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The purpose of this study was to examine whether three custodial groups in the same organization differ in their behavioral norms and shared values, and, if so, to what extent do these differences impact organizational commitment. Two major questions were of concern: (a) whether there were any differences in the perceptions of three custodial groups of their behavioral norms and shared values at the workplace; and (b) whether there were any relationships between these two components of organizational culture and organizational commitment of the custodians;A survey was administered to 63 custodians in the Residence department of a land-grant university. The custodians were located in three different workplaces and belonged to three different supervisory teams. The instrument used was a questionnaire developed using three different existing instruments to assess custodians' perceptions about behavioral norms using the Kilmann-Saxton Culture Gap Survey (KSCG, 1983); shared values using the Survey of Organizations (SOO) by Taylor and Bowers (1972); and organizational commitment using the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) by Mowday, Steers, and Porter (1979);Data were analyzed by means of oneway ANOVA to determine differences between the three custodial groups in their perceptions about behavioral norms, shared values, and organizational commitment. T-tests were performed to determine differences between custodial groups as it relates to different selected elements of demographics. Pearson correlation was used to determine relationships between behavioral norms and organizational commitment, and between shared values and organizational commitment;Findings are discussed based on the specific research questions. Among other outcomes, it was concluded that all three groups reported similar perceptions about behavioral norms and shared values. It was also concluded that all three groups reported a strong commitment to their organization. Implications for the Residence department are also discussed. Absolute monarchyA political system under which a king or queen has complete control of a country. Achieved statusA status that we either earn or choose and that is not subject to where or to whom we were born. Agents of socializationPeople, groups, and experiences that influence our behavior and self-image. AggregateA collection of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time but have no other connection to one another. Agricultural or agrarian societyA society that raises crops by using animal-drawn plows. AlienationThe feeling of workers in a bureaucracy that they are being treated as objects rather than people. American DreamThe belief that all Americans, regardless of the conditions of their birth, have an equal chance to achieve success. AnomieAccording to strain theory, the feeling of being disconnected from society that can occur when people aren’t provided with the institutionalized means to achieve their goals. The term was coined by Émile Durkheim. Anticipatory socializationThe learning of new norms and values in anticipation of a future role. ApartheidA social system in which there is total separation of the races. AppearanceThe way we look physically to other people. Ascribed statusA trait or characteristic people possess as a result of the circumstances of birth. AssimilationThe process whereby members of a group give up parts of their own culture in order to blend in to a new culture. AuthoritarianismA political system that does not allow citizens to participate in government. BeliefA specific idea that people feel to be true. Blue-collarAnother term for the working class. Body languageThe ways in which we use our bodies consciously and unconsciously to communicate. BourgeoisieKarl Marx’s term for the owners of the means of production—factories, businesses, and equipment needed to produce wealth. BureaucracyAccording to Weber, a type of formal organization in which a rational approach is used for the handling of large tasks. CapitalismThe economic system in which the means of production are owned privately and individuals are free to keep the profits they make. Capitalist classIn industrialized societies, the rich and powerful and the owners of the means of production. It is also called the elite. Caste systemA system of stratification based on ascribed statuses. CategoryA collection of people who share a particular characteristic but have nothing else in common. Charismatic authorityAuthority that depends on the personal magnetism of one person, according to Weber’s power theory. ChurchA religious group integrated with society. Class systemA system of stratification based on achieved statuses. ClergyThe middle stratum of the estate system of stratification, composed of Roman Catholic priests. CliqueAn internal cluster or faction within a group. ColonialismThe tendency for a powerful country to invade a weaker country in order to exploit its resources by making it a colony. CommonersThe lowest stratum of the estate system of stratification, composed of the masses of people who spent their lives engaged in hard physical labor. CommunismAn economic system similar to socialism in which all the means of production would be owned by everyone and all profits would be shared equally by everyone. Conflict theoryMarx’s theory that in any capitalist society there is eternal conflict between the owners of the means of production and the workers. Conflict view of devianceThe view that purports that