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Terms in this set (47)Lifespan Development Development that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span. Physical Development development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep Cognitive Development development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior Personality Development Development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span Social Development Development, with age, of increasingly sophisticated understandings of other people and of society as a whole, as well as increasingly effective interpersonal skills and more internalized standards for behavior Cohort People born at the same time in the same place How do cohorts influence development? The effects from cohorts are history-graded, in that, biological and environmental development changes are usually associated with a specific historical event. (ex. people who lived in NYC during 9/11) Continuous Change Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels Discontinuous change development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages Critical period an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development Sensitive period A period of time when an individual is more responsive to certain influences from their environment. Maturation The predetermined unfolding of genetic information What are the key issues in the field of development? 1. Nature vs. Nurture -How much of human development is inherited through natural maturation, and how much do environmental influences shape behavior. 2. Critical periods vs. Sensitive Periods - How much of human development can only take place at certain, hard-set, time periods as opposed to learning from later experiences to overcome deficits 3.Continuous change vs. Discontinuous change - Is development steadfast and gradual, or is development separated into distinct steps and stages with each stage bringing about new possible behaviors. How have developmental researchers resolved issues regarding the different fields of development? Generally speaking, these issues end in continuum. Fields of development are no longer held as an either/or proposition and most all options in each developmental field are taken into consideration. Psychodynamic Perspective Perspective based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control Behavioral Perspective An perspective to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior. Cognitive Perspective A psychological perspective that emphasizes how people internally represent and think about the world Humanistic Perspective Perspective that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior Contextual Perspective The perspective that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds. Evolutionary Perspective perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share Which theoretical perspectives have guided lifespan development? The case can be made that each perspective emphasizes different aspects of development , therefore, all of the theoretical perspectives are relevant in the development of a lifespan and perspectives can be drawn upon eclectically What are the main characteristics of psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives? Psychodynamic- Behavior through life is motivated by, inner, unconscious forces, stemming from childhood, over which we have little control Behavioral- Development can be understood through studying observable behavior and environmental stimuli Cognitive- Emphasis on how changes or growth in the ways people know, understand, and think about the world affect behavior Psychoanalytic Theory Theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. Integral in the Psychodynamic perspective Psychosocial development Development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of other's behavior. Integral in psychodynamic perspective Classical Conditioning Type of learning in which the subject responds a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response. Integral in the Behavioral perspective Operant Conditioning Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences. Integral in the Behavioral perspective Behavior Modification Formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. Used by advocates of the Behavioral perspective Social-cognitive learning theory Theory of behavioral perspective that asserts that a significant amount of learning is explained by observing the behavior of another person Information processing approaches Approaches that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use , and store information. Aspect of cognitive perspective Cognitive neuroscience approaches Approach that examines cognitive development though the lens of brain processes. Aspect of cognitive perspective Bioecological approach Approach suggesting that levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals. Aspect of contextual perspective Sociocultural theory Theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture. Aspect of contextual perspective Scientific Method A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. Hypothesis A testable prediction, often implied by a theory Theories
Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest What role do theories and hypotheses play in the study of development? Theories are helpful when trying to create a hypothesis about development, meaning that both are usually essential in completing any developmental research Naturalistic observation observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation Case Studies an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles Survey research the measurement of public opinion through the use of sampling and questioning What sorts of studies are used in correlational research? 1. Naturalistic Observation Experiment A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process Independent variable The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. dependent variable The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. Sample A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. What are the characteristics of experimental research? 1. Fundamental to finding answers to various developmental hypothesis 2. Designed to discover causal relationships 3. Change is introduced deliberately in the research Why is it important to think critically about expert advice? Just because the advice is in print, or on television does not mean the advice is valid. It is also important to consider credentials, types of evidence provided, and cultural context behind the information in evaluating expert opinion. Skepticism is encouraged. ... ... Recommended textbook solutions A Concise Introduction to Logic13th EditionLori Watson, Patrick J. Hurley 1,967 solutions Psychology: Principles in Practice1st EditionSpencer A. Rathus 1,024 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP1st EditionDavid G Myers 313 solutions Sets with similar termsHuman Growth & Development51 terms anhphan1992 Human Growth & Development51 terms MC7102 PSY - Ch. 1 - Introduction61 terms tygers34 Life Span Development (Chapter 1)46 terms bemismiranda Sets found in the same folderDevelopmental Psychology Exam 159 terms janetflores95 Chapter 630 terms julie_do70 life span exam 2272 terms paisleydenton Psychology ch. 146 terms prvrbs_31 Other sets by this creatorpatient care quiz #146 terms JohnCrosby bone quiz #334 terms JohnCrosby Bone quiz #235 terms JohnCrosby Technique and Image Evaluation41 terms JohnCrosby Other Quizlet setsHealth Assessment A30 terms nhar17 PSYC 475 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE (DR.BOERGER)30 terms Grant_Warmbein1 W&G - 2 - Versicherungen60 terms Albert2097 Related questionsQUESTION The theoretical basis supporting the zone of proximal development is that a student's cognitive ability is most accurately measured by his or her capacity to 5 answers QUESTION A guideline for identifying behaviors which no longer require token reinforcement is to identify those behaviors that have received continuous reinforcement under the token economy: 12 answers QUESTION Myelination in the areas if the brain that are important in focusing attention is not complete in an individual until about 2 answers QUESTION students using the highlighting pen have been using it with flourish. Assist students to use color and note taking 2 answers What is cognitive theoretical perspective?The cognitive perspective, operates on the belief that the brain is the most important aspect in relation to the way that an individual behaves or thinks. This perspective states that to understand someone, you must first be able to understand what is happening in their mind.
What type of theory is Social Cognitive Theory?Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) describes the influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and environmental factors on individual health behaviors.
What is the social cognitive perspective in psychology?From a social cognitive perspective, social behavior is viewed as a function of cognitive processes that accompany situational variables. Hence, violent behavior takes place in a social context and is largely a product of the way in which the individual interprets and processes social information.
What is physiological perspective?A psychological perspective is a school of thought or a philosophy which would guide someone's interpretation of an individual's behavior.
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What theoretical perspective emphasizes the link between cognition behavior and the environment?
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