X. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Show
A. THE ISSUES AND DAILY LIFE ILLUSTRATION: Advertisements with endorsements by doctors, sports stars, celebrities, “economical role models,” sex objects, macho men, etc. all use classical conditioning. B. DEFINITION: At the turn of the century, physiologist Ivan Patrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) noted that if certain things occurred, an animal would salivate before food had reached its mouth. Pavlov observed this while doing research on digestion. Pavlov’s earlier research on digestion (1903) won him a Nobel Prize. He found that even the mere presence of the person who brought the food would bring about salivation. This led Pavlov to undertake an experimental investigation of this relationship of paired stimuli. The reference experiment for classical conditioning is the study by Pavlov of conditioned salivation of dogs. To make possible the recording of the magnitude of the salivary response, the dog was first subjected to an operation so that the saliva flowed through an opening on the outside of the cheek. A small glass funnel was firmly cemented over the opening to collect saliva, which could be measured with accuracy of one-tenth drop by suitable devices. The dog was trained to stand quietly in a loose harness on a table in a room which was insulated against any distracting noises or vibrations. The experimenter occupied an adjoining room, observed the dog through a small window and presented the stimuli by means of mechanical devices. A tuning fork was sounded, and 7 seconds after the beginning of this conditioned stimulus, a small measured quantity of dry, powdered food was moved within reach of the dog’s mouth. No salivation was evoked by the tone, but during the eating there was a flow of saliva. Combinations of the tone and food were presented three times during the daily session, each one separated by intervals of 5 to 35 minutes. The strength of the conditioned response was determined by presenting the tone alone after 30 combinations; the tone evoked salivation of 60 drops (magnitude increase). On the early tests the conditioned salivation did not begin until the tone had sounded for 18 seconds; on later tests the salivation commenced after only 1 or 2 seconds, (latency change). (Hilgard & Marquis, 1940, p. 28). Then, in Pavlov’s classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (e.g. tone) called a conditioned stimulus (CS), which did not previously elicit a salivation response, acquired the ability to elicit salivation, called a conditioned response (CR), following repeat pairing with a stimulus (e.g. meat powder), called an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which elicited the salivation response called an unconditioned response (UCR). Classical conditioning is a stimulus substitution procedure. Sometimes it is called respondent conditioning or Pavlovian Conditioning. Q-1. In the conditioning experiment described by Pavlov, the conditioned stimulus was a ______. Answer. (TONE) Paradigm for Pavlov Experiment Meat Powder——->Salivation Tone———–>Salivation Q-2.
Pavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs Answer. (B) Q-3. Pavlov won a Nobel prize for his work on Answer. (A) Q-4. In classical conditioning, there must be an unconditioned response (UCR) to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) before the animal can
acquire a(n) ______to a conditioned stimuli. Answer. (A) Q-5. The eliciting of a response to a new stimulus which did not originally elicit it is called conditioning. Answer. (CLASSICAL or RESPONDENT) Q-6. A classical conditioned response cannot be acquired unless there is already a regular relationship between an unconditioned stimulus
and an unconditioned response. Answer. (A) Q-7. An essential feature of classical conditioning is Answer. (A) Q-8. In classical conditioning studies, the “unconditioned stimulus” Answer. (A) Q-9. Which of the following statements is characteristic of an unconditioned stimulus? Answer. (C) Q-10. Which of the following would be classified as an unconditioned response? Answer. (B) Q-11. A dog lifts its leg in response to the ringing of a bell. The bell in this case would be a (11) ______ because the response was a result of a previous (12) ______. A. UCS A. chaining Answer. (C) (B) Q-13. Classical conditioning occurs when Answer. (C) Q-14. In classical conditioning Answer. (A) Q-15. A formerly neutral event which comes to elicit a response is called a ______. Answer. (CONDITIONED STIMULUS) Q-16. A dog salivates at the sight of a dog biscuit box. The box has become
a(n) Answer. (C) Q-17. A dog learns to salivate to a light. The light is the ______ stimulus. Answer. (CONDITIONED) Q-18. An actor/actress learns to weep to cues in the play by rehearsing with onion juice every time she/he is supposed to shed tears. What is the conditioned stimulus? Answer. (C) Q-19. In reference to the previous question, what would be the unconditioned response? Answer. (A) Q-20. The tuning fork in Pavlov’s experiment is an example of what kind of stimulus? Answer. (CONDITIONED) Q-21. The stimulus that you use as a substitute stimulus in classical conditioning is called Answer. (A) Q-22. In classical conditioning you can Answer. (B) Q-23. Learning through classical conditioning is synonymous with Answer. (A) Q-24. In classical conditioning, the conditioned response is Answer. (C) Q-25. When the conditioned stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus a number of times, the experimenter will obtain it when he presents the _________. Answer. (A) Q-26. Before proceeding with an experiment in
classical conditioning, the experimenter should be sure that the conditioned stimulus Answer. (B) Q-27 In Respondent or Classical Conditioning you must first______. Answer. (C) The temporal relationship that must be controlled in order to produce effective respondent conditioning is the inter-stimulus interval time between CS (conditioned stimulus) and UCS (unconditioned stimulus). Pavlov claimed 1/2 minute or less made no important difference. However, recent evidence indicates that approximately 1/2 second is the best interval for conditioning. Q-28. A conditioned reflex occurs when an animal Answer. (B) Q-29. In order for classical conditioning to develop readily, which of the following temporal relationships must be maintained? Answer. (A) The most rapid classical conditioning will occur when the UCS follows the CS by about (1/2) second. Q-30. Classical conditioning has
been established when one observes the sequence Answer. (C) Q-31. As a result of conditioning, the time interval between the CS and CR decreases. Answer. (A) Q-32. The usual order of events in the early stage of classical conditioning is Answer. (B) Q-33. Which of the following sequence of events would be a cue to the experimenter that conditioning had taken place? Answer. (D) Q-34. ______ may be defined as the formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus and a response through the repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus
in a controlled relationship with an unconditioned stimulus that originally elicits that response. (A) C. APPLICATIONS: 1. Conditioned Reflex Treatments: APOMORPHINE, EMETINE, OR SCOLINE —————–> NAUSEA UCS UCR ALCOHOL (or Sex Object, etc.) ———-> NAUSEA CS CR This method has been effective in treating a variety of problems; the CS is changed to various stimuli associated with problems. 2. Fear
Reduction: Children Playing
and UCS UCR FEAR, Object ————————> RELAXATION RESPONSES CS CR (The CS is presented in a hierarchical arrangement.) 3.
