Which of the following best describes what European radicals sought to accomplish?

Qing China's official response to British requests for open trading practices was

To declare that China had no use for Europe's manufactured goods.

As trade accelerated, merchants and financiers began to recognize the greater potential of free trade. This country claimed to be in favor of free trade, but blocked it by creating monopolies in its colonies.

Workers in British factories suffered for all of the following reasons except

Commodities became somewhat cheaper to buy.

In the mid-1800s, a new class of merchants began to develop in Africa when

Legitimate commerce sold peanut and palm oil instead of slaves.

All of the following contributed to the French Revolution except

Increasing popularity of the view that social place was fixed by God and not to be disputed.

Was begun by a radical priest and completed by a conservative general with Creole support.

Britain's willingness to back the right of the merchants to sell opium to China by force.

Symbols and innovations associated with revolutionary France included all but which of the following?

Lots of statues honoring the king's royal family members.

All of the following contributed to the North American War of Independence except

The British crown's commitment to policies reflecting the ideals of "liberty for all"

As slave trade across the Atlantic declined

Slavery remained strong in Africa itself.

"Freedom for all" failed to include all of the following except

In India, the British sought to

Foster a change in Indian attitudes, through education and laws, so that they would feel more British.

Many would argue that Napoleon's most significant contribution to world history was

The impact his troops had in sparking nationalistic sentiment throughout Europe.

The beginning of Napoleon's swift decline came with a loss to

Most of Latin America's successful revolutions were dominated by elite men of either pure or mixed European decent. One that succeeded in liberating slaves, however was fought in

British independence differed from that of other Latin American nations because

It was won peacefully when the prince declared Brazil independent.

As British influence in Mughal India expanded, the Mughal emperor

Was left on his throne to maintain much of the civil administration of India.

Egypt's Muhammad Ali reformed his country by instituting all but which of the following changes?

Cultural transformations designed to strengthen Christianity.

Radical control over the French Revolution led to

Execution of the king and tens of thousands of other French men and women.

In Russia, this period of change led to

A retrenchment of traditional absolutist rule. 

(1783–1830) Venezuelan leader who urged his followers to become "American," to overcome their local identities. He wanted the liberated countries to form a Latin American confederation, urging Peru and Bolivia to join Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia in the "Gran Colombia."

(1769–1821) General who rose to power in a post-Revolutionary coup d'état, eventually proclaiming himself emperor of France. He placed security and order ahead of social reform and created a civil legal code. Napoleon expanded his empire through military action, but after his disastrous Russian campaign, the united European powers defeated Napoleon and forced him into exile. He escaped and reassumed command of his army but was later defeated at the Battle of Waterloo.

The middle class. In Europe, they sought to be recognized not by birth or title, but by capital and property.

The idea that people, through membership in a nation, should choose their own representatives and be governed by them.

(1600–1858) British charter company created to outperform Portuguese and Spanish traders in the Far East; in the eighteenth century the company became, in effect, the ruler of a large part of India.

Wage-paying rather than slave labor.

Domestic and international trade unencumbered by tariff barriers, quotas, and fees.

Gradual accumulation and diffusion of old and new technical knowledge that led to major economic changes in Britain, northwestern Europe, and North America, catapulting these countries ahead of the rest of the world in manufacturing and agricultural output and standards of living.

Dramatic economic change in which households that had traditionally produced for themselves decided to work harder and longer hours in order to produce more for the market, which enabled them to increase their income and standard of living. Areas that underwent the industrious revolution shifted from peasant farming to specialized production for the market.

Ruler of Egypt between 1805 and 1848. He initiated a set of modernizing reforms that sought to make Egypt competitive with the great powers.

The idea that members of a shared community called a "nation" should have sovereignty within the borders of their state.

Form of political organization that derived legitimacy from its inhabitants, often referred to as citizens, who in theory, if not always in practice, shared a common language, common culture, and common history.

(1839–1842) War fought between the British and Qing China over British trade in opium; resulted in the granting to the British the right to trade in five different ports and the ceding of Hong Kong to the British.

The idea that the power of the state resides in the people.

Government in which power and rulership rest with representatives of the people—not a king.

The idea, drawn from the writings of British philosopher John Locke, that the law should bind both ruler and people.

The Rebellion of 1857 in India was sparked by

The "greased cartridge" controversy.

Slowly gained strength over the nineteenth century by pushing education and culture to unify "the nation."

All of the following are true about Usman dan Fodio's Fulani movement except

It expected women to remain completely uninvolved in political action.

