An APA style list of references is ordered by: Show
Alphabetical by first author's last name If you re-write an idea from a book or article in your own words, there is no need to cite it. False Anytime you include information from a source, you must provide _______ and ______ in the body of the text. Authors' last name; publication year If you use a quote from a book, you should cite the entire book in your reference list. True Which of the following is NOT an example of a helpful question to guide you in outlining your paper? How can I use more words to meet the word count? In APA format, the list of references at the end of your paper is called a: References page Select the correct use of in-text citations: Experienced listeners are better able to comprehend accented speech, regardless of the type of accent (Gass & Varonis, 1984) Which of the following is not a goal of academic writing? To prove that you... Are clever Which is the APA-style reference for this article... Zentall, T. R. (2011). Maladaptive "gambling" by pigeons. Behavioural Processes, 87, 50-56. In APA citation Is a reference to a published or unpublished
source Experimental designs are the only research designs that allow for causal inferences. True In a within-subjects design, the differences between experimental conditions could be due to all of the following except individual differences The Clever Hans study is an example of how experimenter bias can influence the results of a study. To control for experiment bias, a ______ study should be conducted. double-blind In a matched group design participants ________. Are matched with a subject in another group on a certain characteristic If subjects are tested once in each condition, a Latin square can be used to accomplish counterbalancing Experiment is to quasi-experiment as _____ is to _____. equivalent groups; nonequivalent groups When is random assignment preferred over matching as a means of creating equivalent groups? when a large number of participants are available and can be used Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, and then 50 brand B golf balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. Which of the following is true? a warm-up effect In a between-subjects design, the differences between conditions could be due to all of the following except a carry-over effect Avoiding sequence effects is a design problem for within-subjects designs The general procedure used to control for sequence effects is called counterbalancing The performance of participants in a within-subjects design sometimes deteriorates because of fatigue or boredom. This problem is known as a progressive effect Why do psychologists bother with quasi-experiments, if even the strongest quasi-experimental designs have lower internal validity than true experiments? Sometimes it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a true experiment In within-subjects designs, block randomization can be used as a method of counterbalancing In a between-subjects design, the differences between conditions could be due to all of the following except a carry-over effect If subjects are tested once in each condition, a Latin square can be used to accomplish counterbalancing Creating equivalent groups is a design problem for between-subjects designs The Clever Hans study is an example of how experimenter bias can influence the results of a study. To control for experiment bias, a ______ study should be conducted. double-blind A Latin square is a method for ____________. Counterbalancing What is accomplished by random assignment? possible confounds are spread evenly through the different groups Placebos never have the intended effect. False "On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day (circle one)?" closed "On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day?" open ended I can quit smoking whenever I want" likert Which is always true of simple random sampling? Subject pool is selected from the entire population. When survey items are all worded favorably , the result can be a response bias called response acquiescence Which is an example of an open-ended survey item? How is a closed question different from an open question? On surveys, subjects can try to present a positive image of themselves, a problem referred to as social desirability bias Which of the following is a benefit to using open-ended questions? People are more likely to respond in detail. Which is a type of nonprobability sampling? Convenience sampling Which is a double-barreled Likert-scale survey item? On the whole I am satisfied with my marriage and my spouse "On how many days in the last month did you have a headache?" is an example survey of a(n) closed item To study math achievement in West Virginia's third graders, a researcher randomly selects 5% of the state's school districts and gives all the students in each district a math test. What sampling procedure is being used here? cluster Reverse scored items and manipulation checks are methods of minimizing _____. Response bias. Which of the following questions may be susceptible to social-desirability bias? Have you ever used illicit drugs? A researcher who selects a probability sample by drawing up a list of names from the phone book using a list of random numbers is most likely to be using __________ sampling. simple random Which of the following should be avoided when writing survey questions? Double negatives. The basic definition of ____________ is that all members of the population have exactly the same chance of being selected as participants. Probability sampling Nonresponse bias occurs when those returning a survey differ in some important way from the initial sample Survey items that can be answered with a double negative response are problematic because they BLANK Good survey items should be _______ and _________. Reliable and valid. When should DK (Don't Know) alternatives be used? when there is good reason to believe that some respondents will genuinely not know an answer A researcher who selects a probability sample of psychology majors that is 45% bachelor of science students and 55% bachelor of arts students is most likely to be using __________ sampling. stratified Writing in APA style, when do you need to provide in-text citations of sources? Whenever you use any information from the source. The following is an example of a _____ question: Double barreled question Methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation? Empirical Based on the readings, even if you never get involved in research, why is taking a research methods or critical thinking course valuable? To evaluate standards of care To evaluate criteria from any source To make decisions based on evidence Scientific thinking by psychologists is characterized by all of the following except They are most interested in subjective, personal experiences like dreams Why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge? Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world Part of the problem with horoscopes, scientifically speaking, is that They are so vague, they cannot be falsified While a __ group of closely related phenomena or observations, __ is a logical idea that can be tested Theory, hypothesis In general, pseudoscientific theories Sidestep disproof by describing their studies in vague terms Dr. Morabian is conducting research that was inspired by studies published 10 years before he got his doctorate. He reads those studies, thinks about how they can be improved, and designs research that will extend their findings. Dr. Morabian's work demonstrates that science is: Cumulative Evidence-based practice in a drug rehab clinic would involve ○ Clinic staff reading the latest primary-source literature on treatment for addiction and using whatever treatment based on whichever treatment has the strongest scientific evidence that it works ○ Therapists regularly attending scientific conferences and taking continuing-education classes in their field ○ Patient records include objective measures of treatment efficacy The idea of falsifiability involves: Ruling out bad explanations "Ergonomic" psychologists develop airplane dials that are fool proof. That is, pilots cannot inadvertently turn them the wrong way. This demonstrates which goal of psychological research? application Imagine you study childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI). Which of the following research questions should be classified as description, rather than prediction, explanation, or application. What is the lifetime prevalence of TBI? In other words, how many people (what percent of the U.S. population) experience a TBI at some point in their lives? What is the purpose of peer review? To evaluate the scientific rigor of a manuscript Which of the following is a peer-reviewed source of evidence? A research article in the American Journal of Psychology. Which of these is a primary source? A textbook about research methods in psychology An article from Trends in Cognitive Sciences An article from Psychology Today, adapted from a book the author wrote recently None of the above None of the above As psychologists use the term, determinism means that BLANK In the scientific peer-review process, a reviewer should comment on all of the following EXCEPT The quality of the university where the authors conducted the study Which of the following is not an important factor when determining that X is causing Y to occur? X and Y should occur simultaneously Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation? Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish? DSM-IV is a system for classifying mental disorders. As such, it most clearly illustrates which of psychology's goals? description Which of these is a primary source? Article in Time magazine about the latest cancer research A graduate student's dissertation on canine cognition Newspaper article about social psychology research None of the above. A graduate student's dissertation on canine cognition Which of the following titles of an academic paper best reflects the notion that science is democratic? Statistics: They NEVER Lie! Look at These Data and Form Your Own Opinion The Myth that Publications Lead to Academic Job Stability Ethics: Who Needs the American Psychological Association? To Experiment or Not Experiment, that is the Question Look at These Data and Form Your Own Opinion The statement "Many students fear taking a research methods course" is an example of ________ behavior; the statement "The fear of taking a research methods course is caused by unfounded gossip" is an example of _________ behavior. describing; explaining describing; explaining Open discussions of psychological and scientific research represent which of the following essential elements of science? systematic observations democratic discussion In the scientific peer-review process, a reviewer should comment on all of the following EXCEPT whether the content fits within the scope of the journal The quality of the university where the authors conducted the study Potential flaws with the study design What the manuscript adds to what experts already knew about the topic? The quality of the university where the authors conducted the study Which of these is NOT one of psychology's goals? description persuasion Ultimately, the decision about whether a manscript should be published lies with the Action editor Action editor Which of the following titles of an academic paper best reflects the notion that science is democratic? Statistics: They NEVER Lie! Look at These Data and Form Your Own Opinion The Myth that Publications Lead to Academic Job Stability Ethics: Who Needs the American Psychological Association? To Experiment or Not Experiment, that is the Question. Look at These Data and Form Your Own Opinion What does the action editor do in the scientific peer-review process? Assigns experts in the field as reviewers Improves the readability of the manuscript Makes comments about the scientific rigor and innovation of the study Specifically edits the verbs in the manuscript Assigns experts in the field as reviewers A Los Angeles Times article entitled "Green coffee beans show potential for losing weight" is most likely to be a Peer-reviewed primary source Non peer-reviewed secondary source Scientific findings published in the Popular Press are:\ A way to easily disseminate