Treatment Show
Approach ConsiderationsTherapy is generally focused on alleviation of symptoms.Toward this goal, a doctor may prescribe a combination of medications that open obstructed bronchial airways and thin obstructive mucus so that it can be coughed up more easily. Care for acute bronchitis is primarily supportive and should ensure that the patient is oxygenating adequately. Bed rest is recommended. The most effective means for controlling cough and sputum production in patients with chronic bronchitis is the avoidance of environmental irritants, especially cigarette smoke. Also see Pediatric Bronchitis.  Symptomatic TreatmentBased on 2006 American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines, [12, 13] central cough suppressants such as codeine and dextromethorphan are recommended for short-term symptomatic relief of coughing in patients with acute and chronic bronchitis. [14] Also based on 2006 ACCP guidelines, therapy with short-acting beta-agonists ipratropium bromide and theophylline can be used to control symptoms such as bronchospasm, dyspnea, and chronic cough in stable patients with chronic bronchitis. For this group, treatment with a long-acting beta-agonist, when coupled with an inhaled corticosteroid, can be offered to control chronic cough. For patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, therapy with short-acting agonists or anticholinergic bronchodilators should be administered during the acute exacerbation. In addition, a short course of systemic corticosteroid therapy may be given and has been proven to be effective. In acute bronchitis, treatment with beta2-agonist bronchodilators may be useful in patients who have associated wheezing with cough and underlying lung disease. Little evidence indicates that the routine use of beta2-agonists is otherwise helpful in adults with acute cough. [15] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are helpful in treating constitutional symptoms of acute bronchitis, including mild-to-moderate pain. Albuterol and guaifenesin products treat cough, dyspnea, and wheezing. In patients with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), treatment with mucolytics has been associated with a small reduction in acute exacerbations and a reduction in the total number of days of disability. This benefit may be greater in individuals who have frequent or prolonged exacerbations. [16] Mucolytics should be considered in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD, especially in the winter months. [3] Antibiotic TherapyAmong otherwise healthy individuals, antibiotics have not demonstrated any consistent benefit in the symptomatology or natural history of acute bronchitis. [17, 18] Most reports have shown that 65-80% of patients with acute bronchitis receive an antibiotic despite evidence indicating that, with few exceptions, they are ineffective. [19, 20] An exception is with cases of acute bronchitis caused by suspected or confirmed pertussis infection. The most recent recommendations on whether to treat patients with acute bronchitis with antibiotics are from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom. They recommend not treating acute bronchitis with antibiotics unless a risk of serious complications exists because of comorbid conditions. Antibiotics, however, are recommended in patients older than 65 years with acute cough if they have had a hospitalization in the past year, have diabetes mellitus or congestive heart failure, or are on steroids. [21] In patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, the use of antibiotics is recommended. Trials have shown that antibiotics improve clinical outcomes in such cases, including a reduction in mortality. [22, 23] A meta-analysis found no difference in treatment success for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis with macrolides, quinolones, or amoxicillin/clavulanate. [24] Another meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of semisynthetic penicillins to trimethoprim-based regimens found no difference in treatment success or toxicity. [25] These findings support earlier studies that have shown antibiotics to be useful in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, regardless of the agent used. In addition, a short course of antibiotics (5 d) is as effective as the traditional longer treatments (>5 d) in these patients. [26] Patients with severe exacerbations and those with more severe airflow obstruction at baseline are the most likely to benefit. In stable patients with chronic bronchitis, long-term prophylactic therapy with antibiotics is not indicated. Influenza VaccinationsThe influenza vaccine may reduce the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections and, subsequently, reduce the incidence of acute bacterial bronchitis. The influenza vaccine may be less effective in preventing illness than it is in preventing serious complications and death. [27] Influenza vaccine provides reasonable protection against immunized strains. The vaccination becomes effective 10-14 days after administration. Specific recommendations for individuals who should be immunized can be obtained from the CDC, which publishes regular updates of this information (see Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Resources for Health Professionals). ZincSeveral studies have shown conflicting results on the use of zinc as an adjunct treatment against influenza A. Most studies demonstrated favorable results, but participants complained of a bad taste and significant nausea. On June 16, 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a public health advisory and notified consumers and health care providers to discontinue use of intranasal zinc products. The intranasal zinc products (Zicam Nasal Gel/Nasal Swab products by Matrixx Initiatives) are herbal cold remedies that claim to reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms and are sold without a prescription. The FDA received more than 130 reports of anosmia (inability to detect odors) associated with intranasal zinc. Many of the reports described the loss of the sense of smell with the first dose. [28] ConsultationsPrimary care providers can usually treat acute bronchitis unless severe complications occur or the patient has underlying pulmonary disease or immunodeficiency. Pulmonary medicine specialists and infectious disease specialists also may need to be consulted. Long-Term MonitoringRoutine follow-up care is usually not necessary. If symptoms worsen (eg, shortness of breath, high fever, vomiting, persistent cough), consider an alternative diagnosis. If symptoms recur (> 3 episodes/y), further investigation is recommended. If symptoms persist beyond 1 month, reassess patient for other causes of cough.
Author Coauthor(s) Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP Former Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory, Director of Research in Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Thoracic Society, Society of Critical Care Medicine Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. Chief Editor Zab Mosenifar, MD, FACP, FCCP Geri and Richard Brawerman Chair in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Professor and Executive Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, Medical Director, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine Zab Mosenifar, MD, FACP, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Thoracic Society Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. Acknowledgements Paul Blackburn, DO, FACOEP, FACEP Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Maricopa Medical Center Paul Blackburn, DO, FACOEP, FACEP, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, and Arizona Medical Association Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. David FM Brown, MD Associate Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Vice Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital David FM Brown, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Disclosure: Lippincott textbook royalty; Wiley textbook royalty Ali Hmidi, MD Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Brooklyn Hospital Center, Weill Cornell Medical College Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. Jeffrey Nascimento, DO, MS Fellow, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital Jeffrey Nascimento, DO, MS, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, American Thoracic Society, New York County Medical Society, and Society of Critical Care Medicine Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health System Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physician Executives, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, Medical Society of Delaware, National Association of EMS Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. Samuel Ong, MD Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. Samer Qarah, MD Pulmonary Critical Care Consultant, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, The Brooklyn Hospital Center and Cornell University Samer Qarah, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Critical Care Medicine Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment Which healthcare professional treats patients with asthma bronchitis?Pulmonologists. A pulmonologist is a doctor who specializes in preventing, diagnosing, and treating lung and respiratory illnesses in adults. These include asthma as well as a diverse range of other conditions including bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obstructive sleep apnea, and lung cancer.
Which healthcare professionals treat asthma?Your team may include:. Primary healthcare provider.. Pulmonologist.. Allergist.. Nurses.. Pharmacist.. Exercise physiologist.. Respiratory therapist.. Mental healthcare provider.. What type of doctors treat emphysema?Your first appointment to check for emphysema may be with your primary doctor or with a specialist in lung diseases (pulmonologist).
What health care professionals might be involved in the care of someone with COPD emphysema?Pulmonologist. A pulmonologist is a specialist who focuses on the respiratory system, which contains everything from your windpipe to your lungs. Not everyone with COPD will need to see a pulmonologist, but you and your primary care doctor can decide if it is a good choice for you.
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Which healthcare professional treats patients with asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, or pneumonia?
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