evaluate the acute toxicity, antibacterial activity, and mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Piper umbellatum leaves (HEPu). Acute toxicity of HEPu against CHO-K1 cells was evaluated using a cytotoxicity assay with Alamar Blue and that against mice was assessed by the Hippocratic test. Antibacterial activity of HEPu was tested using the broth microdilution method using a panel of clinically relevant bacteria, and the effects of HEPu on the bacterial membrane were analyzed in detail. A preliminary phytochemical analysis based on coloration/precipitation was performed according to procedure described in the literature. Secondary metabolites detected were analyzed and confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), spectrophotometry, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Piper umbellatum did not appear to be toxic in the in vitro (IC50>200 µg/mL) cytotoxicity test. When administered in vivo at doses up to 2000 mg/kg p.o., HEPu did not cause any signs or symptoms of toxicity in mice. It demonstrated a good spectrum of antibacterial activity and its mode of action appeared to be associated with changes in the permeability of bacterial membranes; it led to increased entry of hydrophobic antibiotics, efflux of K(+), and nucleotide leakage. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, and sterols in the extract. Spectrophotometric and HPLC analysis revealed the presence of the flavonoids rutin and quercetin. In summary, HEPu has antibacterial activity and low acute toxicity in vitro and
Global medicine: Is it ethical or morally justifiable for doctors and other healthcare workers to go on strike?
Science.gov (United States)
2013-01-01
Background Doctor and healthcare worker (HCW) strikes are a global phenomenon with the potential to negatively impact on the quality of healthcare services and the doctor-patient relationship. Strikes are a legitimate deadlock breaking mechanism employed when labour negotiations have reached an impasse during collective bargaining. Striking doctors usually have a moral dilemma between adherence to the Hippocratic tenets of the medical profession and fiduciary obligation to patients. In such circumstances the ethical principles of respect for autonomy, justice and beneficence all come into conflict, whereby doctors struggle with their role as ordinary employees who are rightfully entitled to a just wage for just work versus their moral obligations to patients and society. Discussion It has been argued that to deny any group of workers, including "essential workers" the right to strike is akin to enslavement which is ethically and morally indefensible. While HCW strikes occur globally, the impact appears more severe in developing countries challenged by poorer socio-economic circumstances, embedded infrastructural deficiencies, and lack of viable alternative means of obtaining healthcare. These communities appear to satisfy the criteria for vulnerability and may be deserving of special ethical consideration when doctor and HCW strikes are contemplated. Summary The right to strike is considered a fundamental right whose derogation would be inimical to the proper functioning of employer/employee collective bargaining in democratic societies. Motivations for HCW strikes include the natural pressure to fulfil human needs and the paradigm shift in modern medical practice, from self-employment and benevolent paternalism, to managed healthcare and consumer rights. Minimizing the incidence and impact of HCW strikes will require an ethical approach from all stakeholders, and recognition that all parties have an equal moral obligation to serve the best interests of society
Global medicine: is it ethical or morally justifiable for doctors and other healthcare workers to go on strike?
Science.gov (United States)
Chima, Sylvester C
2013-01-01
Doctor and healthcare worker (HCW) strikes are a global phenomenon with the potential to negatively impact on the quality of healthcare services and the doctor-patient relationship. Strikes are a legitimate deadlock breaking mechanism employed when labour negotiations have reached an impasse during collective bargaining. Striking doctors usually have a moral dilemma between adherence to the Hippocratic tenets of the medical profession and fiduciary obligation to patients. In such circumstances the ethical principles of respect for autonomy, justice and beneficence all come into conflict, whereby doctors struggle with their role as ordinary employees who are rightfully entitled to a just wage for just work versus their moral obligations to patients and society. It has been argued that to deny any group of workers, including "essential workers" the right to strike is akin to enslavement which is ethically and morally indefensible. While HCW strikes occur globally, the impact appears more severe in developing countries challenged by poorer socio-economic circumstances, embedded infrastructural deficiencies, and lack of viable alternative means of obtaining healthcare. These communities appear to satisfy the criteria for vulnerability and may be deserving of special ethical consideration when doctor and HCW strikes are contemplated. The right to strike is considered a fundamental right whose derogation would be inimical to the proper functioning of employer/employee collective bargaining in democratic societies. Motivations for HCW strikes include the natural pressure to fulfil human needs and the paradigm shift in modern medical practice, from self-employment and benevolent paternalism, to managed healthcare and consumer rights. Minimizing the incidence and impact of HCW strikes will require an ethical approach from all stakeholders, and recognition that all parties have an equal moral obligation to serve the best interests of society. Employers should implement
Modern medicine is losing its humanistic essence: 'Patients no more, but diseases' is the new motto now.
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Filiz Bulut
2016-12-01
Full Text Available For medicine, which is as old as history of humanity, the virtue of helping has always been a priority. However, the way medicine see diseases and human being changed from time to time, and the treatment approaches were shaped accordingly. Ancient Greek's Knidos and Kos Schools of Medicine reflecting one of the earliest schools of systematic medical education show us two distinct perspectives. School of Kos carries the characteristics of Hippocratic medicine and reach a diagnosis not considering the disease symptoms but through the disease itself, and the prognosis of the patient is taken into consideration as well. The disease and the patient are handled with a holistic view without focusing on an organ and the treatment is planned accordingly, while the School of Knidos focuses mainly on the disease not to the patient and reach a clinical diagnosis based on the specifications presented from the symptoms. Today's modern medicine mentality has significant similarities with the School of Knidos approach. This model ignores the cases specific to the patient while diagnosing and applying treatment methods. The physicians who get more specialised every day are becoming implementers of an alienated medicine in contrast to Hippocrates's 'There is no disease, but the patient' aphorism. Nowadays, with the rapidly developing technology and ever-growing accumulation of knowledge, it is possible to say that we moved away from the 'humanistic' medicine concept. In addition, in today's medicine, embedding the business concepts into medicine and commercialization of medicine have significant effects on this phenomenon. The establishment and assessment of the relationship of patient-physician on the basis of ‘customer satisfaction' is changing physicians' opinions on their profession and patients, which leads to a worrisome transformation such as moving away from traditional medical virtues. In this process, respect and trust for the physician are shaken and