findings. All of the above. Imagine you study childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI). Which of the following research questions should be classified as description, rather than prediction, explanation, or application. What is the lifetime prevalence of TBI? In other words, how many people (what percent of the U.S. population) experience a TBI at some point in their lives? What can we do to prevent TBI or minimize negative outcomes when it happens? Do children who play soccer have more TBIs than children who do not? What is the best way for health care professionals to determine when a child is ready to return to school following TBI? What is the lifetime prevalence of TBI? In other words, how many people (what percent of the U.S. population) experience a TBI at some point in their lives? The method of introspection was gradually replaced by more direct behavioral methods because the latter were more objective the latter yielded more in depth descriptions of oneâ s personal experience introspection required considerable training but no training is required to use behavioral methods behavioral methods allowed a closer examination of mental processes the latter were more objective DSM-IV is a system for classifying mental disorders. As such, it most clearly illustrates which of psychology's goals? description description A statement that can be shown to be untrue is considered to be ____________. falsifiable falsifiable Imagine you study childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI). Which of the following research questions should be classified as description, rather than prediction, explanation, or application. What is the lifetime prevalence of TBI? In other words, how many people (what percent of the U.S. population) experience a TBI at some point in their lives? What can we do to prevent TBI or minimize negative outcomes when it happens? Do children who play soccer have more TBIs than children who do not? What is the best way for health care professionals to determine when a child is ready to return to school following TBI? What is the lifetime prevalence of TBI? In other words, how many people (what percent of the U.S. population) experience a TBI at some point in their lives? Which of the following is true about an IRB? its membership includes nonscientists it always judges both the ethical and the methodological soundness of studies its approval is not needed for research completed outside a laboratory its decisions can be appealed to the APA ethics board its membership includes nonscientists Researchers believe that some degree of deception in research is sometimes warranted because without it, participants might not behave naturally without it, participants would be less likely to volunteer most participants really cannot understand the complexity of research in psychology participants expect to be deceived without it, participants might not behave naturally Which is not true concerning research with prisoners? at least one member of the Institutional Review Board must be a prisoner the research should directly benefit prisoners specifically participants must be informed that participating or withdrawing participation will not affect parole decisions the research protocol must receive expedited review by the IRB the research protocol must receive expedited review by the IRB If participants find themselves performing tasks like those encountered in ordinary daily living, then they are considered to be experiencing no risk at minimal risk Sanctions can be imposed on psychologists who do not follow the APA's General Principles? True False Which of the following IS considered human-subjects research? Recording the color of people's sneakers in a public park Determining how caffeine intake affects the patellar reflex in the knee Interviewing fellow students in an abnormal psychology course, then writing a case report for the class Completing a computerized psychological task for a research methods course, then analyzing data from everyone in the class Determining how caffeine intake affects the patellar reflex in the knee The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. One of the general principles obligates researchers to continually weight the profit and the cost of the research they complete. Which general principle is this? beneficence and non-malfeasance beneficence and non-malfeasance In research with school children, what is meant by the principle of assent? this is when the parents give consent this is when the teachers allow their classroom to be used in the study this is when the children agree to participate this is when the children are given concrete rewards for participating this is when the children agree to participate Research participants can expect to find several pieces of information in an informed consent form. Which of the following is not likely to be found? a statement of the possible risks for participating a mechanism for contacting the researcher after the participation is over a statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis an assurance of confidentiality a statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. One of the general principles obligates researchers to distribute the burdens and benefits of their research evenly throughout society. Which general principle is this? beneficence and non-malfeasance justice The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. The general principles are 'aspirational goals.' Which of the following is an example of an aspirational goal? concern for the rights and dignity of others ethnic quotas for admission to graduate school in psychology blind review of research articles (reviewer doesn't know name of article's author) the obligation for psychologists to provide some of their services free of charge concern for the rights and dignity of others Which of the following counts as scientific misconduct? Using old data for a scientific presentation AND acknowledging when the data was actually collected. Excluding data that doesn't fit your expected results. Referencing another study in your research paper. All of these. Excluding data that doesn't fit your expected results.