Anesthesia in One Hand: SHOCK —————> FINGER WITHDRAWAL UCS UCR SHOCK CS CR (See Hilgard, and Marquis, 1956) 4. Get a Horse: SPURS ———————> BUCKING AND LEAPING UCS UCR “Oh Lord, Come to My Aid!” ——–> BUCKING AND LEAPING CS CR 5. Get a Meal Away From Cats: BEATING THE CATS ————–> SHRIEK AND JUMP AROUND UCS UCR COUGHING —————-> SHRIEK AND JUMP AROUND CS CR 6. Parakeet: RATTLE PARAKEET’S CAGE –> FLAPPING OF WING AND SCREECHING UCS UCR COVER ON CAGE —————- FLAPPING OF WINGS AND SCREECHING CS CR 7. Fetus: VIBRATION ———————> MOVEMENT UCS UCR TONE ————————–> MOVEMENT CS CR 8. Horses That Run to Whoa: SPUR ———————–> RUN UCS UCR WHOA ————————> RUN CS CR 9. Advertising Utilizing Classical Conditioning: Favorable Response, e.g. Nice Scene, Sex Symbol, etc. ——-> “That is Nice”, etc. Product ————————> Favorable Response 10. Stop the Concert: Taste Lemon ——————> Pucker Lip Sight of Lemon ——————> Pucker Lip 11. Test for “Deaf” Malingering: Tone or Light ————–> Finger Withdrawal 12. Eye Blink: Puff of Air ——————–> Eye Blink Light ————————> Eye Blink 13. Ineffective Actress: Onion Juice ———————–> Crying Script Cue ————————> Crying 14. Drug: Hypodermic Injection ———> “Blue Heaven” UCS UCR Massage of Dorsal Surface CS CR 15. Storm: Thunder Fear ——————–> Fear Responses Lightning ——————-> Fear Responses 16. Pupil Constriction: Visual Light ———–> Constriction of Pupils Auditory Bell ————> Constriction of Pupils D. IMPLICATIONS: 1. Implications of Higher Order Classical Conditioning: First Order: Light ————-> Pupillary Reflex Second Order: Bell ————->
Pupillary Reflex Second Order: Bell ————-> Pupillary Reflex Word “Constrict” —————–> Pupillary Reflex 2. Higher Order Example with Fetish Article: First Order: Apomorphine ——–> Nausea Bell —————> Nausea Second Order: Bell ————–> Nausea Fetish Article —–> Nausea Third Order: Fetish Article ——> Nausea Fetish Article 3. Watson Modifying Fear: Loud
Noise ———-> Fear Response Animals ————-> Fear Response (See J.B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner) 4. Meaning: Blue Object ———-> Sensory Response (Spoken-Written) 5. Meaning “Hot”: Hot Stove ————-> Withdrawal Word “Hot” ————> Withdrawal 6. Cry for the Doctor: Painful Inoculations ——-> Crying Doctor —————-> Crying 7. Meaning “Hot” Radiator: Touch Hot Radiator ———> Withdrawal Word “Hot” ————–> Withdrawal DEFINITIONS FOR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: Conditioned response (CR): Conditioned stimulus (CS): Higher-order respondent conditioning: Respondent conditioning: Respondent extinction: Systematic desensitization: Unconditioned response (UR): What is the relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?An unconditioned stimulus causes a response without any prior learning on the part of the subject. The response is automatic and occurs without thought. In contrast, a conditioned stimulus produces a reaction only after the subject has learned to associate it with a given outcome.
What is the usual relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning quizlet?What should be the usual relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning? The conditioned stimulus should be presented first. What is hardest to classify as classical or operant conditioning?
What is the relationship between unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response?An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response. In Pavlov's experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus. The dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment.
How are the unconditioned response and conditioned response related?A conditioned response must be learned while an unconditioned response takes place with no learning. The conditioned response will only occur after an association has been made between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.
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