Protest of doctors: a basic human right or an ethical dilemma.
Science.gov (United States)
Abbasi, Imran Naeem
2014-03-10
Peaceful protests and strikes are a basic human right as stated in the United Nations' universal declaration on human rights. But for doctors, their proximity to life and death and the social contract between a doctor and a patient are stated as the reasons why doctors are valued more than the ordinary beings. In Pakistan, strikes by doctors were carried out to protest against lack of service structure, security and low pay. This paper discusses the moral and ethical concerns pertaining to the strikes by medical doctors in the context of Pakistan. The author has carefully tried to balance the discussion about moral repercussions of strikes on patients versus the circumstances of doctors working in public sector hospitals of a developing country that may lead to strikes. Doctors are envisaged as highly respectable due to their direct link with human lives. Under Hippocrates oath, care of the patient is a contractual obligation for the doctors and is superior to all other responsibilities. From utilitarian perspective, doctors' strikes are justifiable only if there is evidence of long term benefits to the doctors, patients and an improvement in service delivery. Despite that, it is hard to justify such benefits against the risks to the patients. Harms that may incur to the patients include: prolongation of sufferings, irreversible damage to health, delay in treatment, death, loss of work and waste of financial resources.In a system of socialized medicine, government owing to greater control over resources and important managerial decisions should assume greater responsibility and do justice to all stakeholders including doctors as well as patients. If a doctor is underpaid, has limited options for career growth and is forced to work excessively, then not only quality of medical care and ability to act in the best interests of patients is adversely affected, it may also lead to brain drain. There is no single best answer against or in favor of doctors' industrial
Florencio Escardó: la psicología -y las psicólogas y la lucha contra múltiples prejuicios Florencio Escardó: psychology -and women psychologists and his fight against multiple prejudices
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Ana Diamant
2007-12-01
Full Text Available Se presentan aspectos de la labor de Florencio Escardó (1904 - 1992 - quien se define como defensor de los postulados de la reforma universitaria - y de los cambios que generó, no sólo como médico sino también como docente y divulgador. Se destaca su intención de democratizar la enseñanza y la atención a la comunidad, con la incorporación - entre otras acciones - a las tareas de atención y extensión de estudiantes y graduados de la Carrera de Psicología en la Sala XVII del Hospital de Niños y en la experiencia desarrollada en Isla Maciel, el apoyo al ingreso de las mujeres a las escuelas universitarias de la UBA, la unificación del juramento de los graduados en Medicina y los modos de enseñar y evaluar. También su propuesta de "humanizar" la atención en pediatría, incluyendo a las madres de los niños internados, probando que este cambio aceleró los tiempos de curación.Some aspects of Florencio Escardó's work are displayed. He defines himself as a defender of the assertions of university amendments - and also of the changes that such amendments caused, not only as a doctor but also as a professor and discloser. A point to highlight is his intention to democratize teaching and assistance to the community by means of the inclusion - among other things - of students and graduates of the course of studies of Psychology to the work of assistance and extension to Room No. 12 of Hospital de Niños (Children Hospital. Other points to highlight include the experience at Maciel Island, the support for the entrance of women to the schools of UBA, the unification of the Medicine graduates' oath and the ways of teaching and evaluating. Besides, his proposal to "humanize" the assistance at pediatrics including the mothers of those children who were in hospital. It was proved that this change speeded up the time for recovery.
The importance of meta-ethics in engineering education.
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Haws, David R
2004-04-01
Our shared moral framework is negotiated as part of the social contract. Some elements of that framework are established (tell the truth under oath), but other elements lack an overlapping consensus (just when can an individual lie to protect his or her privacy?). The tidy bits of our accepted moral framework have been codified, becoming the subject of legal rather than ethical consideration. Those elements remaining in the realm of ethics seem fragmented and inconsistent. Yet, our engineering students will need to navigate the broken ground of this complex moral landscape. A minimalist approach would leave our students with formulated dogma--principles of right and wrong such as the National Society for Professional Engineers (NSPE) Code of Ethics for Engineers--but without any insight into the genesis of these principles. A slightly deeper, micro-ethics approach would teach our students to solve ethical problems by applying heuristics--giving our students a rational process to manipulate ethical dilemmas using the same principles simply referenced a priori by dogma. A macro-ethics approach--helping students to inductively construct a posteriori principles from case studies--goes beyond the simple statement or manipulation of principles, but falls short of linking personal moral principles to the larger, social context. Ultimately, it is this social context that requires both the application of ethical principles, and the negotiation of moral values--from an understanding of meta-ethics. The approaches to engineering ethics instruction (dogma, heuristics, case studies, and meta-ethics) can be associated with stages of moral development. If we leave our students with only a dogmatic reaction to ethical dilemmas, they will be dependent on the ethical decisions of others (a denial of their fundamental potential for moral autonomy). Heuristics offers a tool to deal independently with moral questions, but a tool that too frequently reduces to casuistry when rigidly
Jury selection and jury trial in Spain: between theory and practice
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Mar Jimeno-Bulnes
2011-12-01
