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Social Psychology10th EditionElliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson 525 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions What is the value of the South China sea? It's rich in oil with 11 billion barrels 10% of the world's fisheries 30% of the world's shipping trade flows through the South China sea to Asia Whole area is worth 2.27 trillion dollars What is the The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)? The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (est 1982) Establishes exclusive economic zones (EEZs) Violated by China's 9 Dash Line, use of resources near the Spratly and Paracel Islands, and general actions in this case What is an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)? The sovereign territory that a country controls 200 miles off of its shores. Other countries cannot fish or extract any oil, gas, etc within that 200 miles. Any materials within that zone are for that country The country has complete sovereignty to explore, exploit, conserve, etc within that 200-mile region if the regions intersect, they cut the zone in half and give some to both powers What is China's historical/identity based claim to the South China Sea? China was invested/dominant in the region in the 15th century/Xia dynasty and marked their territory using a 9 dash line The territory they designated is extremely generous and not recognized by UNCLOS What is China's 9 Dash Line? A 9 dash line China created after WWII that encompasses 90% of the South China Sea UN established new EEZs with the UNCLOS but China didn't adhere What are the Spratly Islands? A set of Islands near Malaysia claimed and occupied by China, Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines An important piece of territory as claiming them allows countries to gain exclusive rights to the surrounding territory What is China doing at the Spratly Islands? Creating artificial islands using sand and installing military bases to assert their power and sovereignty in the region Using military ships to cut off resources and access of countries to their own islands 1982 UNCLOS was established to define maritime boundaries and regulate territorial exploration UNCLOS and 9 Dash Line do not at all align 2009 Malaysia and Vietnam submitted claims to UN to extend their EEZs beyond the 200 mile limit First effort to bring issue to an international forum 2011* Philippines requested a Chinese Envoy to discuss frequent naval incursions which results in minor skirmishes between ships and increased tension Start of conflict 2012* Scarborough Shoal Incident After continued dismissal from China, the Philippines dispatch a war ship in the South China sea to confront Chinese fishing boats in the Scarborough Shoal north of the Spratly's China dispatches surveillance vessels to protect them and the two powers enter a 2 month stand off China creates fruit tariffs and the Philippines warns against tourism to China Philippine government pursues involvement of ASEAN and an appeal to the US government (ASEAN member nations reach an impass about China's claims in the South china sea and US doesn't care) What is Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN? An IGO that works to promote the economic, social and general development of Southeast Asian nations June 2012 Vietnam passes maritime law asserting its own jurisdiction over the Spratly and Paracel Islands China responds by saying a city will be established on the Paracels to administer them 2013* Philippines file UN arbitration based on China's sovereignty claims China rejects to participate and makes an Air Defense Identification zone above the islands 2014* US and Philippines sign a 10 year defense/military pact which would involve more US in the area and give them more access to bases, ports and airfields China attempts to establish an oil rig near the Paracel islands 2015 US Warships patrol near China's artificial islands 2016*** UN Tribunal in the permanent court of arbitration in Hague (PCA) rules against China's Claims in favor of Philippines They say: 9 Dash Line has no legal basis Artificial land features don't fit UN requirements to extend EEZ China doesn't recognize the court's award November 2016 President Duterte Bans fishing in Scarborough Shoal waters essentially conceding to China as a way of boosting economic ties 2020 China increases military presence in the region, sinks Vietnamese fishing boats, and aims weapons at Philippines' ships Connection to Power Reveals how hard power and soft power can be used together to increase sovereignty and invalidate the use of solely soft power or hard power Reveal the prevalence of military power as a deterrent Reveal the weakness of relational power in halting military threats Reveal the strength of relational power at maintaining economic relations Connection to Sovereignty Reveals how sovereignty is difficult to codify using soft power/treaties and documents like UNCLOS Reveals how hard power and soft power are used to define/amplify sovereignty Reveals the difficulty of applying sovereignty in contested regions Connections to IR Reveals how US and other powers become implicated/are involved in seemingly distant conflicts Reveals how interdependence and globalization incentivize non violent conflict The Philippines Conflicted with China's claims in the Spratly islands due to the Spratly islands mainly being their territory as designated by the UNCLOS Scarborough Shoal incident was mainly between these two powers Motivations - Maintain sovereignty over land/restore industries that had been interfered with by increased involvement from other powers Actions - Took control of Spratly islands in 1946 and declared them as territory Vietnam Motivations - Maintain sovereignty allotted by UNCLOS and hold economic power as a result of access to fishing Actions - Citizens protested against China when it built oil rigs/drilled in waters near Paracels that Vietnam claimed - Discussed with China and ASEAN UN Motivations - Settle disputes between nations within the South China Sea - Ensure smaller powers had control of resources/had sovereignty over the South China Sea - Ensure regulations weren't being overstepped/violated by China Actions - Settled dispute between China and the Philippines indirectly siding with the Philippines by saying that China had no claim to the Scarborough Shoal and that the 9 dash line was illegal and not recognized - Created UNCLOS - Held Tribunal between Philippines and China at the