Common causes of hearing loss are genetic defects in neonates and ear infections and cerumen in children. Many cases are detected by screening, but hearing loss should be suspected if children do not respond to sounds or have delayed speech development. Diagnosis is usually by electrodiagnostic testing (evoked otoacoustic emissions testing and auditory brain stem response) in neonates and by clinical examination and tympanometry in children. Treatment for irreversible hearing loss may include a hearing aid or cochlear implant. Show
In the US, permanent childhood hearing loss is detected in 1.1/1000 infants screened. On average, 1.9% of children reported “hearing trouble.” Hearing impairment is slightly more common among boys than girls; the average male:female ratio is 1.24:1. The most common causes of hearing loss in
neonates are Risk factors for hearing loss in neonates include the following:
The most common causes of hearing loss in infants and children are Other causes in older children include head injuries, loud noises (including loud music),
use of ototoxic drugs
Drug-Induced Ototoxicity A wide variety of drugs can be ototoxic. Factors affecting ototoxicity include Dose Duration of therapy Concurrent renal failure read more (eg, aminoglycosides, thiazides), viral infections (eg,
mumps Mumps
Mumps is an acute, contagious, systemic viral disease, usually causing painful enlargement of the salivary glands, most commonly the parotids. Complications may include orchitis, meningoencephalitis... read more Risk factors for hearing loss in children include those for neonates plus the following:
Symptoms and Signs of Hearing Impairment in ChildrenIf hearing loss is severe, the infant or child may not respond to sounds or may have delayed speech or language comprehension. If hearing loss is less severe, children may intermittently ignore people talking to them. Children may appear to be developing well in certain settings but have problems in others. For example, because the background noise of a classroom can make speech discrimination difficult, the child may have problems hearing only at school. Not recognizing and treating impairment can seriously impair language comprehension and speech. The impairment can lead to failure in school, teasing by peers, social isolation, and emotional difficulties.
In children, other methods can be used. Speech and overall development are assessed clinically. The ears are examined, and tympanic membrane movement is tested in response to various frequencies to screen for middle ear effusions. In children age 6 months to 2 years, response to sounds is tested. At age > 2 years, ability to follow simple auditory commands can be assessed, as can responses to sounds using earphones.
Central auditory processing evaluation
Testing Imaging is often indicated to identify the etiology and guide prognosis. For most cases, including when neurologic examination is abnormal, word recognition is poor, and/or hearing loss is asymmetric, gadolinium-enhanced MRI is done. If bone abnormalities are suspected, CT is done.
Reversible causes and abnormalities are treated. The COVID-19 pandemic required hearing specialists to develop ways of remotely monitoring and interacting with children with hearing loss. Some of these methods, eg, remote monitoring and programming of devices and online or in-app speech therapy techniques, may remain useful to patients even after pandemic restrictions are lifted.
Which of the following is a fine motor skill?Generally thought of as the movement and use of hands and upper extremities, fine motor skills include reaching, grasping and manipulating objects with your hands. Fine motor skills also involve vision, specifically visual motor skills, often referred to hand-eye coordination.
Which of the following is one of the factors listed in your text that can help protect a child from the effects of a stressful environment?Which of the following is one of the factors listed in your text that can help protect a child from the effects of a stressful environment? Intellectually stimulating toys and activities in the home.
Which of the following terms relates to an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self evaluation?Self-esteem refers to an individual's overall evaluation of their own personal worth. Self-esteem is also used to describe how much one appreciates themselves.
Which of the following is not a fine motor skill?Thus, it is concluded that Jumping is NOT a fine motor skill.
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Severe and early loss of hearing is associated with difficulties in which of the following?
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