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What should Ms. Rollison know about behavior in order to help Joseph?As we discussed on the previous page, consequences can either increase or decrease the probability that a student’s behavior will reoccur. Of course, it is not always easy to know what effect a consequence will have until teachers are able to observe future behavior. For example, a teacher might assume that keeping a student in at recess will decrease an unwanted behavior. However, the actual effect of the consequence cannot be determined until he or she can observe whether the behavior does, in fact, decrease. Teachers who effectively change student behavior frequently use one of the following types of consequences:
Positive ReinforcementPositive reinforcement is a means by which teachers can increase the probability that a behavior will occur in the future. A teacher uses positive reinforcement when he or she provides something that is pleasant. Positive reinforcement is often thought of as a reward.
Negative ReinforcementNegative reinforcement is also a means by which teachers can increase the probability that a behavior will occur in the future. A teacher uses negative reinforcement when he or she removes something that is unpleasant. Negative reinforcement is often thought of as relief from something aversive (e.g., boring class work).
For Your InformationWhen you reflect on the concept of reinforcement, do not mistakenly associate the terms positive and negative with the concepts of good and bad. Rather, keep in mind that these terms refer to the addition or removal of a stimulus or condition in order to achieve a desired response. It might be helpful to think of positive reinforcement as a reward and negative reinforcement as a relief; both result in an increase in the probability that the behavior will reoccur. Positive PunishmentPositive punishment is a means by which teachers can decrease the probability that a behavior will occur in the future. A teacher uses positive punishment when he or she provides something that is unpleasant.
Negative PunishmentNegative punishment is also a means by which teachers can decrease the probability that a behavior will occur in the future. A teacher uses negative punishment when he or she removes something that is pleasant. “Time-out,” for example, is a commonly used form of negative punishment.
The use of punishment to change behavior runs contrary to most schools’ philosophies, and is not recommended. It is usually more productive to use positive reinforcement to increase a desired behavior than it is to use punishment to decrease an undesirable one. ExtinctionExtinction refers to the withholding of something that is pleasant in order to eliminate the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future.
Extinction is often difficult to use on its own in a classroom because it:
If a teacher chooses to use extinction, it should be paired with positive interventions, as described later in this module. Please note that extinction should not be used with difficult or dangerous behaviors. Which of the following consequences increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future quizlet?states that behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened. says that if some random actions are followed by a pleasurable consequence or reward, such actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future.
What is a consequence of behavior that increases the likelihood that a response will occur?Reinforcement means you are increasing a behavior, and punishment means you are decreasing a behavior. Reinforcement can be positive or negative, and punishment can also be positive or negative. All reinforcers (positive or negative) increase the likelihood of a behavioral response.
When a behavior increases or decreases due to the consequences that occur after the the behavior occurs?Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of reinforcers. In both of these cases of reinforcement, the behavior increases. Positive reinforcers are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior.
In which type of conditioning is the likelihood of the behavior increased after reinforcement?instrumental conditioning, is a kind of learning in which an animal or human performs some behavior, and the following consequence (reward or punishment) increases or decreases the chance that an animal or human will again perform that same behavior.
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