the requirement to take oath to all jurors. In all this exposition the example of Provincial Court of Burgos shall be used with consideration of practical experiences and even if possible, statistics, to its conducting of jury trials in criminal proceedings.Having discussed the above points, the paper draws to a close with a number of succinct concluding remarks
Cirios, trompetas y altares : el auto de fe como fiesta
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Doris Moreno Martínez
1997-01-01
Full Text Available El análisis del auto de fe en su vertiente festiva nos permite superar la vieja polémica de la historiografía liberal y la historiografia conservadora, en torno a la popularidad/repulsión social de la Inquisición. Trascendiendo las visiones unidireccionales, se intenta aprender el auto de fe general desde una perspectiva global; se integran las vertientes jurídica, religiosa y social a través de algunos de los múltiples ingredientes del auto: sensitivos (luz, colores, sonidos..., sociales (participación activa de artesanos, familiares y asistentes... y simbólicos (orden preeminencial en las procesiones y en los tablados, juramentos..., para configurar el auto de fe como una fiesta compleja. poliédrica. En el auto de fe la Iglesia y el Estado tantas veces enfrentados, mostraban sus respectivos poderes concertados, con toda la capacidad intimidatoría de una simbología muy funcional y efectiva, y los componentes mórbidos de identificación personal del mal y la escenificación dramática.The analysis of the auto de fe on its festive side allows us to overecome the old discussion between the liberal histórical view and the conservative view that surrounds the social popularity/repulsion of the Inquisition. Overcoming the narrow visión we try to understand a global perspective; we intégrate the juridical, religious and social aspects through some of the many ingredients of the auto de fe: sensory (light, colours, sounds..., social (active participation of artisans, families and people present... and symbolical (order of rank in processions on stages and oath taking.... All those aspects combine to make the auto de fe a very complex and many sided festivity. In the auto de fe, the Church and the State, many times oppossed to one another, showed that their respective powers were united, with all the intimidating power of a very effective and functional symbolism and the morbid components of a personal identification of evil and the
Honoring Our Ethical Origins: Scientific Integrity and Geoethics, Past, Present, and Future
Science.gov (United States)
Gundersen, L. C.
2017-12-01
Current ethics policy owes much of its origins to Aristotle and his writings on virtue - including the idea that if we understand and rationally practice virtue and excellence, we will be our best selves. From this humble beginning emerged a number of more complex, ever evolving, ethical theories. The Hypocratic Oath and atrocities of World War II resulted in the roots of scientific integrity through the Nuremberg Code and the Belmont Report, which set ethical rules for human experimentation, including, respect, beneficence, and justice. These roots produced bioethics, medical ethics, environmental ethics, and geoethics. Geoethics has its origins in Europe and is being embraced in the U.S.A. It needs a respected place in the geoscience curriculum, especially as we face the global challenges of climate change and sustainability. Modern scientific integrity in the U.S.A., where research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism, was derived from efforts of the 1980's through 1990's by the Nat'l Institutes of Health and Nat'l Academy of Sciences (NAS). This definition of misconduct has remained an immovable standard, excluding anything not of the scientific process, such as personal behaviors within the research environment. Modern scientific integrity codes and reports such as the Singapore Statement, the NAS' Fostering Integrity in Research, and current federal agency policies, provide standards of behavior to aspire to, and acknowledge the deleterious effects of certain behaviors and practices, but still hesitate to include them in formal definitions of research misconduct. Modern media is holding a mirror to what is happening in the research environment. There are conflicts of interest, misrepresentations of data and uncertainty, discrimination, harassment, bullying, misuse of funds, withholding of data and code, intellectual theft, and a host of others, that are having a serious detrimental effect on science. For science to have its best
Protest of doctors: a basic human right or an ethical dilemma
Science.gov (United States)
2014-01-01
Background Peaceful protests and strikes are a basic human right as stated in the United Nations’ universal declaration on human rights. But for doctors, their proximity to life and death and the social contract between a doctor and a patient are stated as the reasons why doctors are valued more than the ordinary beings. In Pakistan, strikes by doctors were carried out to protest against lack of service structure, security and low pay. This paper discusses the moral and ethical concerns pertaining to the strikes by medical doctors in the context of Pakistan. The author has carefully tried to balance the discussion about moral repercussions of strikes on patients versus the circumstances of doctors working in public sector hospitals of a developing country that may lead to strikes. Discussion Doctors are envisaged as highly respectable due to their direct link with human lives. Under Hippocrates oath, care of the patient is a contractual obligation for the doctors and is superior to all other responsibilities. From utilitarian perspective, doctors’ strikes are justifiable only if there is evidence of long term benefits to the doctors, patients and an improvement in service delivery. Despite that, it is hard to justify such benefits against the risks to the patients. Harms that may incur to the patients include: prolongation of sufferings, irreversible damage to health, delay in treatment, death, loss of work and waste of financial resources. In a system of socialized medicine, government owing to greater control over resources and important managerial decisions should assume greater responsibility and do justice to all stakeholders including doctors as well as patients. If a doctor is underpaid, has limited options for career growth and is forced to work excessively, then not only quality of medical care and ability to act in the best interests of patients is adversely affected, it may also lead to brain drain. Summary There is no single best answer against or
Mental health and sexual activity according to ancient Greek physicians.
Science.gov (United States)
Laios, K; Tsoucalas, G; Kontaxaki, Μ-Ι; Karamanou, Μ; Sgantzos, Μ; Androutsos, G
2015-01-01
and heaviness, dilatancy, pain, dysuria and fever. But all these symptoms would disappear when the man gained a measure sexual activity, as was categorically stated by Galen. It is striking that these ideas were maintained over time, starting already from the authors of the Hippocratic Corpus, from which the distinguished work De virginum morbis, refers indeed to women who reached the point of suicide due to the absence sexual life, hanging themselves or falling into wells and eventually passing to the works of Rufus of Ephesus, Soranus of Ephesus and Galen.

