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Techniques of Scientific Management are grounded on the numerous investigations carried. Below mentioned are the techniques that are imbibed: Functional Foremanship:Functional foremanship is a factory administration system that supports for possessing numerous foremen in separate, functional roles. Classically, factories had just 1 manager who would manage operations. This manager or the foreman was the only contact for factory employees. Frederick Winslow Taylor, the distinguished engineer who transformed scientific management during the end of the 19th century, discovered a significant defect in this practice. When he recorded all of the features a successful supervisor would require, he discerned that no one person could probably have every single one. Therefore, the idea of working foremanship was born. Standardisation and Simplification of Work:What is Standardisation?Standardisation implies to the method of establishing standards for every industry activity; it can be standardisation of manner, time, raw material, machinery, product, processes or operating situations. These examples are the benchmarks, which must be adhered to throughout the production. Related Read: What are the Principles of Management? What is Simplification?Simplification points at erasing unnecessary types, sizes and dimensions while standardisation intends devising new types rather than the existing ones. Simplification points at eliminating a redundant variety of products. It results in savings of the cost of machines, tools and labour. It means controlled inventories, complete utilisation of supplies and boosting turnover. Method Study:The purpose of the outlined study is to find out one vigorous way of performing the job. There are different ways of performing the job. To ascertain the best way, there are diverse parameters. Right from the obtainment of raw materials until the ultimate product is presented to the consumer, every pursuit is part of method research. Taylor devised the idea of the assembly line by applying the method study. Motion Study:Motion study pertains to the study of movements like putting objects, lifting, changing positions and sitting etc., which are moved while doing a conventional job. Random movements are solicited to be reduced so that it takes less time to perform the job effectively. Time Study:It circumscribes the conventional time taken to complete a well-defined job. Time regulating devices are used for each part of the task. The standard time is set for the entirety of the task by taking different readings. The course of time study will rely upon the frequency and volume of the task, the cycle time of the process and time measurement costs. Fatigue Study:A person is obliged to feel tired mentally and physically if she or he does not relax while working. The rest periods will assist one to recover vitality and work again with the same capacity. This will result in improved potency. Fatigue study tries to define the amount and regularity of rest intervals in accomplishing a task. Also Check:
The above mentioned is the concept, that is elucidated in detail about the Techniques of Scientific Management for the Class 12 Commerce students. To know more, stay tuned to BYJU’S. The principles of scientific management only bring out the basic philosophy behind the theory. The question which now arises is how to implement these principles practically. Taylor has devised the following techniques for actually implementing the principles of scientific management. Image Courtesy : success-works.com/userfiles/image/Graphics/HiRes.jpg 1. Functional Foremanship F.W. Taylor has propounded the functional organisation. This form of organisation is totally based on the principle of specialisation and makes full utilisation of the expertise of various experts. In a functional organisation, work is divided into many small parts and each part is assigned to an expert. In this manner, all the benefits of specialisation are availed of. Taylor has defined functional organisation as follows: “Functional organisation consists of so dividing the management that each man from the assistant superintendent shall have as few functions as possible to perform. If practisable, the work of each man in the management should be confined to the performance of a single leading function.” Taylor has suggested the division of the work of factory manager into two subdepartments: (i) Planning department, and (ii) production department. Four experts are appointed in each department. The experts in the planning department do planning and the experts in the production department help in production. (i) Specialists of Planning Department and their Functions (a) Route Clerk: This clerk ensures the sequence of completing a particular work, meaning thereby the stages it shall have to pass before being finalised. He also decides the job to be done for the day and where it is to be done. (b) Instruction Card Clerk: This clerk prepares the instruction cards for the workers and hands them over to the gang boss. These cards contain information about the nature of the work, procedure of doing it, material to be used and the details about machinery. (c) Time and Cost Clerk: This clerk decides as to when a particular work is to be started and finished, meaning thereby as to what time the whole work will take place. It is also decided at the same time at what cost the product will be produced. (d) Discipline Officer: The discipline officer ensures that every work is being performed in a disciplined manner. (ii) Specialists of Production Department and their Functions (a) Gang Boss: The workers are divided into various groups from the point of view of control. A group leader is selected who is known as the gang boss. He is expected to ensure that both the workers and the machines are fit enough for production and that the material required for their use has been made available to them. (b) Speed Boss: The main function of the speed boss is to ensure that all the workers are performing their job at the required or expected speed. If it is not so, the speed boss tries to find out the cause of slow speed and hence a solution for it. (c) Repair Boss: The main function of the repair boss is to keep the machines and tools in working condition. (d) Inspector: He inspects the things produced and compares their quality with the standard prescribed for them and tries to find out the difference. In case of unfavourable result he initiates corrective action. 2. Standardisation of Work Standardisation means setting standards for different factors, after due deliberation. For example, the amount of work to be done by a worker in a day may be standardised. In other words, the worker is expected to do the standard amount of work every day. In the same manner standards may also be set for raw materials, machines and tools, techniques, conditions of work, etc. The following is a brief description of such standards: (i) Standardised Material: By standardisation of material we mean that the raw material provided should be according to the quality of finished goods required. For example, if for producing ‘A’ quality of finished goods ‘X’ quality of raw materials are required (and the same has been determined after due deliberation), then we can say that for ‘A’ quality of finished goods ‘X’ quality of raw materials have been standardised. In the future whenever it is required to produce ‘A’ quality of finished goods, ‘X’ quality of raw materials will be used without any hesitation. By doing so good quality of finished goods can be produced in the least possible time. (ii) Standardised Machines and Tools: Standardisation of machines and tools ensures that they are of the required quantity and type to produce the desired finished goods. For example, if for producing ‘A’ quality of finished goods ‘X’ machine and M, N and O tools are required, then whenever finished goods of’ A’ quality are to be produced, it can be done with the use of ‘X’ machine and M, N and O tools. Standardisation of machines and tools will reduce errors on the part of workers as to which machine or tools are to be used, and hence work can proceed at a much faster pace. (iii) Standardised Methods: By standardising the optimum techniques of doing work, it can proceed at a faster pace and with much greater ease. The technique determined for doing a particular work is used uniformly whenever such work is performed. (iv) Standardised Working Conditions: Working conditions have a very deep impact on the efficiency of workers. In standardising working conditions, it is noted that how much temperature, ventilation, lighting, cleanliness and safety is necessary at the workplace. After due studies, the working conditions are standardised and efforts are made to maintain them at the workplace. 