permanent court of arbitration in Hague Vietnam Motivations - Maintain sovereignty allotted by UN and hold economic power as a result of access to fishing Actions - Citizens protested against China when it built oil rigs/drilled in waters near Paracels that Vietnam claimed US Motivations - Protect sovereignty of small nations within the South China Sea - Maintain access to South China sea for trade and military power/exercise Actions - Sent fleets, drones, planes and troops to the South China Sea to flex on China - Generally trying to support powers like Vietnam and the Philippines as a way to indirectly challenge China and set a precedent for maintaining freedom and adhering to the UN documents - Signed convention of the sea to codify regulations against China China Motivations - Gain economic power from increased control of the South China Sea - Codify the 9/10 dash line and eventually make it an acceptable part of national policy by either increasing their power or somehow garnering national acceptance Actions - Has been creating artificial islands in the South China Sea since 1990 to increase sovereignty and challenge territorial regulations from the UN - Fought minor battles against Vietnam and other powers intervening and conflicting with China in the Paracels and Spratlys - Refused to conform to UN documents and flexed back at the US using military power and new dashes in the 9 dash line Permanent Court of Arbitration in Hague An IGO Helped the Philippines appeal to the arbitration court to designate the legal standings of territory and China's right to control and benefit from territory Decided that some of the disputed lands, particularly in the Scarborough shoal weren't islands and were therefore not part of EEZs and that China's nine-dash line wouldn't be recognized internationally and was actually illegal and actively violating their documentation. What are the identity based causes of this conflict? China's historical/identity based claims to the South China sea. For thousands of years, China has used the South China sea for trade and resources and since 1947 have used the 9 dash line as a way to designate their territorial sovereignty/borders despite it's illegitimate perception by other actors. Cultural perceptions can't easily be changed What are the security/territory-based causes of this conflict? The threat of other powers surrounding the South China Sea is a motivator for China's actions. On either side of the South China sea, China faces threats from other powers and fears that the increasing control of powers of the South China sea will further restrict their sovereignty and undermine their security. What are the sovereignty-based causes of this conflict? China and other powers are so invested in this area also for the importance of having sovereignty of a region like the South China sea which has so much utility for trade as well as a high concentration of natural resources. The sovereignty of nations in the area sovereignty is contested so China sees it as a valuable and possibly obtainable asset What are the economic-based causes of this conflict? The resources in South What would a realist say about this case? - China and the US both used military power here to flex their power to one another and reveal the extent to which hard power is necessary in international relations - China is utilizing its sheer power and the flimsiness of UN regulations to undermine them which reinforces/reflects the realist perspective of hard power being most dominant and inevitable in global politics What would a liberalist say about this case? - Lots of actors here were motivated/driven by liberalist ideologies. Vietnam, the Philippines and US for instance all relied on the UN to delegitimize the actions of China and reinforce their own pursuits of freedom within the South China Sea - Furthermore, the actors here support the freedom of actors when interacting and utilizing the resources in the South China sea but also support the regulation of the sea's resources using international policies and non-state actors which is characteristic of a liberalist approach. Connections to negative peace? This whole case is a perfect example of how negative peace is inevitable in international relations and how economic incentives and interdependence promote negative peace Connections to positive peace? The ineffectiveness of IGOs in controlling China reveal the difficult of creating positive peace in international relations and pursuing the liberal world order not really a good example Connections to violent/nonviolent conflict? Reveals the prevalence of non violent conflict as a result of increased interdependence and the ways in which violent conflict is minimal even in disputes with military power Connections to military power? Reveals the prevalence/use of military power as a deterrent which aligns with liberalism and the idea of it fading as a form of power Connections to Soft power? Reveals the weakness of diplomacy/its ultimate inability to cause any change in the region or limit China's sovereignty Connections to Hard Power? Reveals the power of hard power even as an indirect deterrent What islands does Vietnam claim in the South China Sea?Vietnam claims the Paracel Islands (known as Hoang Sa in Vietnamese), which are also claimed by both China and Taiwan (and are known as the Xisha in Chinese), while China exercises control over the islands.
What is the name of the reef in the Spratly Islands where China has undertaken a massive land reclamation effort?Although the reef is well within the Philippines' EEZ and traditional fishing grounds, Mischief Reef has been controlled by the PRC since 1995, and is also claimed by the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Vietnam.
What obligations did a Chinese person have?What family obligations did a Chinese person have? Family was central and the most important thing was respecting one's parents. Elder men controlled everything and made all the decisions while women were treated inferior to them and were expected to obey fathers, husbands, and then sons.
Which of the following is not an example of the vibrant internationalism of the capitalist countries of East Asia?Which of the following is NOT an example of the "vibrant internationalism" of the capitalist countries of East Asia? North Koreans maintain an isolationist position.
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What group of islands in the South China Sea are claimed by the Chinese quizlet?
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