equality in a capitalist society is an illusion. The owners of the means of production have a vested interest in maintaining the status quo by keeping the working class in a disadvantaged position. ConformistsAccording to Merton’s theory of goals and means, those who accept cultural goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them. Constitutional monarchyA monarchy in which the reigning member of the royal family is the symbolic head of state but elected officials actually do the governing. Control theoryWalter Reckless’s theory that posits that when a person is tempted to engage in deviance, inner controls and outer controls can prevent him or her from doing so. CountercultureA way of living that opposes the dominant culture. CrimeThe violation of a written law. Crime against the personAn act of violence either threatened or perpetrated against a person. Crime against propertyThe theft of property or certain forms of damage against the property of another person. CultA religious group that is outside standard cultural norms. Cultural diffusionThe process whereby an aspect of culture spreads throughout a culture or from one culture to another. Cultural relativismThe attitude that in order to understand the traits of another culture, one must view them within the context of that culture. CultureEverything made, learned, and shared by the members of a society. Culture lagThe tendency for changes in material culture to occur at a more rapid rate than changes in nonmaterial culture. Culture of povertyThe phrase that Oscar Lewis used to describe the idea that poor people do not learn the norms and values that can help them improve their circumstances and hence get trapped in a repeated pattern of poverty. Culture shockThe surprise, disorientation, and fear people can experience upon encountering a different culture. Degradation ceremonyGarfinkel’s term for the process whereby an individual with a spoiled identity is expelled from a group and stripped of his or her group membership. DemocracyA political system in which citizens periodically choose officials to run their government. DevianceThe violation of a norm. Deviant subcultureA way of living that differs from the dominant culture, in which members share a particular form of deviance. Differential associationEdwin Sutherland’s theory that posits that deviance is learned behavior. Divine right of kingsAn ideology developed by the nobility during the Middle Ages that posited that the authority of the nobility came directly from God. Dominant cultureThe culture held by the majority and/or by the most powerful group in a society. DramaturgyGoffman’s theory that life is like a never-ending play in which people are actors. DyadA group composed of two people. EconomyThe institution responsible for the production and distribution of goods and services. EducationThe institution responsible for preparing young people for a functional place in adult life and for transmitting culture from one generation to the next. EgoAccording to Freud, the part of the mind that resolves conflicts between the id and the superego. EndogamyMarriage between members of the same category, class, or group. Estate systemThe three-tiered stratification system used during the Middle Ages. EthnocentrismThe tendency to judge another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. EthnomethodologyA theoretical perspective formulated by Garfinkel that examines how people’s background assumptions help them make sense of everyday situations. ExogamyMarriage between members of different categories, classes, or groups. Extended familySeveral generations or branches of a family. FamilyThe institution responsible for the rearing of children. Feminization of povertyThe phrase that describes the increasing number of female-headed households living at or below the poverty level. FolkwayA norm followed out of convenience or tradition. Formal organizationA secondary group that is organized to achieve specific goals and tends to be large and impersonal. Gender roleA set of behaviors, attitudes, and personality characteristics expected and encouraged of a person based on his or her sex. Gender socializationThe tendency for boys and girls to be socialized differently. Generalized otherGeorge Herbert Mead’s term for the internalization of the norms and values of a culture. Global stratificationThe stratification of nations. Globalization of capitalismThe adoption of capitalism by countries around the world. Goal displacementA formal organization’s displacement of one goal with another in order to continue to exist. It is also called goal replacement. Goals and meansRobert Merton’s theory that examines how members of a society adapt their goals to the means that society provides of achieving them. GovernmentThe institution responsible for making and enforcing the rules of society and for regulating relations with other societies. GroupTwo or more people who interact over time, have a sense of identity or belonging, and have norms that nonmembers do not have. Group dynamicsA term that implies that our thoughts and behavior are influenced by the groups of which we are members and, in turn, we influence the thought process and behavior of the group as a whole. GroupthinkA term coined by Irving Janis that refers to the tendency of people in positions of power to follow the opinions of the group, to the point that there is a narrow view of the issue at hand. Halo effectThe assumption that a physically attractive person also possesses other good qualities. HealthThe