The Institutional Review Board is a university or college committee that evaluates proposals and awards grant money to researchers evaluates the methodological soundness of research proposals evaluates the ethical soundness of research proposals accomplishes all three of the tasks outlined in alternatives a., b., and c. BLANK Which of the following is not part of the APA's ethics code for humans? those who are at least at minimal risk must give their informed consent people may or may not decide to participate, but once they start a study, they are obliged to finish it participants must be thoroughly debriefed at the end of a study participants must be assured of confidentiality people may or may not decide to participate, but once they start a study, they are obliged to finish it In research with school children, what is meant by the principle of assent? this is when the parents give consent this is when the teachers allow their classroom to be used in the study this is when the children agree to participate this is when the children are given concrete rewards for participating this is when the children agree to participate Which of the following is true about an IRB? its membership includes nonscientists it always judges both the ethical and the methodological soundness of studies its approval is not needed for research completed outside a laboratory its decisions can be appealed to the APA ethics board its membership includes nonscientists When formulating the original APA code of ethics, the Hobbs committee used an empirical procedure called the __________ method. informed consent critical incidents Research participants can expect to find several pieces of information in an informed consent form. Which of the following is not likely to be found? a statement of the possible risks for participating a mechanism for contacting the researcher after the participation is over a statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis an assurance of confidentiality a statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis If there is enough evidence to support a theory, it becomes a fact. True False When scientific theories are revised with new data, these revisions hope to increase the theory's ______ to real-world observations. Scope Accuracy Hypotheses are reasonable predictions about what should occur under specific circumstances guesses about the causes of events generated from theory through the process of induction considered to be "proven true" when supported by more than one experiment reasonable predictions about what should occur under specific circumstances What would a researcher attempting to conduct an exact replication of a past study do? The researcher would go to the lab where the original research was conducted and re-run the original study using identical materials and the same participants. The researcher would read the published article about the original research and use the same materials and procedures with new participants. The researcher would read the published article about the original research and create new procedures and materials that test the same hypothesis in a somewhat different way. The researcher would re-analyze the data collected in the original study to determine whether the results were the same. The researcher would read the published article about the original research and use the same materials and procedures with new participants. Which of the following could be an operational definition for inattentional blindness? a participant's implicit association test (IAT) score a participant's average reaction time on the IAT whether the participant notices the gorilla in the invisible gorilla experiment whether the participant counts the number of passes accurately in the invisible gorilla experiment whether the participant notices the gorilla in the invisible gorilla experiment Which of these is an advantage of using operational definitions? they force researchers in different laboratories to all use the exact same definition they facilitate replication it's easy to agree on a universal definition for a concept like aggression there are no advantages to using operational definitions; no two persons can ever agree on the best definition They facilitate replication Which of the following is NOT a feature of a good scientific theory? Falsifiable Sidesteps disproof What is the definition of replication? Repeating research to determine whether findings are consistent across time and situations. Sharing findings with other scientists so they can comment on their validity. Conducting research carefully by designing studies well and including a sufficient sample size. Conducting multiple statistical tests on the same data to determine whether results are consistent. Repeating research to determine whether findings are consistent across time and situations A scientific theory has ______ when it agrees with other theories within and across disciplines. Scope Consistency A student conducts an exact replication of published study for a research project for his class. Because he only has a few weeks to conduct the research, he is only able to get 10 participants. His research does not find the same results as the original study. What is the most likely explanation of his lack of replication? The student researcher's sample size was too small The original researcher falsified their data. The student researcher falsified their data. The student researcher's sample size was too small. Which of the following constructs might the dependent variable 'heart rate' measure? anxiety anxiety Why is it important to use random assignment when determining which research participants will comprise the different treatment groups in the study? Without random assignment, there is no way to conduct statistical analyses of the data that are collected. Because there is no form of research that can be conducted without using random assignment. Random assignment eliminates variability from research. Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants. Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants. Select the manipulated independent variable. eye color (brown, blue or green) location of testing (a high bridge or safe on the ground) parents' income sex location of testing (a high bridge or safe on the ground) Identify the independent variable in this experiment: In a study of whether romantic music puts people in the mood for love, participants were told to sit and wait while the experimenter "set up the experiment." While waiting, half of participants heard a song with romantic lyrics, the other half heard a song with neutral lyrics. After "waiting," participants answered a questionnaire that assessed how romantic they felt on a scale of 1-10. participant's sex whether lyrics were romantic Select the subject variable. depth of
encoding ethnicity A questionnaire has several items that ask participants whether they Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree or Strongly Disagree. These are __________-scale measures. nominal ordinal Dr. Ramsey conducts research and draws a conclusion about the college athletes who participated in his study. He will now generalize from these research participants to the larger ________ of college athletes outside of his study. control population Which of the following procedures in research is the most important in allowing for cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn? random sampling random assignment Select the ratio-scale measure. temperature in fahrenheight position on capital punishement (1 = support, 2 = oppose) religious affiliation lamb consumed in the last year, in pounds lamb consumed in the last year, in pounds Identify the null hypothesis for this experiment: In a study of whether romantic music puts people in the mood for love, participants were told to sit and wait while the experimenter "set up the experiment." While waiting, half of participants heard a song with romantic lyrics, the other half heard a song with neutral lyrics. After "waiting," participants answered a questionnaire that assessed how romantic they felt on a scale of 1-10. BLANK ________ is a method of observational research in which researchers manipulate the environment to create opportunities to observe behavior in specific situations. Naturalistic observation Structured observation By definition, focal sampling involves many target behaviors few target behaviors IResearchers have measured the contents of people's trash and the bumper stickers that people put on their cars. These are two examples of event sampling indirect measures What is the advantage of a field study over a laboratory study? increased internal validity increased external validity According to the APA ethics code, there are no restrictions on observational research naturalistic observation is OK, but participant observation has been deemed unethical informed consent is not needed for unobtrusive observations in public environments in naturalistic observation, debriefing is only considered important in animal studies informed consent is not needed for unobtrusive observations in public environments Observer bias can be reduced by using clear operational definitions participant instead of naturalistic observation naturalistic instead of participant observation animal instead of human subjects clear operational definitions interobserver reliability is calculated for the purpose of increasing the amount of data available quantifying observer bias Which of the following is a reason that indirect measures of behavior can be risky? You are as unobtrusive as possible You must make some assumptions regarding behaviors and effects You may unintentionally influence the subjects None of these You must make some assumptions regarding behaviors and effects Which of the following is a method for reducing observer bias? Using several operational definitions for your target behavior Training observers on operational definitions Discussing observations after data collection an modifying any observations that differ between observers Only using one observer rather than two Training observers on operational definitions Which of the following is an example of an unobtrusive method of behavioral observation? Conducting a structured interview Sitting in on a therapy session and recording subject behavior Observing subjects through a one-way mirror Asking subjects to fill out an anonymous survey Observing subjects through a one-way mirror Which is most likely to be a correlational study rather than an experiment? Does drinking 800 mL of water before each meal decrease insomnia? Do people who drink more water sleep better than people who drink less water? Does restricting rats' access to water change their sleep patterns? Which decreases insomnia most: drinking water, bathing or drinking milk before bed? Do people who drink more water sleep better than people who drink less water? In a negative correlation, high scores on one variable are accompanied by high scores on the second variable low scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable high scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable both alternatives a. and b. high scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable Which of the following would be most likely to produce a negative correlation? the relationship between college grades and parents' IQ the relationship between college grades and total TV watching time the relationship between college grades and high school grades the relationship between college grades and time spent in library the relationship between college grades