Please check out my notes in some slides. Emphasized in the second definition the idea of exchanging not only information but feelings and the idea of communicating for understanding. There are 2 basic types of communications: Show Verbal Communication and Non-Verbal Communication Verbal Communication The communication happens through verbally, vocally or through written words which express or convey the message to other is called verbal communication. Example: Baby crying (vocal) is verbal communication which express the hungry or pain through vocally. Verbal communication has two types A. Oral Communication B. Written Communication A. Oral Communication: A communication
which happens through word of mouth, spoken words, conversations and also any messages or information are shared or exchanged between one another through speech or word of mouth is called oral communication. Example: Public speech, News reading, Television, Radio, telephone and mobile conversations. B. Written Communication: A communication happens through any word written or often written sign which refers the languages uses in any medium is called written
communication. Example: Simply any hand written, typed, Newspaper, printed word documents, letters, books and magazines. Non-Verbal Communication: Any communication without word of mouth, spoken words, conversation and written languages are called Non-Verbal Communication. It happens through signs, symbols, colours, gestures, body language or any facial expressions are known as non verbal communication. Traffic signals are one of the best examples for non verbal communication. Media is the plural of medium, or ways to communicate information. (http://www.yourdictionary.com/media#sUfxU1eT1j41M5zt.99) Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated. Media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and internet. Media is the plural of medium and can take a plural or singular verb, depending on the sense intended. (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/media.html) Read more from this website Who This model is about process of communication and its function to society, According to Lasswell there are three functions for communication: Surveillance of the environment In this model, the communication component who refers the research area called “Control Analysis”, Says what is refers to “Content Analysis”, In which channel is refers to “Media Analysis”, To Whom is refers to “Audience Analysis” With What Effect is refers to “Effect Analysis” Example: CNN NEWS – A water leak from Japan’s tsunami-crippled nuclear power station resulted in about 100 times the permitted level of radioactive material flowing into the sea, operator Tokyo Electric Power Co said on Saturday. Who – TEPC Operator What – Radioactive material flowing into sea Channel – CNN NEWS (Television medium) Whom – Public Effect – Alert the people of japan from the radiation. Advantage of lasswell model: It is Easy and Simple Feedback not mentioned http://communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/ In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver was an American scientist both of them join together to write an article in “Bell System Technical Journal” called “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” and also called as “Shannon-Weaver model of communication”. This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver. Also they find factors which affecting the communication process called “Noise”. At first the model was developed to improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of Communication. The model deals with various concepts like Information source, transmitter, Noise, channel, message, receiver, channel, information destination, encode and decode. Sender : The originator of message or the information source selects desire message Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message into signals Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or Binary data which is compactable to transmit the messages through cables or satellites. For example: In telephone the voice is converted into wave signals and it transmits through cables Decoder : The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. A reverse process of encode Note : The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which is comfortable and understandable for receiver. Otherwise receiver can’t receive the exact message and it will affect the effective communication between sender and receiver Receiver : The destination of the message from sender Note : Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feed back to sender. If the message distracted by noise it will affect the communication flow between sender and receiver Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel. During this process the messages may distracted or affected by physical noise like horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel during the transmission process which affect the communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct message Note : The model is clearly deals with external noises only which affect the messages or signals from external sources. For example: If there is any problems occur in network which directly affect the mobile phone communication or distract the messages Practical Example of Shannon-Weaver model of communication : Thomson made call to his assistant “come here I want to see you”. During his call, noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant received “I want” only. Again Assistant asked Thomson (feedback) “what do you want Thomson”. Sender : Thomson Encoder : Telephone (Thomson) Channel : Cable Noise : Distraction in voice Reception : Telephone (Assistant) Receiver : Assistant. Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can’t able to understand Thomson’s messages. *The noise which affect the communication flow between them. Criticism of Shannon-Weaver model of communication : 1. One of the simplest model and its general applied in various communication theories 2. The model which attracts both academics of Human communication and Information theorist to leads their further research in communication 3. It’s more effective in person-to-person communication than group or mass audience 4. The model based on “Sender and Receiver”. Here sender plays the primary role and receiver plays the secondary role (receive the information or passive) 5. Communication is not a one way process. If it’s behaved like that, it will lose its strength. For example: Audience or receiver who listening a radio, reading the books or watching television is a one way communication because absence of feedback 6. Understanding Noise will helps to solve the various problems in communication Communication is a two way process where both sender and receiver take turns to send and receive a message. The message is only sent after encoding so the sender is also called Encoder and the encoded message is decoded under receipt by the receiver, making him the Decoder. Read more from this website Encoder – Who does encoding or Sends the message (message originates) Decoder – Who receives the message Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyses, perceive) or interpret Note: From the message starting to ending, there is an interpretation goes on. Based on this interpretation only the message is received. This model breaks the sender and receiver model it seems communication in a practical way. It is not a traditional model. It can happen within our self or two people; each person acts as both sender and receiver and hence use interpretation. It is simultaneously take place e.g. encoding, interpret and decoding. Semantic noise is a concept introduced here it occurs when sender and receiver apply different meaning to the same message. It happens mostly because of words and phrases for e.g. Technical Language, So certain words and phrases will cause you to deviate from the actual meaning of the communication. Note: When semantic noise takes place decoding and interpretation becomes difficult and people get deviated from the actual message. Advantage of Osgood- Schramm model of communication Dynamic model- Shows how a situation can change This model does not talk about semantic noise and it assume the moment of encoding and decoding. http://communicationtheory.org/westley-and-maclean%E2%80%99s-model-of-communication/ n 1957 Westley and MacLean’s model of communication is proposed by Bruce Westley (1915-1990) and Malcolm S. MacLean Jr (1913-2001). Being one of the creators of journalism studies, Westley served as a teacher at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, between 1946 and 1968. Malcolm was director of University of Journalism School (1967-74) and co founder of the University College at University of Minnesota. This model can be seen two contexts, interpersonal and mass communication. And the point of difference between interpersonal and mass communication is the
feedback. In interpersonal, the feedback is direct and fast. In the mass, the feedback is indirect and slow. Westely and Maclean realized that communication does not begin when one person starts to talk, but rather when a person responds selectively to his/her physical surroundings. This model considers a strong relation between responds from surroundings and the process of communication. Communication begins only when a person receives message from surroundings. Each receiver responds to the message they received based on their object of orientation. X1, X2, X3 and X4….—are news articles or information, Feedback (f), Clients (A), Reader or Audience (B) and Gate Keeper (c) Example: A Daily News Papers will receive many Press releases from Many Public Relations Agencies on behalf of their clients. In this case, News paper will publish the selected Press release due to the space constraints. Then, Readers can directly respond to the client or they can respond to the News daily which published in the Newspaper. If Readers responded to daily News paper, it will communicate the feedback to concern PR Agency. X1, X2 and X3—are Press Release, Feedback (f), Clients (A), Reader (B) and Daily News Paper (Gate Keeper) (c) 1. Feedback Loop between Reader (B) and News Paper (C) – fBC Merits and Demerits: This model accounts for Feedback. http://communicationtheory.org/berlos-smcr-model-of-communication/ The Berlo’s model follows the smcr model this model is not specific to any particular communication. Berlo’s model lives a number of factors under each of the elements : Source: The source is were the message originates. Communication skills – It is the individual’s skill to communicate (ability to read, write, speak, listen etc…) Attitudes – The attitude towards the audience, subject and towards one self for e.g. for the student the attitude is to learn more and for teachers wants to help teach. Knowledge– The knowledge about the subject one is going to communicate for e.g. whatever the teacher communicates in the class about the subject so having knowledge in what you are communicating. Note: It is not talking about the general knowledge it is all about the knowledge of the subject, so it is the familiarity of what you are communicating. Social system – The Social system includes the various aspects in society like values, beliefs, culture, religion and general understanding of society. It is were the communication takes place. For e.g. class room differs from country to country like behaviors, how we communicate etc. Note: We can communicate only to the extent that the social system allows, when we communicate take social system into account. Culture: Culture of the particular society also comes under social system. All to this model, only if you have the above in the proper or adequate proportion v can communicate. Encoder: The sender of the message (message originates) is referred as encoder, so the source is encoding the message here. Message Content – The beginning to the end of a message comprises its content for e.g. From beginning to end whatever the class teacher speaks in the class is the content of the message. Elements – It includes various things like language, gestures, body language etc, so these are all the elements of the particular message. Content is accompanied by some elements. Treatment – It refers to the packing of the message. The way in which the message is conveyed or the way in which the message is passed on or deliver it. Note: When it is too much treatment also the communication will not happen properly. Structure– The structure of the message how it is arranged, the way you structure the message into various parts. Note: Message is the same but if the structure is not properly arranged then the message will not get to the receiver. Code– The code of the message means how it is sent in what form it could be e.g. language, body language, gestures, music and even culture is a code. Through this you get/give the message or through which the communication takes place or being reached. Note: Only when the code is proper, the message will be clear, improper use may lead to misinterpretation. Channel– It is nothing but the five senses through this only we do. The following are the five senses which we use Hearing Hearing: The use of ears to get the message for e.g. oral messages, interpersonal etc. Seeing: Visual channels for e.g. TV can be seen and the message is delivered. Touching: The sense of touch can be used as a channel to communicate for e.g. we touch and buy food, hugging etc. Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to communicate for e.g. perfumes, food, charred smell communicates something is burning, we can find out about which food is being cooked etc. Tasting : The tongue also can be used to decipher e.g. Food can be tasted and communication can happen. Note: Despite not mentioning a medium we need to assume that as communication is taking place channels can be any of the 5 senses or combination. Decoder : Who receives the message and decodes it is referred to as decoder. Receiver: The receiver needs to have all the thinks like the source. This model believes that for an effective communication to take place the source and the receiver needs to be in the same level, only if the source and receiver are on the same level communication will happen or take place properly. So source and receiver should be similar For e.g. Communication skills on source side is good then the receiver should equally have good listening skills. We cannot say the entire message passed doesn’t reaches the receiver has it is because the receiver may not good in listening, so only for the effective communication the source and the receiver to be in the same level. Note: Self image differs from person to person, for communicating the person should consider the receiver. Keep the receiver in mind, speak accordingly and give them what they need. Criticism of berlo’s smcr model of communication: No feedback / don’t know about the effect Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/process DEFINITION Do you agree with this illustration regarding communication? Why or why not? 1. What is the message all about? 2. Do you agree with the message? 3. What important lesson can we derived from this poster? “My belief is that communication is the best way to create strong relationships.” - Jada Pinkett Smith Source: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/topics/topic_communication3.html
“Whatever words we utter should be chosen with care for people will hear them and be influenced by them for good or ill.” Students will work in pair to complete this diagram in their notebook. Class Discussion Guide Questions What is Media Literacy? What is Information Literacy? What is Digital Literacy? What are the similarities and differences of media literacy, information literacy, and technology literacy ? Note: Point of Discussions Class discussion after the video presentation. What are the basic components of Media and Information Literacy? What is Media Literacy? Information Literacy? Digital literacy? How are these literacies connected or related to each other? Empowerment of people through Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is an important prerequisite for fostering equitable access to information and knowledge and promoting free, independent and pluralistic media and information systems. Media and Information Literacy recognizes the primary role of information and media in our everyday lives. It lies at the core of freedom of expression and information - since it empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers, to critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as users and producer of information and media content. Information Literacy and Media Literacy are traditionally seen as separate and distinct fields. UNESCO’s strategy brings together these two fields as a combined set of competencies (knowledge, skills and attitude) necessary for life and work today. MIL considers all forms of media and other information providers such as libraries, archive, museums and Internet irrespective of technologies used. A particular focus will be on training teachers to sensitize them to the importance of MIL in the education process, enable them to integrate MIL into their teaching and provide them with appropriate pedagogical methods, curricula and resources. UNESCO’s mission is to engender media and information literate societies