well-being of people. Holistic medicineA medical approach that involves learning about a patient’s physical environment and mental state. Horticultural societyA society in which hand tools are used to grow crops. Hunting and gathering societyA society in which people acquire food by hunting game and gathering edible plants. IdAccording to Freud, the first part of the mind to develop and the part of the self responsible for the satisfaction of physical states. Ideal typeMax Weber’s theoretical model of how a formal organization should function. IdeologyA set of values that people devise to rationalize a particular social custom. Illegitimate opportunity structuresCloward and Ohlin’s term for opportunities for crimes that are a basic part of our society. Impression managementGoffman’s term for the tendency of individuals to manipulate the impressions that others have of them. In-groupA group to which one belongs and to which one feels loyalty. Indentured servitudeA system of stratification in which an individual agrees to sell his or her body or labor to another for a specified period of time. Industrial societyA society that uses advanced sources of energy, rather than humans and animals, to run large machinery. Industrializing nationsCountries that are in the process of becoming industrialized; includes most of the countries of the former Soviet Union. Inner controlsAccording to control theory, the thought processes such as morality or a conscience that reside within people and that can prevent them from committing acts of deviance. InnovatorsAccording to Robert Merton’s theory of goals and means, those who accept cultural goals but reject the institutional means of achieving them. InstitutionA set of norms surrounding the carrying out of a function necessary for the survival of a society. Institutionalized meansLegitimate, socially approved ways that societies offer their members to achieve culturally approved goals. Labeling theoryA theory of deviance put forth by Howard Becker that claims that deviance is that which is so labeled. LawA norm that is written down and enforced by an official agency. Least industrialized nationsPrimarily agricultural nations that account for half of the land on Earth. Looking-glass selfCharles Horton Cooley’s theory of socialization, which posits that we form our self-images on the basis of what we perceive to be others’ views of us. MacrosociologySociological analysis focused on large-scale social forces. Manner of interactingThe attitudes that we convey in an attempt to get others to form certain impressions about us. According to Goffman, it is one of the sign vehicles we use to present ourselves to others, along with the setting and our appearance. Mass mediaCommunications media that direct messages and entertainment at a wide audience. Mass societyA large impersonal society in which individual achievement is valued over kinship ties and in which people often feel isolated from one another. Master statusA status we possess that overrides all other statuses and becomes the one by which we are known to others. Material cultureThe tangible, visible items of a culture. MatrilocalityA social custom in which married couples live in the home of the wife’s family. MedicineThe institution responsible for defining and treating mental and physical problems among its members. Melting potA term used to refer to a pluralistic society in which people who originally come from different societies blend together to form a new society. MeritocracyA system of stratification in which positions are given according to individual merit. MicrosociologySociological analysis focused on social interaction between individuals. Middle classThe class that consists of people who earn their money by working at professional jobs, also called white-collar jobs. MonarchyA political system in which a representative from one family controls the government and power is passed on through that family from generation to generation. MonogamyMarriage between one man and one woman. MonotheismBelief in a single deity. Moral reasoningThe reasons that people think the way they do about what’s right and wrong. MoreA norm based on notions of morality. Most industrialized nationsHighly industrialized, capitalistic countries, including America, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan. MulticulturalismA term often used instead of “melting pot” to denote a pluralistic society in which the original cultural heritages of its citizens are recognized and respected. Multinational corporationsLarge corporations that do business in a number of different countries. Negative sanctionA socially constructed expression of disapproval. NeocolonialismMichael Harrington’s term for the tendency of the most industrialized nations to exploit less developed countries politically and economically. NeolocalityA social custom in which married couples move to a new home of their own together. NetworkA series of social ties that can be important sources of information, contacts, and assistance for its members. New moneyThe class that consists of people whose wealth has been around only for a generation or two. NobilityThe highest stratum of the estate system of stratification. Members had significant inherited wealth and did little or no discernible work. Nonmaterial cultureThe intangible, invisible parts of a culture, such as values. NormA guideline or an expectation for behavior. Nuclear familyOne or both parents and their children. OligarchyThe rule of the many by the few. Out-groupA group to