and total TV watching time In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true? the relationship must be linear the relationship must be linear Which of these could be Pearson's r for the correlation between preschool ability to delay gratification on the marshmallow test and SAT score? -1.0 .3 Correlational and experimental research differ in that Manipulated independent variables only occur in experimental research Multiple dependent variables only occur in correlational research Pearson's r is only reported in correlational research Inferential statistics are only calculated in experimental research Manipulated independent variables only occur in experimental research In a study of culture in nonhumans, researchers try to predict which juvenile chimpanzees will be able to learn new skills fastest based on the size of their mothers' American Sign Language vocabulary. nonhuman culture is the criterion variable juveniles' skill learning speed is the criterion variable mothers' vocabulary is the criterion variable none of the above juveniles' skill learning speed is the criterion variable If there is a strong relationship between variable A and variable B, it could be that A is causing B to occur, but it could also be that B is causing A to occur. This is known as the directionality problem directionality problem Suppose there is a high positive correlation between reading speed and reading comprehension. You suspect that IQ increases both reading speed and reading comprehension. IQ is a potential ____________________. inference BLANK Correlations based on a subset of all possible scores may be different than those based on the whole range. This concept is called _____. Directionality Range restriction Which of these sets of correlation coefficients is ordered from weakest to strongest? -.30, .10, .40, .70 .07, -.24, .56, -.78 Identify the most likely third variable to account for a correlation between dental visit frequency and life expectancy (i.e., the more often someone visits the dentist, the longer they live). Average time spent playing video games per year. Socioeconomic status How much information is in a coefficient of correlation? the strength of a
relationship both alternatives a. and b. The correlation between verbal SAT scores (maximum score = 800) and freshman GPA will be lowest at a school with an open enrollment policy that only accepts students with a minimum of 400 on the verbal SAT that only accepts students with a minimum of 500 on the verbal SAT that only accepts students with a minimum of 600 on the verbal SAT that only accepts students with a minimum of 600 on the verbal SAT Which is most likely to be a correlational study rather than an experiment? Does drinking 800 mL of water before each meal decrease insomnia? Do people who drink more water sleep better than people who drink less water? Does restricting rats' access to water change their sleep patterns? Which decreases insomnia most: drinking water, bathing or drinking milk before bed? Do people who drink more water sleep better than people who drink less water? Why are we unable to determine whether less impulsive people are better at quitting smoking, or quitting smoking makes people less impulsive, based on the study by Bickel, Madden & Odum mentioned in this module? A. The problem of range restriction B. The problem of directionality If there is a strong relationship between variable A and variable B, it could be that A is causing B to occur, but it could also be that B is causing A to occur. This is known as the directionality problem directionality problem Which of these could be Pearson's r for the correlation between preschool ability to delay gratification on the marshmallow test and SAT score? -1.0 .3 Why are we unable to determine whether less impulsive people are better at quitting smoking, or quitting smoking makes people less impulsive, based on the study by Bickel, Madden & Odum mentioned in this module? A. B. The problem of directionality in correlational research is when it's not possible to determine whether A caused B or B caused A occurs because there are no manipulated independent variables both a. and b. none of the above. both a. and b. Correlations based on a subset of all possible scores may be different than those based on the whole range. This concept is called _____. Directionality Range restriction Why do researchers use random assignment when determining which research participants will comprise the different treatment groups in the study?Random assignment enhances the internal validity of the study, because it ensures that there are no systematic differences between the participants in each group. This helps you conclude that the outcomes can be attributed to the independent variable.
Why do researchers use random assignment quizlet?The purpose of random assignment is to allow the experimenter to prevent the participants from knowing which condition they were assigned to. The purpose of random assignment is to equalize participants' characteristics across all conditions of an experiment.
What is the purpose of random assignment in an experiment?Random assignment is a procedure used in experiments to create multiple study groups that include participants with similar characteristics so that the groups are equivalent at the beginning of the study.
Why is random so important for determining cause and effect?Randomly assigning subjects helps to eliminate confounding variables, or variables other than the independent variable that could cause a change in the dependent variable.
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Why do researchers use random assignment when determining which research participants will comprise the different treatment groups in the study quizlet?
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