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Technical Writing for Success3rd EditionDarlene Smith-Worthington, Sue Jefferson 468 solutions There Were Significant Continuities in Economic and Labor SystemsEuropean maritime expansion brought substantial changes to global economic and labor systems. Despite these changes, there were significant continuities within these systems. Existing Trade Networks in the Indian Ocean Continued to FlourishThe arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants in the Indian Ocean led to a restructuring of trading relationships in the region. While Europeans sought control over Indian Ocean commerce, they never achieved dominance over trade in the area. European powers successfully moved some goods through their trading posts and collected taxes on certain merchant vessels. However, traditional Asian trading powers persisted and continued to thrive in the Indian Ocean commercial network. Much of the trade in the region did not include European merchants, and goods moved with Asian merchants and between Asian communities and peoples. Traditional trading powers that continued to persist in Indian Ocean trade included:
Peasant Agriculture Remained the Dominant Economic SystemWhile commerce and global exchange networks continued to expand in this historical period, the vast majority of the world’s population continued to engage in peasant agriculture. Day to day, most people worldwide worked to produce just enough for their family’s survival.
There Were Significant Changes in Economic and Labor SystemsGlobal trade and economic networks underwent massive changes between the 15th and 18th centuries as European explorations resulted in new maritime trade networks and Europeans conquered the economies of the Americas.
New Trade Routes Established Across the AtlanticBefore the 15th century, there was no sustained trade across the Atlantic. With the European rediscovery of the new world, Europeans established new commercial trade routes across the Atlantic that connected the Americas to Africa and Europe. The movement of people, animals, foods, products, and diseases on the Columbian Exchange resulted from these new Atlantic trade and communication networks. Europeans established new colonial economies in the AmericasAs Europeans conquered the new world, they established new colonial economies in the Americas. These new economies stretched across North and South America and were no longer under the control of native peoples, and Europeans had near domination over profit and labor. In these new colonial economies, most non-European peoples were simply used and exploited for European gain. Major economic activities in these new colonial economies were mining precious metals such as silver and plantation agriculture.
Agricultural plantations: European agricultural plantations quickly spread across the New World. Plantations are large commercial farms that produce products for commerce and export. The items made are not for the personal consumption of those living on the plantation. The Portuguese set up the first plantation in the Americas in Brazil. By the 18th century, the Spanish, Dutch, French, and English also maintained plantation economies across their conquered territories in the Americas. Major cash crops: Sugar and tobacco plantations were the first significant cash crops established in the Americas, and the Caribbean islands became one of the world’s largest sugar-producing regions. Later production in the Americas expanded into coffee, cotton, and cacao, and bananas. Mining operations: The Spanish established mining operations in Spanish America. The most famous of these mines was Potosi in modern Bolivia. At one point, the Spanish mined the vast majority of the world’s silver supply from Potosi. The Spanish utilized forced and slave labor systems to staff mines like Potosi. Europeans established various systems of forced labor in their American colonial economiesPlantation and mining operations were labor-intensive. Production on plantations required a lot of workers and the conditions on plantations were harsh. The new economies led to mass human rights and labor abuses. Initially, European plantation owners forced natives to work on the plantations. However, natives could easily escape. Natives also quickly died due to the spread of diseases that had reached the Americas from Europe. As a result, Europeans introduced new forms of labor into the Americas. Mita LaborIn the area that had been the Inca Empire, the Spanish continued to use the Incan mita labor system with modifications that turned it from a system that collected taxes through labor to one that worked people to death in slave conditions. Mita under the Inca: The Incan mita was a rotating group of workers who labored for the state as a form of taxation. Men between the ages of 15 to 50 performed Inca Mita labor. Under the Inca, Mita labor was short-term and only performed when the men were not working on their own family farms. Mita under the Spanish: However, the Spanish required villages to provide a set number of people for mita labor. Often Spanish mita labor was in Spanish mine, and the work was dangerous and exhausting. Many people never returned from Mita labor performed under the Spanish. Indentured servitudeIndentured servitude is a form of labor, sometimes involuntary. A person who took out a loan (an indenture) agrees to work without salary for the lender for a specific number of years. European indentured servants began arriving in the Americas in the 16th century.
Video: Indentured servitude in North America EncomiendaEncomienda was a system in which the Spanish gave conquistadors and other Spanish settlers land grants in the Americas and the Philippines.
HaciendasHaciendas were similar to encomiendas, except they were not land grants given by monarchs but were private property.
Chattel slaveryEuropeans first brought African slaves to the Americas in the 16th century.
Video: The Atlantic slave trade What were the different labor systems in Colonial America?The economies of early Spanish colonial Latin American countries thrived under three different kinds of labor systems: the Encomienda System, Repartimiento de Labor, and the Hacienda System. Encomienda was a system used by Spanish colonies beginning in early in the colonization of the Americas.
What were the labor systems in the new world?The labor sources they drew from to fill this demand included European indentured servants and convicts, free and enslaved indigenous people in the Americas, and enslaved Africans purchased through the developing trans-Atlantic slave trade.
What kind of labor was used in the early colonies?As a carryover from English practice, indentured servants were the original standard for forced labor in New England and middle colonies like Pennsylvania and Delaware. These indentured servants were people voluntarily working off debts, usually signing a contract to perform slave-level labor for four to seven years.
How did labor systems change from 1450 to 1750?How did labor systems develop between 1450-1750? Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.
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