How many groups of participants would be needed to completely counterbalance a within subjects experiment with four treatment conditions?

Awithin-subject design, also known as a repeated measures design, is a type of experimental design in which all participants are exposed to every treatment or condition.

Nội dung chính

• Within-Subjects Design vs. Between Subjects
• Advantages of Within-Subjects Design
• Disadvantages of Within-Subjects Design 
• Frequently Asked Questions
• Which type of research involves studying the same group of individuals over time?
• How many groups of participants would be needed to fully counterbalance four treatment conditions?
• When a group of individuals is tested in a series of treatment conditions over time?
• How many groups of participants would be needed to partially counterbalance four treatment conditions quizlet?

The term "treatment" is used to describe the different levels of the independent variable, the variable that's controlled by the experimenter. In other words, all of the subjects in the study are treated with the critical variable in question.

This article discusses what a within-subjects design is, how this type of experimental design works, and how it compares to a between-subjects design.

Within-Subjects Design vs. Between Subjects

Let's imagine that you are doing an experiment on exercise and memory. For your independent variable, you decide to try two different types of exercise: yoga and jogging.

Instead of breaking participants up into two groups, you have all the participants try yoga before taking a memory test. Then, you have all the participants try jogging before taking a memory test. Next, you compare the test scores to determine which type of exercise had the greatest effect on performance on the memory tests.

This within-subjects design can be compared to what is known as a between-subjects design. In a between-subjects design, people are only assigned to a single treatment. So one group of participants would receive one treatment, while another group would receive a different treatment. The differences between the two groups would then be compared.

Consider the earlier example of the experiment looking at exercise and memory. In a between-subjects design, one group of participants would do yoga and then take a memory test. A different group of participants would jog and then take the memory test. Afterward, the results of the memory tests would be compared to see how the type of exercise influenced memory.

Recap

In a within-subjects design, all participants receive every treatment. In a between-subjects design, participants only receive one treatment.

Advantages of Within-Subjects Design

Why exactly would researchers want to use a within-subject design? One of the most significant benefits of this type of experimental design is that it does not require a large pool of participants.

A similar experiment in a between-subject design, which is when two or more groups of participants are tested with different factors, would require twice as many participants as a within-subject design.

A within-subject design can also help reduce errors associated with individual differences. In a between-subject design where individuals are randomly assigned to the independent variable or treatment, there is still a possibility that there may be fundamental differences between the groups that could impact the experiment's results.

In a within-subject design, individuals are exposed to all levels of a treatment, so individual differences will not distort the results. Each participant serves as their own baseline.

Disadvantages of Within-Subjects Design 

This type of experimental design can be advantageous in some cases, but there are some potential drawbacks to consider. A major drawback of using a within-subject design is that the sheer act of having participants take part in one condition can impact the performance or behavior on all other conditions, a problem known as a carryover effect.

So for instance in our earlier example, having participants take part in yoga might have an impact on their later performance in jogging and may even affect their performance on later memory tests.

Fatigue is another potential drawback of using a within-subject design. Participants may become exhausted, bored, or less motivated after taking part in multiple treatments or tests.

Finally, performance on subsequent tests can also be affected by practice effects. Taking part in different levels of the treatment or taking the measurement tests several times might help the participants become more skilled.

This means they may be able to figure out how to game the results in order to do better on the experiment. This can skew the results and make it difficult to determine if any effect is due to the different levels of the treatment or simply a result of practice.

Frequently Asked Questions

• What is a 2x2 within subjects design?

  In a 2x2 design, researchers examine how two independent variables with two different levels impact a single dependent variable. For example, imagine a study where researchers wanted to see how the type and duration of therapy influence treatment outcomes. In a 2x2 design, they would examine two types of therapy (cognitive and psychoanalytic) as well as two levels of each treatment (short- and long-term).

• When would you use a within subjects design?

  A within-subjects design can be a good option if participants or resources are limited. It can also be a good way to examine situations in real-world settings, such as to assess the effectiveness of educational programs.

• When should a within subjects design not be used?

  If researchers are concerned about the potential interferences of practice effects, they may want to use a between-subjects design instead. Within-subjects designs can also take more time to administer in some cases, so it may be helpful to use a between-sessions design if many participants are available to quickly conduct data collection sessions.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

1. Salkind NJ, eds. Encyclopedia of Research Design. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2010. doi:10.4135/9781412961288

2. American Psychological Association. Between-subjects design. APA Dictionary of Psychology.

3. Cuttler C. Research Methods in Psychology. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; 2017.

Additional Reading

• Charness, G, Gneezy, U, Kuhn, M. Experimental Methods: Between-Subject and Within-Subject Design. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 2012;81:1-8.

By Kendra Cherry
Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology.

Thanks for your feedback!

Which type of research involves studying the same group of individuals over time?

Longitudinal design is used to discover relationships between variables that are not related to various background variables. This observational research technique involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period.

How many groups of participants would be needed to fully counterbalance four treatment conditions?

For even four treatment conditions, 24 groups would be needed for a completely counterbalanced design. Obviously, this would be impractical because too many participants would be needed to do such an experiment.

When a group of individuals is tested in a series of treatment conditions over time?

History: When a group of individuals is being tested in a series of treatment conditions, any outside event(s) that influences the participants' scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment is called a history effect.

How many groups of participants would be needed to partially counterbalance four treatment conditions quizlet?

Partial counterbalancing for four treatments would require four groups of participants. Randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions is not a part of within-subjects experiments.

How many groups of participants would be needed to fully counterbalance four treatment conditions?

How many groups of participants would be needed to partially counterbalance four treatment conditions quizlet?

What methods can be used to counterbalance conditions when using a within subjects design?

Why is it appropriate to counterbalance when using a within groups design?