What refers to the lifelong process of forging identity through social interaction?

WEEK 1: THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCE,

ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

SOCIAL SCIENCE

This branch of science studies how people interact with each other, behave,

develop as a culture, and influence the world.

▰It is an academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships

among individuals within a society, which often rely primarily on

empirical approaches.

▰Social Science is the study of the activities of the physical and social

environment.

▰Basically, it is the study of human relations or the scientific study of

human society.

▰Social Sciences focus on the relationships among individuals in

society. It is the mixture of many subjects like History, Geography,

Political Science, Economics, Sociology, Social Psychology and many more.

NATURAL SCIENCE

A major branch of science that deals with the description, prediction and

understanding of natural phenomena, basically based on observational

and empirical evidence.

ANTHROPOLOGY

▰Derived from the Greek words anthropos meaning “human” and logos

meaning “word” or “study of”. Therefore, Anthropology is “the study

of man”.

▰It is a science of humanity and its society. It is a scientific study of

humanity, the similarities and diversity of cultures, and attempts to

present an integrated picture of humankind.

▰It also studies the biological, social, and cultural development of

humankind and seeks answers why to why people are different and how

they are.

5 FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

-SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Studies how social patterns and practices and cultural variations across

different societies

-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Presentation on theme: "Socialization - the lifelong process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting."— Presentation transcript:

1 Socialization - the lifelong process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essential for effective participation in society. Internalization - the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we assume they are correct and accept them without question. Social Learning Theories - approaches whose central notion is that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction especially during childhood.

2 4. Looking-Glass Self - a self-image based on how we think others see us. 5. Self - an awareness of one’s social identity. 6. Role-taking - learning to take the perspective of others. 7. Significant Others - the people who are important in one’s life, such as parents or other primary caregivers and siblings. 8. Anticipatory Socialization - the process of learning how to perform a role one doesn’t yet occupy. 9. Generalized Other - a term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to people who do not have close ties to a child but who influence the child’s internalization of society’s norms and values. 10. Impression Management - the process of providing information and cues to others to present oneself in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing one’s less appealing qualities.

3 11. Reference Groups - groups of people who shape an individual’s self-image, behavior, values, and attitudes in different contexts. 12. Agents of Socialization - the individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate effectively in society. 13. Peer Group - any set of people who are similar in age, social status, and interests. 14. Resocialization – the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior. 15. Total Institutions – places where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.

4 Human’s are born with a “blank slate
Human’s are born with a “blank slate.” By the age 2 that slate has been filled some. Socialization transforms a newborn into a person who becomes a social being. What is the Purpose of Socialization: Establishes our social identity: you are who you are largely because of socialization. Teaches us role taking: we play different roles in different settings Controls our behavior: in learning appropriate roles, we absorb values and a variety of rules about how we should (and should not) interact in everyday situations.

5 4. Transmits culture to the next Generation: the culture that is transmitted includes language, beliefs, values, norms, and symbols. Why is Socialization Important: * Social Isolation can be devastating * Scientists since the 1930’s have found that institutionalization effects a child’s intellectual, physical, behavioral, social, and emotional development * Children that are deprived from interaction will not be seen normal and human

6 Isolation in Childhood: 1
Isolation in Childhood: 1. Anna: - born to a unmarried woman which upset her father, who did not want the child - confined to an attic room and was given only a minimum of care - almost no human contact, and was not spoken to, held, bathed, or loved - Anna was finally discovered by a social worker. She was six years old - she was unable to walk, talk, or feed herself - Anna died at the age of 10

7 2. Isabelle: - born to an unmarried woman
2. Isabelle: - born to an unmarried woman. Her father kept his daughter and granddaughter in a dark room - her mother was a deaf-mute woman - Isabelle was six when she was discovered, but she only crawled and grunted like an animal. She would eat with her hands - after several months of therapy she began to speak and function

