Which immunomodulatory drug is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis Quizlet

A, B, C, D, H

If lesions are present on the optic nerves, optic neuritis can occurs which can lead to blurry vision, pain when moving the eyes, and dark spots in the vision. If cerebellar lesions are found, this can affect movement, speech, and some cognitive abilities. This would present as dysarthria (issues articulating words), and balance/coordination issues. "Pill rolling" of the fingers and hands is found in Parkinson's disease. Ptosis is common in myasthenia gravis, and heat intolerance in thyroid issues.

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Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder who's exact cause is unknown.

Damages myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS (making antibodies to the myelin sheath of neurons in CNS) --> wide variety of sensory and motor deficits

Periods of acute clinical exacerbation/attack (relapses) alternating with periods of complete or partial recovery (remissions)

Over time, symptoms grow progressively worse

Pathology:
-Multifocal regions of inflammation and myelin destruction (brain, spinal cord, optic nerve)
-Demyelination: axonal/nerve conduction slowed or blocked

After an acute attack:
Inflammation subsides
-Damaged tissue replaced by astrocyte-derived filaments that form scars known as scleroses (fill in gaps of damaged tissue with connective tissue, forming scars)
-Some degree of recovery occurs (partial remyelination)

Functional axonal compensation

Development of alternative neuronal circuits that bypass the damaged region

Recurrent episdoes:
-Less complete recovery due to mounting astrocytic scarring, irreversible axonal injury, and death of neurons and oligodendrocytes

Signs and Symptoms:
Paresthesias
-Numbness
-tingling
-pins and needles sensation

Muscle or motor problems
-Weakness
-clumsiness
-ataxia (impaired balance/coordination)
-spasms
-spasticity
-tremors
-cramps

Visual impairment
-Blurred vision
-Double vision
-Blindness

Bladder and bowel symptoms
-Incontinence
-Urinary urgency
-Urinary hesitancy
-Constipation

Other:
-Sexual dysfunction
-Disabling fatigue
-Emotional lability, depression, and cognitive impairment
-Slurred speech and dysphagia
-Dizziness and vertigo
-Neuropathic pain

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What immunomodulator is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis?

Teriflunomide is an oral immunomodulatory agent that elicits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme involved in pyrimidine synthesis. It is indicated for relapsing forms of MS.

Which medications can be used to manage fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis MS )?

Article Highlight: Fatigue is one of the most common problems among patients living with multiple sclerosis (MS). Three drugs—amantadine, modafinil, and methylphenidate—are commonly prescribed for reducing fatigue in patients with MS, but conclusive evidence for their effectiveness is lacking.

Which medication is most appropriate for a patient newly diagnosed with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis?

Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus). This humanized monoclonal antibody medication is the only DMT approved by the FDA to treat both the relapse-remitting and primary-progressive forms of MS . Clinical trials showed that it reduced relapse rate in relapsing disease and slowed worsening of disability in both forms of the disease.

Which finding is consistent with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis?

Criteria for a diagnosis of MS Find evidence of damage in at least two separate areas of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves AND. Find evidence that the damage occurred at different points in time AND. Rule out all other possible diagnoses.