Guidelines and Recommendations for Developing Interactive eHealth Apps for Complex Messaging in Health Promotion.
Science.gov (United States)
Heffernan, Kayla Joanne; Chang, Shanton; Maclean, Skye Tamara; Callegari, Emma Teresa; Garland, Suzanne Marie; Reavley, Nicola Jane; Varigos, George Andrew; Wark, John Dennis
2016-02-09
The now ubiquitous catchphrase, "There's an app for that," rings true owing to the growing number of mobile phone apps. In excess of 97,000 eHealth apps are available in major app stores. Yet the effectiveness of these apps varies greatly. While a minority of apps are developed grounded in theory and in conjunction with health care experts, the vast majority are not. This is concerning given the Hippocratic notion of "do no harm." There is currently no unified formal theory for developing interactive eHealth apps, and development is especially difficult when complex messaging is required, such as in health promotion and prevention. This paper aims to provide insight into the creation of interactive eHealth apps for complex messaging, by leveraging the Safe-D case study, which involved complex messaging required to guide safe but sufficient UV exposure for vitamin D synthesis in users. We aim to create recommendations for developing interactive eHealth apps for complex messages based on the lessons learned during Safe-D app development. For this case study we developed an Apple and Android app, both named Safe-D, to safely improve vitamin D status in young women through encouraging safe ultraviolet radiation exposure. The app was developed through participatory action research involving medical and human computer interaction researchers, subject matter expert clinicians, external developers, and target users. The recommendations for development were created from analysis of the development process. By working with clinicians and implementing disparate design examples from the literature, we developed the Safe-D app. From this development process, recommendations for developing interactive eHealth apps for complex messaging were created: (1) involve a multidisciplinary team in the development process, (2) manage complex messages to engage users, and (3) design for interactivity (tailor recommendations, remove barriers to use, design for simplicity). This research has
Incorporation of Islamic Institutions into Political Structure of the Golden Horde and post-Golden Horde States »
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Roman Pochekaev
2016-01-01
Full Text Available The article is dedicated to basic directions and mechanisms of incorporation of Islamic administrative and legal institutions into the Jochid Ulus. As this state included regions with well developed Islamic traditions, individual manifestations of influence of Islam on political and legal realities of the Golden Horde took place since the first stage of existing of this state. However, only after official conversion of the Jochid ulus to Islam during the reign of Uzbek Khan (in the 1320s Islamic political and juridical institutions became an integral part of state and legal structure of the Golden Horde. Their role substantially increased in the time of crisis of imperial state and legal system after disintegration of the Mongol Empire and then of its successors, the Chinggisid states. Influence of Islamic institutions on political and legal relations of the Golden Horde and post-Golden Horde states became apparent in different aspects. At first, it was participation of representatives of Islamic administration in executive power including tax collection: such functions of them are confirmed by yarliks of khans of the Golden Horde, as well as of the Crimean and Kazan khanates. Secondly, Islamic judges, the qadis were integrated into court system of the Golden Horde and later, within the post-Golden Horde states, they even ousted imperial judges, the jarguchis. Third, powerful representatives of Islamic clergy became participants of qurultays, where the khans were elected, and the ceremony of enthronement was supplemented by the oath of a new khan on Koran under their influence. At last, Islamic clergymen participated actively in diplomatic activity of the post-Golden Horde states and acted as mediators between rivals who pretended for the throne in the Jochid states. No doubts, the rise of influence of Islam and Islamic clergy in political and legal life of the later Golden Horde and post-Golden Horde states could be explained, from one side, by
Medical practice in the ancient Asclepeion in Kos island.
Science.gov (United States)
Mironidou-Tzouveleki, Maria; Tzitzis, Panagiotis M
2014-01-01
Asclepeion was destructed and/or destroyed by religious groups, more earthquakes, conflagrations, the Saint John's Knights of Jerusalem and the Turks. Recent excavations in the area in order to find and restore the old Asclepeion started in 1902. Now Asclepeion is partly restored. In conclusion, it is suggested that Hippocratic medicine, as practiced in the Asclepeion of the island of Kos, using psychosomatic means of treatment in a green natural environment was effective for many diseases at that time but also inspired modern medicine and as an example a large university institution is now under constructions based on the above ideals.
Los Reyes Católicos y la insaculación en Castila
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Regina POLO MARTIN
2009-12-01
Full Text Available RESUMEN: Partiendo de la reconocida importancia que el sistema insaculatorio tuvo en la Corona de Aragón como mecanismo para elegir los oficios concejiles, en este artículo se analiza su difusión en Castilla durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos, tanto desde un punto de vista geográfico, especificando las dos principales zonas en las que se extendió, como cronológico, citando las sucesivas fechas de implantación. Posteriormente, se realiza una caracterización de la insaculación castellana, distinguiendo, por una parte, los principales aspectos del procedimiento insaculatorio -modelos de elección de los electores, necesidad de confirmación regia de los elegidos, duración, día y lugar de la elección, prestación de juramento, plazo que debe transcurrir para ejercer de nuevo oficios concejiles, provisión de vacantes y aceptación de los oficios-, y por otra, los distintos cargos municipales que se eligen conforme a este procedimiento, con especial referencia a los diputados. Las consideraciones finales acerca de la insaculación, relativas a las causas y motivos; objetivos y fines; reacción de las ciudades; y el mayor o menor intervencionismo regio, que se manifiesta en la manera de instaurarse y en la necesidad o no de confirmación regia, nos permiten conocer y comprender mejor qué supuso este mecanismo en la Castilla de fines del siglo XV.ABSTRACT: This article deals with the system called insaculación, the method used in the Crown of Aragón to assign the council's occupations, and analyses its spread throughout Castile in the reign of the Catholic Monarchs. It combines a geographical analysis of the two main areas in which it spread, and a chronological analysis, which includes the dates of implementation of the system. A description of the system of insaculación shows the main aspects of the procedure (ways of electing voters; the need of royal ratification for those voters; day, place and duration of elections; oath