through a comprehensive strategy which include preparation of model Media and Information Literacy Curriculum for Teachers, the facilitation of international cooperation, development of Guidelines for preparing national MIL Policies and Strategies, articulation of a Global Framework on MIL Indicators, setting up a MIL University Network, articulation of and establishment of an International Clearinghouse on MIL in cooperation with the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations, and provision of Guidelines for Broadcasters on Promoting User-Generated Content and MIL. Empowerment of people through Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is an important prerequisite for fostering equitable access to information and knowledge and promoting free, independent and pluralistic media and information systems. Media and Information Literacy recognizes the primary role of information and media in our everyday lives. It lies at the core of freedom of expression and information - since it empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers, to critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as users and producer of information and media content. Information Literacy and Media Literacy are traditionally seen as separate and distinct fields. UNESCO’s strategy brings together these two fields as a combined set of competencies (knowledge, skills and attitude) necessary for life and work today. MIL considers all forms of media and other information providers such as libraries, archive, museums and Internet irrespective of technologies used. A particular focus will be on training teachers to sensitize them to the importance of MIL in the education process, enable them to integrate MIL into their teaching and provide them with appropriate pedagogical methods, curricula and resources. UNESCO’s mission is to engender media and information literate societies through a comprehensive strategy which include preparation of model Media and Information Literacy Curriculum for Teachers, the facilitation of international cooperation, development of Guidelines for preparing national MIL Policies and Strategies, articulation of a Global Framework on MIL Indicators, setting up a MIL University Network, articulation of and establishment of an International Clearinghouse on MIL in cooperation with the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations, and provision of Guidelines for Broadcasters on Promoting User-Generated Content and MIL. Identify or established the connections between media literacy, information literacy, and digital literacy. Media and Information Literacy recognizes the primary role of information and media in our everyday lives. It lies at the core of freedom of expression and information - since it empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers, to critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as users and producer of information and media content. Information Literacy and Media Literacy are traditionally seen as separate and distinct fields. UNESCO’s strategy brings together these two fields as a combined set of competencies (knowledge, skills and attitude) necessary for life and work today. MIL considers all forms of media and other information providers such as libraries, archive, museums and Internet irrespective of technologies used. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/media-development/media-literacy/mil-as-composite-concept/ Media and Information Literacy recognizes the primary role of information and media in our everyday lives. It lies at the core of freedom of expression and information - since it empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers, to critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as users and producer of information and media content. Information Literacy and Media Literacy are traditionally seen as separate and distinct fields. UNESCO’s strategy brings together these two fields as a combined set of competencies (knowledge, skills and attitude) necessary for life and work today. MIL considers all forms of media and other information providers such as libraries, archive, museums and Internet irrespective of technologies used. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/media-development/media-literacy/mil-as-composite-concept/ Media and Information Literacy recognizes the primary role of information and media in our everyday lives. It lies at the core of freedom of expression and information - since it empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers, to critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as users and producer of information and media content. Which is known as the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding?Communication is also the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding: [ U ] There was very little communication between the two brothers.
What is the exchange of information and understanding?Communication Process Definition
The term communication process refers to the exchange of information (a message) between two or more people. For communication to succeed, both parties must be able to exchange information and understand each other.
What is the exchange of information called?The process of exchanging information through a medium is called 'communication'.
What term that refers to the exchange of information between two or more people?Interpersonal communication is an exchange of information between two or more people. It is also an area of research that seeks to understand how humans use verbal and nonverbal cues to accomplish a number of personal and relational goals.
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What is the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding *?
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