It can be most directly inferred from the principle of observational learning that a teacher

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1. One key difference between sensory memory and short-term memory is that

   a. the information in sensory memory fades in one or two seconds, while short-term memories last several hours.
   b. short-term memories can be described, while sensory memories cannot.
   c. the quality and detail of sensory memory are far superior to those of short-term memory.
   d. sensory memory stores auditory information, while short-term memory stores visual information.
   

2. The simplest way to maintain information in short-term memory is to repeat the information in a process called

   a. chunking.
   b. rehearsal.
   c. revision.
   d. recall.
   

3. Short-term memory is sometimes referred to as working memory because

   a. in order to hold information in short-term memory, we must use it.
   b. it takes effort to move information from sensory memory to short-term memory.
   c. it is the only part of our memory system that we must actively engage to retrieve previously learned information.
   d. creating short-term memories is a difficult task requiring a lot of practice.
   

4. An instructor gives her students a list of terms to memorize for their biology exam and immediately asks one student to recite the terms back to her. Which terms will this student most likely recall from the list?

   a. The student won’t recall any of the terms because he has not used rehearsal to encode them.
   b. Since there was no delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the end of the list, showing a recency effect.
   c. Since there was no delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the beginning of the list, showing a primacy effect.
   d. The student will recall only those items to which he has attached some meaning, regardless of where they fall on the list.
   

5. An instructor gives her students a list of terms to memorize for their biology exam. After allowing the students three minutes to look over the list, she asks one student to recite the terms back to her, from memory. What information will this student likely be able to recall from the list?

   a. The student won’t recall any of the terms because he has not used rehearsal to encode them.
   b. Since there was no delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the end of the list, showing a recency effect.
   c. Since there was a delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the beginning of the list, showing a primacy effect.
   d. The student will recall only those items to which he has attached some meaning, regardless of where they fall on the list.
   

6. Which of the following bits of information would be the easiest to chunk, and thus encode?

   a. 198274
   b. IEKFES
   c. 278392
   d. XYZZYX
   

7. Which situation below describes the use of hierarchies for memorizing information?

   a. Repeating each vocabulary term out loud five times and then reading its definition from the textbook
   b. Organizing notes into three central themes and studying information in relation to those themes
   c. Writing down the definitions of every vocabulary term in the chapter and reading them out loud
   d. Creating flashcards covering key concepts and reviewing the information until it is learned
   

8. Memory researchers define forgetting as the

   a. inability to retain information in working memory long enough to make use of it.
   b. sudden loss of information after head trauma.
   c. inability to retrieve information from long-term memory.
   d. process by which information is lost in transit from short-term memory to long-term memory.
   

9. Which situation describes the phenomenon of retroactive interference?

   a. Samantha can’t recall what day of the week it is.
   b. James keeps entering his old PIN with his new ATM card.
   c. Darnell keeps referring to his old VCR as a Blu-ray player.
   d. Frieda often calls her new boyfriend by her old boyfriend’s name.
   

10. Naming as many state capitals as you can requires you to engage in

    a. cued recall.
    b. priming.
    c. spreading activation.
    d. free recall.
    

11. Which pair of words is most closely related in terms of a semantic web?

    a. Dog and cat
    b. Dog and dig
    c. Cat and cut
    d. Cat and tiger
    

12. Jerome is shown pictures of five objects: a truck, a skyscraper, a cake, a lizard, and a pond. In which scenario is priming then utilized?

    a. He is asked to list the photos he looked at, and he remembers only the cake, the lizard, and the pond.
    b. He is told to remember the pictures, and he imagines a truck with a cake in the seat being driven by a lizard out of a pond and up the side of a skyscraper.
    c. He is asked to describe something that people eat for dessert, and he describes a chocolate cake.
    d. He is asked to list the cards in the order in which he looked at them, and he remembers only the truck, the skyscraper, and the lizard.
    

13. The susceptibility of our memories to include false details that fit in with real details of an event is called the

    a. priming effect.
    b. interference effect.
    c. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
    d. misinformation effect.
    

14. The method of loci is a mnemonic device that involves

    a. thinking of a set of words that rhyme with the words you have to memorize.
    b. making a word out of the first letters of each term that you have to memorize.
    c. mentally placing items to be remembered in some imaginary environment.
    d. associating each of the words you have to memorize with a set of pre-memorized words.
    

15. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon describes the experience of believing that you

    a. have experienced something when you actually have not.
    b. know something but you are not able to articulate it.
    c. heard someone say something when you actually did not.
    d. know how to do something when in fact you do not.
    

16. Patient H.M., whose hippocampi and medial temporal lobes were removed, suffered from

    a. anterograde amnesia.
    b. confabulation.
    c. retrograde amnesia.
    d. Korsakoff’s syndrome.
    

17. A woman developed a tumor that diminished her ability to form new long-term memories. Though memory involves numerous parts of the brain, the part most likely affected by the tumor is the

    a. thalamus.
    b. hypothalamus.
    c. cerebellum.
    d. hippocampus.
    

18. Psychologists use the term _______ to describe memory for information that is able to be articulated, while _______ describes memory for information that aids performance of tasks.

    a. declarative; nondeclarative
    b. nondeclarative; episodic
    c. episodic; semantic
    d. nondeclarative; declarative
    

19. Which situation describes the use of episodic memory?

    a. Belinda verified her identity over the phone by giving her date of birth.
    b. Jim remembered the excitement of the birthday party his friends had planned for him.
    c. Serena asked her teacher to name the capital of Mozambique.
    d. Samir recalled that a Pan Am commercial jet had crashed over Scotland.
    

20. Semantic memories differ from episodic memories in that semantic memories

    a. typically include very personal or emotion-laden information.
    b. do not include any information about facts or word meanings.
    c. do not include details about how information was learned.
    d. include procedural information, like how to ride a bike.
    

21. Due to a lack of thiamine, people with Korsakoff’s syndrome develop cell loss in the

    a. hippocampus.
    b. basal ganglia.
    c. mammillary bodies.
    d. pons.
    

22. Information contained in nondeclarative memory includes associations between stimuli that elicit behavior. These associations are learned via

    a. conditioning.
    b. habituation.
    c. observational learning.
    d. procedural learning.
    

23. The physical memory trace in the brain is often referred to by neuroscience researchers as the

    a. engram.
    b. hippocampus.
    c. hypothalamus.
    d. Hebbian synapse.
    

24. A Hebbian synapse is a theoretical relationship between two neurons in which the strength of the connection between neurons is a function of

    a. when the presynaptic neuron receives information.
    b. when the stimulation of both neurons can be extinguished.
    c. how often the presynaptic neuron causes the post synaptic neuron to fire.
    d. whether the postsynaptic neuron causes the presynaptic neuron to inhibit firing.
    

25. Long-term potentiation is the term neuroscientists use to describe long-lasting

    a. deficits in memory from Korsakoff’s syndrome.
    b. mnemonic potential.
    c. synaptic inhibition.
    d. strengthening of synaptic transmission.
    

Which is the correct definition of observational learning?

What is observational learning in psychology quizlet?

What is an example of observational learning quizlet?

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?