The Relation of Philosophy and Medicine in Ancient Greece
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RHEE Kee-Bag
2005-06-01
Full Text Available The purpose of this paper is to deal with two questions concerning the relation of philosophy and medicine in ancient greece (1 Which influences had philosophy on medicine? (2 Whom did attack the author of On the ancient medicine? And (3 was his criticism right? (1 Philosophy’s influences was twofold (a As early Greek philosophers had explained natural phenomena by natural elements without recourse to any supernatural god so authors of Hippocratic Works also had sought to explain diseases They had replaced magical and religious medicine with rational medicine by virtue of rational explanation This seems to have represented medicine’s debt to philosophy (b Many medical authors primarily had studied the nature of human i e the basic constituents of the body since they had thought the very same to be causes of diseases This aspect shows the conspicuous influence of philosophy Because it was the nature of cosmos i e the source or basic constituent that early Greek philosophers had searched to explain cosmos and all natural phenomena in it (2 On the other hand the author of On the ancient medicine attacks physicians that are influenced by cosmology of early Greek philosophers The point of his criticism in Chapter 1 is that ‘philosophical physicians’ postulate one or two constituents of the body as the primary cause of men’s diseases Then are physicians that postulate various constituents free from the author’s criticism? At least according to Chapter 20 it is not so He seems to criticize physicians in general who proceed by the hypothetical method He contrasts this method with the method of trial and error and asserts that this is of medicine but that is of philosophy (3 Although this methodological separation was right in a sense at least the opinion of the author seems to be extreme Because medicine can’t be science if it does not make use of any hypothesis�
New early instrumental series since the beginning of the 19th century in eastern Iberia (Valencia, Spain)
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Sanchez-Lorenzo, Arturo; Barriendos, Mariano; Guinaldo, Elena; Lopez-Bustins, Joan A.
2010-05-01
Early instrumental series are the main source for climate information in the 18th and the first part of the 19th century, which is when systematic meteorological observations started in most national meteorological services. The first continuous series in Spain starts in 1780 in Barcelona due to meteorological observations made by the medical doctor Francisco Salvá Campillo. Moreover, only two other series have been recovered at the present in Spain: Madrid and Cádiz/San Fernando. Until present, in Spain the major part of the meteorological observations detected in early instrumental periods were made by medical doctors, who started to pay attention to the environmental factors influencing population health under the Hippocrates oath, although also there are military institutions and academic university staff (e.g. physicists, mathematicians, etc.). Due to the high spatial and temporal climate variability in the Iberian Peninsula, it is important to recover and digitize more climatic series, and this is one of the main goals of the Salvá-Sinobas project (http://salva-sinobas.uvigo.es/) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Environment, and Rural and Marine Affairs for the 2009-2011 period. The first new series with systematic observations was detected in the city of Valencia, in the eastern façade of the Iberian Peninsula. The meteorological observations were daily published in the newspapers Diario de Valencia (1804-1834) and Diario Mercantil de Valencia (1837-1863) until official meteorological observations started in 1858 at the University of Valencia. Each day 3-daily observations (morning, midday, afternoon) were published with five climatic variables: temperature, air pressure, humidity, wind direction and the sky state. Only during the 1804-1808 period daily rainfall data is available. We checked the observer comments published in the newspapers to obtain metadata about the instruments and meteorological station information. Unfortunately, temperature data
Courts of customary law in the post-soviet states: history and the current situation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Сергій Володимирович Васильєв
2016-01-01
the court could function as a non-judicial body and a constant one; (7 in the trial the evidence was as follows: actual recognition; material evidence; statements by witnesses; oath; (9 a special place of the court was established; (10 a court decision was binding. Conclusions of the research. At the present moment we can talk about the kind of reception of the institute of traditional (national justice, which is supported both by the population of the relevant post-Soviet states and their public authorities. This fact is explained by the fact that the essence and purpose of the traditional justice, since its origin and up till now has not changed, and it is as follows: (1 authority of the court (judges; (2 ensuring harmony between a person and the society, based on the confidence of the members of the process in a fair solution of the dispute; (3 justice serves as a means of reconciliation, not as a tool of clear application of positive law.
Termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido na prática reumatológica Informed consent in rheumatology care practice
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José Marques Filho
