Three Major Types of Learning Show 1) Learning through association - Classical Conditioning 2) Learning through consequences � Operant Conditioning 3) Learning through observation � Modeling/Observational Learning LEARNING Learning is a change in behavior or in potential behavior that occurs as a result of experience. Learning occurs most rapidly on a schedule of continuous reinforcement. However it is fairly easy to extinguish� switching to variable reinforcement after the desired behavior has been reached prevents extinction. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING If a neutral stimulus (a stimulus that at first elicits no response) is paired with a stimulus that already evokes a reflex response, then eventually the new stimulus will by itself evoke a similar response. (UCS, UCR, CS, CR) � Each pairing of the CS with the UCS strengthens the connection between the CS and CR. � Timing is important. Usually the strongest and fastest conditioning occurs when the CS is presented about � to one second before the UC. � EXTINCTION - If the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, the CS-CR bond will weaken and the CR will eventually disappear. � STIMULUS GENERALIZATION - Once conditioning has occurred the subject may respond not only to the CS, but to stimuli similar to it. For example, many of our likes and dislikes of new people and situations come from generalization based on similarities to past experiences. � STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION � opposite of stimulus generalization. SD is the ability to detect differences among stimuli. This procedure is sometimes used to test the ability of nonverbal subjects to discriminate among various stimuli, such as color (air puff / eye blink). OPERANT CONDITIONING The organism operates on its environment in some way; the behavior in which it engages are instrumental to achieving some outcome. LAW of EFFECT If a response is followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence, that response will be strengthened. If a response is followed by an unpleasant or negative state of affairs, it will be weakened. Differences Between Operant and Classical Conditioning 1) In classical conditioning, the conditional behavior (CR) is triggered by the particular stimulus (CS) and is therefore called an elicited behavior. Operant behavior is an emitted behavior in the sense that it occurs in a situation containing many stimuli and seems to be initiated by the organism. In a sense the subject chooses when and how to respond. 2) In classical conditioning, behavior (CR) is affected by something that occurs before the behavior (the CS-UCS pairing). In contrast, the operant response is affected by what happens after the behavior � that is by its consequences. Positive Reinforcement Any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the occurrence of a behavior that it follows. Shaping Shaping is the method of successive approximations. Shaping reinforces the behaviors as they get closer and closer to the desired behavior. Negative Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement is anything that increases a behavior that results in the reinforcers removal. Punishment Any consequence that decreases the future occurrence of a behavior that produces it. When You Remove a Positive Stimulus Extinction OPERANT CONDITIONING CONSEQUENCES
What is conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's conditioning theory?The dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment. A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response. In the described experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the ringing of the bell, and the conditioned response was salivation.
What is the conditioned response theory?In classical conditioning, a conditioned response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. For example, the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, a feeling of hunger in response to the smell is an unconditioned response, and the sound of a whistle when you smell the food is a conditioned stimulus.
What is the neutral stimulus that becomes the conditioned stimulus?A neutral stimulus is a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. In classical conditioning, when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.
What kind of learning is classical conditioning?Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behaviour.
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When learning occurs through association and neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus What theory is described?
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