which one does not belong and to which one does not feel loyalty. Outer controlsAccording to control theory, individuals who encourage people not to stray into deviance. Pastoral societyA society that relies on the domestication and breeding of animals for food. PatrilocalityA social custom in which married couples live in the home of the husband’s family. Peer groupA social group in which members are usually the same age and have interests and social position in common. Personal spaceThe area immediately around one’s body that one can claim as one’s own. Pluralistic societyA society composed of many different kinds of people. PolyandryMarriage between one woman and more than one man. PolygamyMarriage between one man and more than one woman. PolytheismBelief in many deities. Positive sanctionA socially constructed expression of approval. Postindustrial societyA society that features an economy based on services and technology, not production. Poverty levelAn estimate set by the federal government of the minimum income that a family of four needs to survive. PowerAccording to Weber, the ability to achieve ends even in the face of resistance. Power eliteA term coined by C. Wright Mills that refers to his theory that the United States is actually run by a small group representing the most wealthy, powerful, and influential people in business, government, and the military. Primary devianceAccording to Lemert, a deviant act that elicits little or no reaction from others. Primary groupA group in which there is frequent face-to-face contact, little task orientation, and emotional intimacy among members. Primary socializationThe learning that we experience from the people who raise us. PrimogenitureA law stipulating that only a first-born son could inherit his father’s wealth. ProletariatKarl Marx’s term for the working masses. PropsThe things used to decorate a setting, according to Goffman’s theory of impression management. Props also include manner of dress. Rational-legal authorityAuthority that rests on rules and laws, according to Weber’s power theory. Rationalization of societyWeber’s theory that bureaucracies would gain increasing power over modern life, eventually governing almost every aspect of society. RebelsAccording to Robert Merton’s theory of goals and means, those who reject both cultural goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them, but who replace them with goals and means of their own. RecidivismThe tendency of convicted criminals to repeat offenses. Reference groupThe group to whom we compare ourselves for purposes of self-evaluation. ReincarnationThe belief that while the physical body dies, the soul of a person is immortal and goes on to be reborn into another body. ReligionThe institution responsible for answering people’s larger questions and for explaining the seemingly inexplicable. ResocializationThe learning of new norms and values. RetreatistsAccording to Robert Merton’s theory of goals and means, those who reject cultural goals as well as the institutionalized means of achieving them. RevolutionA violent overthrow of the government by its citizens. RitualistsAccording to Robert Merton’s theory of goals and means, those who reject cultural goals but accept the institutionalized means of achieving them. RoleA set of norms, values, and personality characteristics expected of a person based on the setting he or she is in. Role conflictThe conflict that can result from the competing demands of two or more roles. SanctionA socially constructed expression of approval or disapproval. Secondary devianceAccording to Lemert, repeated deviant behavior that is brought on by other people’s negative reactions to the original act of deviance. Secondary groupA group in which there is infrequent or short-term contact, little task orientation, and no emotional intimacy among members. SectA religious group that sets itself apart from society as a whole. SelfThe part of a person’s personality consisting of self-awareness and self-image. SettingThe place where interaction takes place. According to Goffman, it is one of the sign vehicles we use to present ourselves to others, along with manner of interacting and appearance. Sign vehiclesGoffman’s term for the mechanisms we use to present ourselves to others. Sign vehicles consist of setting, appearance, and manner of interacting. Significant otherAccording to Charles Horton Cooley, a person in our lives whose opinions matter to us and who is in a position to influence our thinking. Skilled workerA worker who is literate and has experience and expertise in specific areas of production or on specific kinds of machines. SlaveryA system of stratification in which one person owns another, usually for economic gain. Social controlThe ways a society devises to encourage conformity to norms. Social construction of realityA theory suggesting that the way in which we present ourselves is shaped by our life experiences, as well as by our interactions with others. Social groupTwo or more people who interact and identify with each other. Social integrationThe degree to which an individual feels connected to the other people in his or her group or community. Social mobilityMovement up or down the social hierarchy. Society’s rewardsThe things a society holds in high esteem, such as wealth, power, and prestige. SocialismA system under which resources and means of production are owned by the society as a whole, rights to private property are limited, the good of the whole society is stressed more than individual profit, and