2011-04-01
represents patients' autonomy or self-determination regarding their relationship with their physicians, took a while to be included in medical care practice and medical deontology codes. The convenience of using the informed consent in medical practice is widely discussed today, especially in rheumatology. Our opinion is that the obligation of a signed informed consent provided by the patient for every medical procedure is neither reasonable nor practical. It should be used for more invasive or risky therapeutic procedures. We understand that the informed consent does not guarantee that the patient has been fully informed, which is an essential condition for the current rheumatological practice. Its adoption in routine medical care practice would make medical intervention bureaucratic, and, thus, quite different from the Hippocratic view, which considered the trustful physician-patient relationship fundamental for an adequate medical care practice.
Konsepte van oorerwing in Grieks-Romeinse tye
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F. P. Retief
2001-09-01
transferred to the child via the male and female semen (or semen equivalent. The Hippocratic doctors (5th and 4th centuries BC consolidated existing wisdom by way of a complex theory which stated that hereditary factors (sex and general characteristics transferred via male and female semen, determined the appearance of the child, but only after modifying factors such as volume, consistency and origin of semen, the elements heat, cold, moistness and dryness, and the position of foetus in the uterus, had played a role. Aristotle (4th century BC postulated a very different theory, based on the assumption that the male was superior to the female, and that his strong semen would determine the hereditary process. Ideally this would lead to the birth of a male child, resembling his father. It was, however, possible that due to factors such as a strongly ‘concocted’ (enriched female generative substance (menstrual blood, as she had no semen, specific weather conditions, the age of and interaction between parents, as well as the type of water drunk, the male dominance could be qualified, resulting in a sub-ideal child - e.g. a male child with the mother’s characteristics, or even a female child. Subsequent philosophers and physicians including Galen (2nd century AD, added little new to these two main doctrines, and Roman writers in particular tended to introduce elements of mysticism and superstition.
History as a tool in identifying "new" old drugs.
Science.gov (United States)
Riddle, John M
2002-01-01
To trace the history of a natural product and its use, it is necessary to identify to correct plant among around a half-million species. One must also know how and when harvest the plant and the morphology of location and extraction. Within the same species plant chemistry varies, depending upon climatic and soil conditions, stage of maturity and even diurnal factors. To all of these variations must be added the diagnostic ability of physicians and native healers (to distinguish between Hippocratically-trained Western physicians and whose knowledge is less formally taught). Seldom was a disease identified as we Know it today, but the constellations of symptoms described, when studied carefully within the framework historical setting of the culture, can be related to modern medicine. It is essential to study the historical contemporary usage data in the language in which those accounts were writTen. Translators are often philologists who are not sensitive to medical nuances. Modern readers of translated historical documents often are unaware of the precision the authors delivered in describing medical afflictions and their treatments. Natural product drugs are truly products of human knowledge. Because so many modern pharmaceuticals are manufactured synthetically we forget that once either the compound or its affinity had a home in a natural product. Over 2,500 years ago man first used a drug obtained from white willow bark, which was aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid. Today's scientists continue to be bewildered by just what aspirin's mechanisms of action are, discovering new modes of action, and how they relate to medical diagnostics. Whatever the science of aspirin, an intelligent person today takes it just as our ancestors did fo millennia. Throughout time, explanations continue to vary just as purpose of administration do as well. Nevertheless, aspirin is perceived as being beneficial. Historical in-use data can also be a factor in judging a drug's safety, since
Procès inquisitorial contra el castellà d'Amposta Fra Pedro Roiç de Moros a la cúria pontificia del papa Benet XIII (I414-1418
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Alanyà i Roig, Josep
2002-06-01
Full Text Available The Arxiu de la Corona d'Aragó in Barcelona houses the original commital proceedings instituted by a court of cardinals set up by pope Benedict XIII in the year 1414 and teh trial itself of the lord of Amposta, Fra Pedro Roiç de Moros, knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, who had been charged with indictable offences—concubinage, robbery, housing apostates, oath breaking and counterfeiting money, mismanagement of the Castlery's assets, excesses against his vassals, wasteful use of assets, dereliction and property abandonment— of which he was found guilty, and thereafter sentenced to losing the dignity of his lordship. Roiç de Moros appealed to the Council of Constance as well as to pope Martin V. It would be to no avail. Roiç de Moros paid a very high price for choosing to support count Jaume d'Urgell and deciding to oppose Ferran dAntequera and the policies of pope Benedict XIII. The follow up and analysis of the court´s records are very interesting for their human variety and interesting informations about fortresses, houses, barns, treaures and services there were in different locations of the Castlery of Amposta, such as Batea, Gandesa, Miravet, Ulldecona, Ascó and other towns and villages along the Ribera d´Ebre. The whole criminal prosecution bears a very peculiar historic interest mainly because the protagonists, the court procedures, and their causes are the link between the Interregnum in the Aragonese Crown and the fìnal days of the Western Schism.
