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Under a Creative Commons license Open access Highlights• Presents a new dataset: Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation. •Uses fixed effects regressions to test association between LGB inclusion and GDP. •Additional point on 8-point scale of legal rights associated with $2000 GDP increase. •Up to one fifth of this result reflects costs to GDP of insufficient legal rights. •Strong sign that economic development and LGBT inclusion are mutually reinforcing. AbstractThis study analyzes the relationship between social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and economic development. It uses legal and economic data for 132 countries from 1966 to 2011. Previous studies and reports provide substantial evidence that LGBT people are limited in their human rights in ways that also create economic harms, such as lost labor time, lost productivity, underinvestment in human capital, and the inefficient allocation of human resources. This analysis uses a fixed effects regression approach and a newly-created dataset – Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO) – to assess how these detriments are related to the macroeconomy. Our study finds that an additional point on the 8-point GILRHO scale of legal rights for LGB persons is associated with an increase in real GDP per capita of approximately $2000. A series of robustness checks confirm that this index continues to have a positive and statistically significant association with real GDP per capita after controlling for gender equality. In combination with the qualitative evidence from previous studies and reports, our quantitative results suggest that LGBT inclusion and economic development are mutually reinforcing. Also, a back-of-the-envelope estimate suggests that about 6% to 22% of the finding could reflect the costs to GDP of health and labor market stigmatization of LGB people. Results from this study can help to better understand how the fuller enjoyment of human rights by LGBT people can contribute to a country’s economic development. KeywordsLGBT inclusion Legal rights Discrimination Economic development Global Homosexual orientation Cited by (0)© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Overview: We identified 79 scholarly studies that met our criteria for adding to knowledge about the well-being of children with gay or lesbian parents.
Of those studies, 75 concluded that children of gay or lesbian parents fare no worse than other children. While many of the sample sizes were small, and some studies lacked a control group, researchers regard such studies as providing the best available knowledge about child adjustment, and do not view large, representative samples as essential. We identified four studies concluding that children of gay or lesbian parents face added disadvantages. Since all four took their samples from children
who endured family break-ups, a cohort known to face added risks, these studies have been criticized by many scholars as unreliable assessments of the well-being of LGB-headed households. Taken together, this research forms an overwhelming scholarly consensus, based on over three decades of peer-reviewed research, that having a gay or lesbian parent does not harm children. Evaluating Studies that Conclude Gay Parenting Raises Risks: With regard to the four outlier studies,
all share the same flaw. At most a handful of the children who were studied were actually raised by same-sex parents; the rest came from families in which opposite-sex parents raised their children for a period of time, but in which, often, one or more parent(s) subsequently came out as gay or lesbian and left the family or had a same-sex relationship. The result was a family that endured added stress and often disruption or family breakup. Including such children among those labeled as having
been “raised by same-sex parents” is so misleading as to be inaccurate, since these children were generally raised by opposite-sex families and only later, after a family disruption, did they live in households with one or more gay parent(s), and only rarely did two parents of the same sex, in a stable, long-term relationship, actually raise the children together. Authors of these outlier studies argue that, nevertheless, such configurations often represent families with gay or lesbian parents,
and hence it is reasonable to count them as indicators of what happens when children live with one or more gay parent(s). Evaluating Studies that Find No Differences Resulting from Having a Gay Parent: Some critics of the LGB parenting research object to the small, non-random sampling methods known as “convenience sampling” that researchers in the field often use to gather their data. Yet within the field, convenience sampling is not considered a methodological flaw, but
simply a limitation to generalizability. Within sociology and especially psychology, small, qualitative and longitudinal studies are considered to have certain advantages over probability studies: Such data can allow investigators to notice and analyze subtleties and texture in child development over time that large, statistical studies often miss. It is important to note, moreover, that some of the research that finds no differences among children with same-sex parents does use large,
representative data. A 2010 study by Stanford researcher Michael Rosenfeld used census data to examine the school advancement of 3,500 children with same-sex parents, finding no significant differences between households headed by same-sex and opposite-sex parents when controlling for family background. Another study drew on nationally representative, longitudinal data using a sampling pool of over 20,000 children, of which 158 lived in a same-sex parent household. Controlling for family
disruptions, those children showed no significant differences from their peers in school outcomes. Click here to view our methodology. Click here for a printer-friendly PDF of this overview report. Suggested Citation: What We Know Project, Cornell
University, “What Does the Scholarly Research Say about the Well-Being of Children with Gay or Lesbian Parents?” (online literature review), 2015. Click on any thumbnail to view its abstract; click below each thumbnail to visit the source website.
Back to Top Below are 4 studies concluding that children of gay or lesbian parents face added disadvantages compared with others. Click here to jump to studies concluding that children of gay or lesbian parents fare no worse than other children.Click on any thumbnail to view its abstract; click below each thumbnail to visit the source website.
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Top Which of the following is a common characteristic among feminist researchers?Feminist methodologies are varied, but tend to have a few common aims or characteristics, including seeking to overcome biases in research, bringing about social change, displaying human diversity, and acknowledging the position of the researcher.
What research measure provides consistent results?Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something. If the same result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable.
What do Sociologists consider secondary analysis?Secondary analysis is a form of research that uses existing data, or secondary data, collected previously to perform a new study. Researchers might use quantitative or qualitative data another research team or agency gathered or produced for different reasons and analyze it in a new way.
What type of sample is specifically used for gathering information about clandestine or difficult to identify groups quizlet?What type of sample is specifically used for gathering information about clandestine or difficult-to-identify groups? ethnographic research.
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What conclusion did the National Bureau of Economic Research reach about gays and lesbians as subject of sociological research?
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