the government maintains control of the economy. SocializationThe process whereby we learn to become competent members of a group. SocietyA collection of people with territory, interaction, and a culture. Socioeconomic status (SES)A calculation based on a complex formula that takes into account education, occupation, and income. Spoiled identityGoffman’s term for an identity that has been permanently ruined because of a severe stigma. State capitalismA system under which resources and means of production are privately owned but closely monitored and regulated by the government. StatusThe position that a person occupies in a particular setting. Status inconsistencyAny inconsistency between various statuses. Status setThe collection of all of our different statuses, from every setting in which we are a member. Status symbolA sign or symbol that we wear or carry that represents a particular status. StereotypeAn assumption we make about a person or a group, often on the basis of incorrect or incomplete information. StigmaGoffman’s term for a trait that we possess that causes us to lose prestige in the eyes of others. Strain theoryRobert Merton’s theory that posits that people experience strain and frustration when they are prevented from achieving culturally approved goals through institutionalized means. StratificationA societal system in which there is an unequal distribution of society’s rewards and in which people are arranged hierarchically into layers according to how many of society’s rewards they possess. Structural functionalist theoryA sociological view of society as a complex unit made up of interrelated parts. Sociologists who apply this theory study social structure and social function. SubcultureA group that espouses a way of living that is different from that of the dominant culture. SuperegoAccording to Freud, the part of the mind that encourages conformity to societal norms and values. It is also called the conscience. Symbolic interactionist perspectiveA sociological framework that views society as a product of the everyday social interactions of individuals. TabooA norm so strongly held by a society that its violation brings extreme disgust. TerrorismA politically motivated violent attack on civilians by an individual or group. Thomas TheoremThe theory espousing sociologist W. I. Thomas’s idea that “if a person perceives a situation as real, it is real in its consequences.” Total institutionAccording to Erving Goffman, a highly standardized institution in which all the residents’ actions are determined and monitored by authority figures. TotalitarianismA political system under which the government maintains tight control over nearly all aspects of citizens’ lives. Traditional authorityAuthority that rests on well-established cultural patterns, according to Weber’s power theory. TriadAccording to Georg Simmel, a group composed of three people. Upper classThe highest social group, consisting of people with inherited wealth and a recognizable family name. UrbanizationThe process by which the majority of a population comes to live within commuting distance of a major city. ValueA culturally approved belief about what is right or wrong, desirable or undesirable. Victimless crimeCrimes in which laws are violated but there is no identifiable victim. Voluntary associationA group we choose to join, in which members are united by the pursuit of a common goal. WarArmed conflict between nations or societies. Welfare capitalismA system that features a market-based economy coupled with an extensive social welfare system that includes free health care and education for all citizens. White collarMiddle-class workers; so called because of the tendency of middle-class men to wear white shirts to work. White-collar crimeNonviolent crime committed by the capitalist class during the course of their occupations. Working classThe class composed of people who sell their labor to a higher class. They may have had vocational or technical training and have jobs such as electrician or factory worker. Working poorThe class composed of people whose work leaves them vulnerable to falling below the poverty level. World system theoryWallerstein’s theory that as societies industrialized, capitalism became the dominant economic system, leading to the globalization of capitalism. Is the belief that one's membership group or subculture is superior to all others?Sociology. the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.
What is defined as the gap between individuals at different levels of a hierarchy?Power distance refers to the relationship between authority and subordinate individuals that depends on how the latter react to the former. It is an anthropological concept used in cultural studies to understand the relationship between individuals with varying power, the effects, and their perceptions.
Is the process through which new members learn the culture of an organization?Introduction to Global Management
___ is the process through which new members learn the culture of an organization. C. The correct option is Socialization.
Is the system of shared beliefs and values that guides behavior in organizations?Organizational culture is a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that helps individuals understand which behaviors are and are not appropriate within an organization.
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Socialism is the belief that one’s membership group or subculture is superior to all others.
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