A l'Arxiu de la Corona d'Aragó de Barcelona es conserva el procés original instruït per un tribunal de cardenals creat pel papa Benet XIII l'any 1414 per jutjar el Castella d'Amposta, l'hospitaler Fra Pedro Roiç de Moros, acusat de crims greus —concubinat, bandositats, recepció d’apòstates, perjuri i fabricació de moneda falsa, mala administració dels bens de la Castellania, comissió d'excessos contra els seus vassalls, dilapidado de bens i abando
FEMALE IMAGES AS THE EKPHRASES OF ICONS IN THE PROSE OF A. PLATONOV
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Elena Vasil’evna Astaschenko
2015-11-01
Full Text Available This article examines some of the details of the three images – a wise maiden Fevronia, who in union with Peter became the symbol of family, love and loyalty, Sofia the God’s Wisdom, Evdokia, the companion of the God’s mother on «The seeking of the Lost» icon, Mary herself. Plots reeled into the ekphrasis have always existed: in the «Iliad», in the «Oath. Viewing from the wall», Helen weaves coming battles, «bright double cover, which depicts battles, the feats of horse Trojans and Danae with copper armour, in which they suffered from Atreus’s hands», in the «Aeneid» the gates of Didon are painted both with the scenes of the Troy fall and the prophecy of the meeting with Aeneas and its fate. There is a version that all Russian literature of critical realism is an ecphrasis of icons. Platonov’s icon painting images of women, in spite their incredible artistic complexity, preserve unshakable moral folk-Christian foundation. Platonov’s prosaic Yaroslavna is a clot of the poetic power of love, accumulated by the «weeping» of a Russian woman for centuries of separation – creates high intensity in the short story «Fro» without events and conversations with her husband (not taking into account the genres of monodrama and prayer. During the revolution and ubiquitous socialist construction, Platonov wrote a story about the heroes of the railway transport, this story, however, persistently refers to the theme of abused nature, family, life, everything what the author called «the substance of existence». In 1936, the writer published this story in the journal «The literary critic» after a number of significant revisions. Platonov named this story after the protagonist – «Fro». The plot and meaning of the story is transmitted both via biographies and the pathos of the builders of a new life, who do not know yet, unlike the wise author that «not only cast faith moves people, but also a quavering doubt» and �
Aspectos psicosociales de la epilepsia infantil Psychosocial aspects of childhood epilepsy
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Fernando Sell Salazar
2009-01-01
.Epilepsy is without a doubt one of the most ancient and enigmatic conditions in the history of medicine, as it was already described in remote times. From the ancestral obscure understanding of epilepsy to the present, there have been important scientific advances in the knowledge of its diagnosis and treatment. The management of a child with epilepsy requires following a protocol that includes a detailed clinical and laboratory evaluation. All chronic diseases, and also epilepsy, are felt as a double aggression: 1 Internal, related to the changes that the disease causes, and 2 external, related to the tests, medications, excessive protection, and all the rules and prohibitions that are applied. The doctor (pediatrician, pediatric neurologist or epileptologist, when initiating a relationship with the child with epilepsy, is going to propose "a new code", often hard to accept. He is going to intervene far away from the crisis, or soon after it happened, in an environment characterized by significant anguish for the family. There is no question that the disease is difficult for the child, as it is also for the parents, who become responsible for a different type of care, are preoccupied daily about their son taking the medication regularly, and suffer awaiting for another crisis to happen. Epilepsy, more than other conditions, creates a high level of restlessness because of the spectacular, dramatic nature of its presentation and for the ancestral myths still attributed to it. For all these reasons, the diagnosis of epilepsy is frequently accompanied by three relevant reactions in the family: anxiety, guilt and aggressiveness. The intervention of the doctor in the treatment of childhood epilepsy must be "global". With mystic devotion, the doctor must embrace the true Hippocratic concept of patient care.
Astrology and medicine in antiquity and the middle ages
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Francois P. Retief
2010-01-01
date of onset of an illness or other important incident, on which information was needed. Egyptian astrological inﬂuence was limited but as from the 5th century BC onwards, Greek (including Hellenistic input became prominent. In addition to signiﬁcant contributions to astronomy, Ptolemy made a major contribution to astrology as “science” in his Tetrabiblos. Rational Greek medicine as represented by the Hippocratic Corpus did not include astrology, and although a number of physicians did make use of astrology, it almost certainly played a minor role in total health care. Astrology based on the Babylonian-Greek model also moved to the East, including India where it became integrated with standard medicine. China, in the Far East, developed a unique, extremely complex variety of astrology, which played a major role in daily life, including medicine. During Medieval times in the West, astrology prospered when the original Greek writings (complemented by Arabic and Hebrew contributions were translated into Latin. In the ﬁeld of medicine documents falsely attributed to Hippocrates and Galen came into circulation, boosting astrology; in the young universities of Europe it became taught as a science. It was, however, opposed by the theologians who recognised a mantic element of mysticism, and it lost further support when during the Renaissance, the spuriousness of the writings attributed to the medical icons, Hippocrates and Galen, became evident. Today Western standard medicine contains no astrology, but in countries like China and Tibet it remains intricately interwoven with health care. In common language we have a heritage of words with an astrological origin, like “lunatic” (a person who is mentally ill, “ill-starred”, “saturnine” (from Saturn, the malevolent plant and “disaster” (from dis, bad, and astra, star.
Pharmacological activity of the essential oil of Satureja viminea (Lamiaceae
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Adriana Suárez
2003-03-01

