Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speakers attractiveness illustrates

Personality psychologists focus on what?

The psychologist focuses on the person: why different people may act differently in a given situation. 

The scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.

Social psychologist focus on what?

This psychologist focuses on the situation; the social influences that explain why the same person will act differently in a different situation. 

Dispositional attribution

Attributing behavior to a persons stable and enduring traits 

Attributing the behavior of someone to the situation

Fundamental attribution error

When analyzing someone's behavior, observers tend to underestimate the influence of situations and overestimate the influence of personality.

Feelings that are often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events.

Peripheral route persuasion

This type of persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness.

This type of persuasion occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. 

Foot in the door phenomenon 

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

A set of expectations or norms about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Cognitive Dissonance theory 

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. 

Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night, he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the

Foot in the door phenomenon example

Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his over-controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates

The fundamental attribution error example

Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates

A situational attribution example

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study

The people in this study were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities?

Cognitive dissonance theory example

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Normative social influence 

Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. 

What 7 factors strengthen conformity to a group

These factors do what? -made to feel incompetent or insecure -in a group with at least 3 people -in a group where everyone else agrees -admire the groups status & attractiveness -no prior commitment to a response -others in group will observe behavior -from a culture that strongly encourages respect from social standards

Informational social influence

Influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality. 

Asch conducted what type of experiments? 

The person who conducted the conformity experiments. Comparing 3 lines to a standard line

Coming from an individualistic culture, you are more likely to do what?

This culture is more likely to not conform with a group

Psychology's most famous obedience experiments, in which most participants obeyed an authority figure's demand to inflict presumed life-threatening shocks on an innocent other, were conducted by social psychologist

Stanley Milgram conducted this experiment.

What situations have researchers found to be most likely to encourage obedience in participants?

People are more likely to follow orders when : -experimenter was nearby -experimenter was a legitimate authority figure -victim was not nearby -no models for defiance
This encourages what?

Stronger responses on a simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others E.g athletes 

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. "Free riding on the efforts of others"

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster unusual behavior 

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, ________ attempts to explain why.

Cognitive dissonance theory 

When like-minds groups discuss a topic and the result is the strengthening of the prevailing opinion 

Group polarization example

If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passersby will often pause to do likewise. This best illustrates

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of

Normative social influence.
Wedding example

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates

Group polarization example

Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when: A. participants announce their own answers only after the other group members have done so. B. participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers. C. it is very difficult to make correct judgments. D. judgments are made in a group that has more than three people.

This is less likely to occur when:
B. When the participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers.

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Generally involving stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings and a predisposition to discriminatory action

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Race primes perceptions: observers more likely to mistake tool as a gun when preceded by a black rather then white face.

Who conducted this study?

Tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

"good is rewarded and evil is punished"

"Us" people with whom we share a commone identity

"Them" those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Tendency to favor our own group

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Why do sports fans tend to feel a sense of satisfaction when their archival team loses?

Sports fans may feel a part of an ingroup that sets itself apart from the outgroup (fans of rival team)

Other-race effect/cross-face effect/own-race bias

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Frustration-aggression principle

The principle that the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger and can generate aggression

Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for

After being heavily exposed to X-rated films, men are later ________ likely to perceive extramarital sex as troubling and ________ likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aide if other bystanders are present

Diffusion of responsibility 

Observers assume someone else is going to intervene. They assume someone else is going to take action

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelsing and behaviors

The concept that diseases (in this case psychological ones) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and in most cases cured through the treatment in a hospital

This is the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Generalized anxiety disorders

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of automatic nervous system arousal

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking or other frightening sensations 

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and or actions (compulsions)

Post traumatic stress disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after the traumatic experience

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crisis

Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is

preventing her from functioning effectively.

Although Adderall is a ________ drug, it is commonly used in the treatment of ________.

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These were replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the

Ongoing patterns of behavior that interfere with normal day-to-day life are best characterized as

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by

Symptoms that may be misperceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of

Panic disorder (panic attacks)

Mrs. Swift is alarmed by her own intrusive and irrational thoughts that her house is contaminated by germs. Her experience best illustrates the agitating effects of

Although Mark realizes that his behavior is unreasonable, he is so alarmed by high bridges or expressway overpasses that he avoids them by taking an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Mark appears to suffer from

A therapist suggests that Mr. Broshi continues to bite his fingernails because this behavior often reduced his feelings of anxiety in the past. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress intrusive thoughts that she might have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of

Obsessive compulsive disorder

What does schizophrenia mean?