3. Simplification Simplification means putting an end to the unnecessary types, qualities, sizes/weights, etc. For example, it is all right for a shoe manufacturing company to manufacture shoes of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, sizes but if it starts manufacturing shoes of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3, it will be simply wrong. There is no justification in the difference of such sizes. In such a situation different types of machines shall have to be installed, more stock shall have to be maintained and increased labour costs shall have to be borne. Therefore, it is advisable to manufacture shoes only of the proper sizes. In other words, simplification of the product is the answer. Objectives of simplification: (i) Effecting economy in the use of machines. (ii) Bringing down the labour cost with the help of specialisation. (The benefits of specialisation can be obtained by restricting specialisation only to a few products.) (iii) Affecting economy in the staff. According to another example, a paper manufacturing company in the USA started the work of simplification of the types of papers it was manufacturing and succeeded in reducing their types from 2,000 to 200 only. The effect of such an exercise can simply be imagined. 4. Scientific Study of Work It means to conduct the deep analysis of all the activities being performed in the organisation with the aim of producing maximum possible quality output at minimum costs. Taylor has conducted the following studies: (i) Method Study, (ii) Motion Study, (iii) Time Study, and (iv) Fatigue Study. (i) Method Study: It refers to identify the most suitable way to do a particular activity. To conduct this study, process chart and operation research techniques are used. The main objective of this study is to minimise the cost of production and maximise the quality and level of consumer satisfaction. (ii) Motion Study: It refers to conduct the study of motions being performed by workers and machines while doing the job. The movie camera is used to conduct this study. The main objective of this study is to eliminate the unnecessary motions. For example, during an experiment it was found that while laying a brick, a mason was conducting 18 different activities, but after eliminating the unnecessary activities the number of activities could be reduced to five, and in certain cases even down to two activities. (iii) Time Study: It refers to determine the standard time required to complete a particular activity. The standard time is determined on the basis of average time taken by the several experiences of the same work. This study is conducted with the help of a stopwatch. The main objectives of the study are (i) to get the estimated figure of labour costs, (ii) to determine the number of required workers and (iii) to decide about the suitable incentive plan. (iv) Fatigue Study: It refers to determine the duration and frequency of rest intervals to complete a particular job. The rest refreshes the workers. They work again with their full capacity. The main objective of this study is to maintain the efficiency level of workers. There may be so many causes of fatigue, such as long working hours, poor working conditions, unsuitable work, unhappy relations with the boss, etc. 5. Differential Wage System/Differential Piece Rate Taylor has advised the adoption of differential wage systems in order to motivate the employees. According to this system, wages are paid on the basis of work done and not on the basis of time spent in doing the work. In this system two different wage rates are used: one is the high wage rate and the other is the low wage rate. Those workers who are able to produce the standard number of units within a fixed duration are paid as per the high wage rate, and those workers who are not able to produce the standard number of units within the same time are paid as per the lower wage rate. For example, let the standard output per day be 20 units and the two wage rates be 5 per unit and 4 per unit respectively. Worker ‘A’ produces 20 units in a day and in doing so he earns 100 (20 units X 5 per unit). Another worker ‘B’ produces only 18 units in a day and hence he will earn only 72 (18 units x 4 per unit). In this way, even though ‘B’ has produced only 2 units less than ‘A’ the difference in their wages will be 28 100 – 72). As a result, less efficient workers will be motivated to work more and efficient workers will be motivated to maintain their efficiency. 6. Mental Revolution Mental revolution calls for a change in the mindset of both employers and workers. As per Taylor, a revolution in mindset of both the employers and the workers is required because it will promote feeling of cooperation, and will be beneficial to both the parties. Normally, it is seen that conflict between employers and workers results in division of profits, with both the parties demanding a larger share of profits. This is the main reason why a mental revolution is required. According to Taylor, instead of fighting over division of profits, both the parties should make efforts for increasing the profits. Such a situation will result in an increase in production, and as such a high increase in profits that will make any talk of division of profits meaningless. Which techniques of scientific management helps in eliminating unnecessary?Ans. Simplification helps in eliminating unnecessary diversity of products and thus, results in saving cost. (i) It aims at eliminating superfluous varieties, sizes and dimensions. (ii) It leads to reduction in wastage of inventories, fuller utilisation of equipment and increased turnover.
What are the techniques of scientific management explain?Some of the major techniques of scientific management are as follows: 1. Work Study 2. Standardisation of Tools and Equipment's 3. Scientific Task Setting 4. Scientific Setting of Wage Rates 5.
Which technique of scientific management aims at elimination of superfluous varieties sizes dimensions of product explain?Simplification aims at eliminating unnecessary varieties, sizes and dimensions of products. It results in saving of cost of labour, machines and tools.
How many techniques are there in scientific management class 12?Answer: In Taylor's technique, there are four techniques: 1. Functional Foremanship 2. Standardisation and Simplification of Work 3. Work-Study 4.
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Name and explain the techniques of scientific management which helps in eliminating unnecessary
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