8 3. Genie: - was discovered when she was 13 - she was locked in a small bedroom where she was tied to potty chair during the day and wrapped up in a sleeping bag in a mesh covered crib - after time she was not able to adapt to society and she was institutionalized

9 Sociological Explanation of Socialization: Functionalists: believe that socialization encourages conformity and maintains a society’s stability by controlling disruptive behavior. Social Learning Theories: * social interaction is important in learning appropriate and inappropriate behavior * socialization relies on direct and indirect reinforcement Ex: children learn how to behave when they are scolded or praised for specific behaviors

10 Symbolic Interaction Theories:
Symbolic Interaction Theories: * the self emerges through social interaction with significant others * socialization includes role taking and controlling the impression we give to others Ex. Children who are praised are more likely to develop a strong self-image than those who are always criticized

11 Charles Horton Cooley = The looking glass self
Charles Horton Cooley = The looking glass self * children acquire a sense of who they are thru the interpretation with others, especially by imaging how other view them 3 phases: 1. Perception- we imagine how we appear to other people and how they perceive us. 2. Interpretation of the perception – we imagine how others judge us 3. Response – we experience self-feelings based on what we regard to be others’ judgment of us

12 George Herbert Mead: Development of the self and role taking
George Herbert Mead: Development of the self and role taking * the most critical social interaction occurs in the family, the foundation of socialization * self-awareness occurs when we learn to differentiate the me from the I I – creative, imaginative, impulsive, spontaneous, non-conformist, self-centered, and sometimes unpredictable Me – has been successfully socialized, is aware of the attitudes of others, has self-control, and has internalized social roles

13 Erving Goffman: Staging the self in everyday life
Erving Goffman: Staging the self in everyday life * research showed that we act differently in different settings throughout adulthood * he viewed life as a theater because we engage in role performances like an actor 3 type of expressive resources: 1. first we try to control the settings 2. second is our appearance 3. third is manner – the mood or style of behavior we display that sends important messages to the audience

14 Primary Socialization Agents: 1
Primary Socialization Agents: 1. Family: parents, siblings, grandparents, and other family members play a critical role in our socialization. - it is the first and most influential socialization agent. How Parents Socialize Children: 1. The goal is to teach their children how to make socially responsible decisions. - parents also will manage many aspects of the environment that influence a child’s social development. Parenting Styles: - Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Uninvolved Parenting

15 Siblings: * They can be a positive or a negative influence on their sibling’s personality. Grandparents: * They are often consider the glue that keeps the family close. 2. Play and Peer Group: Play and it Function: * promotes cognitive development * structured play can keep children out of trouble and enhance their social development. * strength their peer relationships

16 Peers:. peer’s influence usually increases as the child get older
Peers: * peer’s influence usually increases as the child get older * can be important sources of support for teens and increase their self-esteem Teachers and School: School’s Role in socialization: * main purpose of schools are to instruct children and enhance their cognitive development. * encourage kids to think about the world in different ways * schools have taken on more roles that were solely the parents responsibility.

17 Teacher’s Impact on Children’s Development:
Teacher’s Impact on Children’s Development: * Teachers are among the most important socialization agents. * The relationship with a teacher is important for academic success. Popular Culture and the Media: Electronic Media: * parents should limit or allow no television time to kids under 2. * 68% of kids 2 or younger watch an average of 2 to 3 hours of Television and 20% have a tv in their rooms. * 7th to 12th graders spend an average of 7 hours a day using electronic media. But they only spend an hour a day on homework

18 Advertising and Commercials:
Advertising and Commercials: * The average young person under 18 views more than 3,000 ads every day on television, the internet, and billboards and in magazines. * Ads and commercials influence us by playing on our insecurities and our search for the quick fixes.

Which refers to the lifelong process of forging identity through interaction?

What is the process by which an individual learns and accepts as binding the social values and norms?

Is defined by Anthony Giddens as the study of human social life groups and society?

Which view believes that every aspect of a culture can just be justified by the context in which the culture has been formed?