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions and behaviors 

A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distoroted perceptions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur that may accompany psychotic disorders

Schizophrenia is disturbances of what four things?

-Language or thought -Perception -Emotion or mood -Behavior

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia involve excesses or distortions; name

-Disorganized thoughts and speech -Disorganized or catatonic behaviors -Hallucinations -Delusions

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

Deficits in affect, speech, social withdrawl and motivation

The chances for recovery from schizophrenia are considered to be greatest when the disorder develops

Rapidly in response to a stressful life situation.

Cognitive symptoms of Schizophrenia 

Deficits in basic cognitive processes, including attention and memory 

Schizophrenia subtype; Paranoid 

Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity 

Schizophrenia subtype; Disorganized

Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

Schizophrenia subtype; Catatonic

Immobility or excessive, purposeless movements, extreme negativism, and/or parrot like repeating of another's speech or movements. 

Schizophrenia subtype; Undifferentiated 

Schizophrenia subtype; Residual 

Withdrawl after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared 

Biological origins of Schizophrenia 

Brain abnormalities -shrinkage -out of sync neurons -too much dopamine -influenza virus during pregnancy -oxygen deprivation at birth

Disruption in consciousness, MEMORY, identity, pr perception of environment 

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) (Multiple personalities disorder)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities *least common DD

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functiong

Cluster A of personality disorders:

Perceived as odd or eccentric -Paranoid PD -Schizoid PD -Schizotypal PD

Cluster B of personality disorders:

Overly dramatic, emotional or erratic -Antisocial PD -Histionic PD -Borderline PD -Narcissitic PD

Cluster C of personality disorders:

Often appear anxious or fearful -Avoidant PD -Dependent PD -Obsessive Compulsive PD

Doing something against society 

Antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which a person (often men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

-Grandiose, need much admiration, and feel little to no empathy for others. -Convinced of own great success, power, or beauty. -Exaggerate achievements and talents, often appear arrogant

An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight. *keep wanting to lose weight *leading cause of death due to cardiac

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging or fasting

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa. *weight fluctuates`

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Prescription medication or procedures that act directly on the persons physiology. 

An approach to psychotherapy that depending on the clients problems uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Freud's therapeutic technique; patients free associations, resistances, dreams and transference's and the therapists interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self insight.

Resistance in psychoanalysis

The blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Interpretation in psychoanalysis

The analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Transference in psychoanalysis

The patients transfer of the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships. (the love or hatred for a parent)

Non-suicidal self injury * has been shown to be a risk factor for future suicide attempts

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with

Psychodynamic perspective

The suggestion that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are created as defenses against the anxiety caused by one's own unacceptable impulses best illustrates the

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and that seeks to enhance self insight.

A schizoid personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by

Emotionless disengagement.

Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates

Antisocial personality disorder

A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rodgers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients growth 

Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates and clarifies. *Feature of Rodgers client-centered therapy

Unconditional positive regard 

A caring, accepting, non-judgmental attitude, which Carl Rodgers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self acceptance  

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors 

A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors ; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning 

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy that treat anxieties by exposing people to the thinks they fear

Systematic densensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. *commonly used to treat phobias

Virtual reality exposure therapy 

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (nausea) with an unwanted behavior (drinking)

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for treats or privlages 

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A confrontational cognitive therapy, that vigorously challenges peoples illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions *by Albert Ellis

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy(changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy 

Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members.

The study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Drugs used to treat depression and some anxiety disorders. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the breain; used to stimulate or surpress brain activity

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. 

A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrolably emtional or violent patients. The procedure cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

Classical psychoanalysts were especially interested in

Interpreting the meaning of patients' resistance to therapeutic procedures.

Systematic desensitization is a form of

Cognitive therapists are most likely to

Emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events.

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates

Systematic desensitization.

Nancy's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weaknesses and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. The therapist's approach best illustrates

Cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Tardive dykinesia is associated with the long-term use of certain ________ drugs.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from lithium?

Someone who experiences periods of extreme sadness followed by episodes of optimistic overexcitement

If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. This best illustrates a procedure known as

Considering the greatest range of factors that may contribute to the process of healing is most clearly facilitated by a ________ approach to therapy.

What refers to the path wherein cues that are merely incidental or are automatically accepted influence people?

Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message?

When explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well?

Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?