Full Text Available The aqueous extract and the essential oil of Satureja viminea (Lamiaceae were tested. General physiologic effects were assessed through the Hippocratic screening test. Non fasted female Sprague Dawley rats were utilized and 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg doses were used. Two animals were used for each dosage level and for the vehicle alone. Exploratory behavior and curiosity were measured using a hole board apparatus and placing non-trained mice on the board and recording the number of holes explored in a 5 minute period. The Boissier chimney test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Muscle strength was assessed through a grasping test where mice were hung by their fore-limbs 40 cm above the base on a horizontal metal stainless bar. In all these tests, 3 groups of 6 albino mice, were treated with 1000 mg/kg of each the essential oil of S. viminea, the vehicle and diazepan (1 mg/kg as a positive control. Analgesic activity was explored in Sprague-Dawley rats. The tail flick method described by D`Amour and Smith (1941 modified by CYTED was implemented on three groups (6 rats each of animals treated with, each the essential oil of S. viminea (1000 mg/kg, the vehicle and indomethacine. The test was carried out just before and 30, 60 and 120 min after oral treatment. Peristaltic activity was measured in albino mice, three groups of 6 animals each, treated orally with each the essential oil of S. viminea (1000 mg/kg, the aqueous extract (1000 mg/kg, and the vehicle. The marker used was activated carbon. Animals were sacrificed 30 min after the marker was given and the percent of total small intestine traversed by it was calculated. Also a lethal dose 50 (LD 50 was determined with the Spearman-Karber method. A dose-related spontaneous motor activity reduction was observed. Exploratory behavior and curiosity were diminished. The grasping strength of mice was reduced. A very clear and significant analgesic effect was observed with the oral
[The contradictive tendencies in medical treatment of the Hellenistic age--diversity versus simplification, chronic extension (physical therapy) versus rapidity, humane medicine versus worldly success].
Science.gov (United States)
Che, Jayoung
2008-06-01
state(physis) and took much account of different physical states of individual to embody various methods of treatment, which presupposed chronic delay. The opposite to the Hippocratic medicine is called for the wounded by war, or the collective labourer of large farm with intensive labour exploitation. The medical treatment for them assumed anatomical surgery and drugs of rapid, strong effect.
Historia del Ático a través de sus inscripciones, II
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J. LÓPEZ EIRE
2009-12-01
Attic are found.Following the traces on the inscriptions, we are able to reconstruct the evolution of the ending -oisi to -ois, that can be explained as resulting from the influence exerted by the article form tois upon the names ending in -oten, the same evolution that took place in other Greek dialects, as, for instance, in Cretan.We often find in the same Attic inscription old and new forms of the same item side by side. For instance, in 40 we find AZEnaioisin y AZEnaiois, hsummahos and sun-. These differences are to be explained taking into account the presence in the above mentioned inscription of two different linguistic levels, an old one corresponding to the formulaic Attic employed in oaths, curses and imprecations, and another kind of Attic, freeer and not so conservative, used by the politicians as they put forth their proposals.The high level of Attic, employed in literature, is a kind of Attic strongly influenced by Ionic, a dialect that had become a literary language and an instrument of scientific analysis before the end of the fifth century B. C, the date in which the masterpieces of Attic prose began to be written. So there are clear differences between some features of this high level Attic and the corresponding in the inscriptional Attic we are dealing with.Under the influence of this high level Attic several characteristic traits of the inscriptional Attic already begin to fade out by the middle of the fifth century B. C , as can be shown by the disappearance of the imperative ending -oszon and the expression me olejon frequently used in old inscriptions, that are replaced respectively by -eszon and me elatton, more akin forms to those employed in high Attic.The same can be said concerning the wider use of periphrasis, or the extension of -K to plural, dual and middle voice in some athematic aorists as, for instance, paredokamen, or the presence of the ending -san in forms of the plural third person of imperative as kazelontosan, that were formerly
Historia del Ático a través de sus inscripciones, I
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Antonio LÓPEZ EIRE
2009-12-01
take into account the different kind of documents in which those features of Attic are found. Following the traces on the inscriptions, we are able to reconstruct the evolution of the ending —01,01 to —OLÇ, that can be explained as resulting from the influence exerted by the article form xoîç upon the names ending in —Olor, the same evolution that took place in other Greek dialects, as, for instance, in Cretan. We often find in the same Attic inscription old and new forms of the same item side by side. For instance, in 1G I3 40 we find Afrevoaoimv and Aftëvcuoiç, xov\\\\\\\\,aypç, and aw. These differences are to be explained taking into account the presence in the above mentioned inscription of two different linguistic levels, an old one corresponding to the formulaic Attic employed in oaths, curses and imprecations, and another kind of Attic, freeer and not so conservative, used by the politicians as they put forth their proposals. The high level of Attic, employed in literature, is a kind of Attic strongly influenced by Ionic, a dialect that had become a literary language and an instrument of scientific analysis before the end of the fifth century B.C., the date in which the masterpieces of Attic prose began to be written. So there are clear differences between some features of this high level Attic and the corresponding in the inscriptional Attic we are dealing with. Under the influence of this high level Attic several characteristic traits of the inscriptional Attic already begin to fade out by the middle of the fifth century B. C, as can be shown by the disappearance of the imperative ending — õcr&õv and the expression \\ie oÀ,£^ov frequently used in old inscriptions, that are replaced respectively by — ecr&õv and \\x~Ë EÀarcov, more akin forms to those employed in high Attic.The same can be said concerning the wider use of periphrasis, or the extension of — x to plural, dual and middle voice in some athematic aorists as, for instance

What are the basic principles of the Hippocratic Oath?

The consensus was on the basic principles: beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and respect for the patient's autonomy with its two rules of confidentiality and veracity. The Hippocratic Oath specifies the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence and the rule of confidentiality.

What is the purpose of the Hippocratic Oath?

In medicine, the Hippocratic Oath for physicians was written specifically to prevent self-interested doctors from harming individual patients in ancient times. To better serve the present day needs and current ethics of physicians, a more inclusive pledge was written and adopted in October 2017.

Is Hippocratic Oath an ethical code?

Hippocratic oath, ethical code attributed to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, adopted as a guide to conduct by the medical profession throughout the ages and still used in the graduation ceremonies of many medical schools.

Which of the following precepts is of primary importance in both the Hippocratic Oath and the principle of Nonmaleficence?

In the Hippocratic Oath the principle of primary importance is Primum non nocere, above all do no harm.

Which of the following ethical issues form the foremost part of Hippocratic Oath

Sample records for hippocratic oath

What are the basic principles of the Hippocratic Oath?

What is the purpose of the Hippocratic Oath?

Is Hippocratic Oath an ethical code?

Which of the following precepts is of primary importance in both the Hippocratic Oath and the principle of Nonmaleficence?

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