Which of the following best describes what radicals sought to accomplish?

To reconstruct society economically and politically.

Which of the following best describes the utopian socialism of Charles Fourier?

The organization of people into phalanxes that would preserve diversity in tasks and classes, but in which merchants did not exist

The materialist theory of history generated by Marx and Engels taught that what mattered was

How goods were produced and how that shaped social relations.

Which of the following best describes what reactionaries sought to accomplish?

To reverse democracy and secular influence.

Hong Xiuquan's Taiping society demonstrated all but which of the following?

Why did Mayan rebels stop their drive to rid the land of imperialists during the Caste War?

Planting season came, so the Mayans went home.

Which of the following did Shaka not use in his command of the Zulus?

The charismatic leaders in this chapter offered all of the following except:

Decentralized states where power rested in the hands of the people.

What did Tenskwatawa advise his followers to do to rid Indian lands of the white man?

Return to the traditional Indian rites and lifestyle.

The "alternative" visions of the nineteenth century all sought to

Oppose authority and protect local community.

Allied to Wahhabi Movement leaders was the Najdian House of Saud of

The insurgencies discussed in this chapter were most commonly

Destroyed with brute military force.

The Wahhabi Movement sought to institute pure Islam and challenge

Which of the following best describes what liberals sought to accomplish?

To limit state power while expanding that of the individual.

Insurgents opposed to powerful colonizing nations generally preached a message that reflected all of the following except

Strong statements of universal love and toleration.

Mayan identity developed from all but which of the following bases?

Close ties to the sugar and hennequen producers who felt threatened by new taxes.

The Taiping Rebellion of China gained momentum from all of the following except

Government reforms aimed at relieving economic pressures by lowering taxes.

(1847–1901) Conflict between Mayan Indians and the Mexican state over Indian autonomy and legal equality, which resulted in the Mexican takeover of the Yucatan peninsula.

(1834–1848) Mass democratic movement to pass the Peoples' Charter in Britain, granting male suffrage, secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and annual parliaments, and absolving the requirement of property ownership for members of the parliament.

(1754–1817) Fulani Muslim cleric whose visions led him to challenge the Hausa ruling classes, whom he believed were insufficiently faithful to Islamic beliefs and practices. His ideas gained support among those who had suffered under the Hausa landlords. In 1804, his supporters and allies overthrew the Hausa in what is today northern Nigeria.

Form of utopian socialism based on the ideas of Charles Fourier (1772–1837). Fourier envisioned communes where work was made enjoyable and systems of production and distribution were run without merchants. His ideas appealed to middle-class readers, especially women, as a higher form of Christian communalism.

Political and social theory that advocates representative government, free trade, and freedom of speech and religion.

Form of scientific socialism created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that was rooted in a materialist theory of history: what mattered in history were the production of material goods and the ways in which society was organized into classes of producers and exploiters.

African political revolts in the first half of the nineteenth century that were caused by the expansionist methods of King Shaka of the Zulu people.

Convinced of the imminent coming of a just and ideal society.

Rebellion of 1857 (Great Rebellion)

Indian uprising against the East India Company to bring religious purification, an egalitarian society, and local and communal solidarity without the interference of British rule.

(1815–1848) European movement after the defeat of Napoleon to restore Europe to its pre-French revolutionary status and to quash radical movements.

Rebellion by followers of Hong Xiuquan and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom against the Qing government over the economic and social turmoil caused by the Opium War. Despite raising an army of 100,000 rebels, the rebellion was crushed.

(1768–1813) Shawnee who circulated Tenskwatawa's message of Indian renaissance among Indian villages from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast. He preached the need for Indian unity, insisting that Indians resist any American attempts to get them to sell more land. In response, thousands of followers renounced their ties to colonial ways and prepared to combat the expansion of the United States.

(1768–1834) Shawnee prophet who urged disciples to abstain from alcohol and return to traditional customs, reducing dependence on European trade goods and severing connections to Christian missionaries. His message spread to other tribes, raising the specter of a pan-Indian confederacy.

The most visionary of all Restoration-era movements. Utopian socialists like Charles Fourier dreamed of transforming states, workplaces, and human relations and proposed plans to do so.

Early-eighteenth-century reform movement organized by Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab, who preached the absolute oneness of Allah and a return to the pure Islam of Muhammad.

Why were European nationalists seen as radicals in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Which of the following best describes Charles Fouriers utopian socialist system?

Who played a key part in spreading and purifying Islam across West Africa?

How did 19th century nationalist thinkers define the nation?