A difference between interpersonal communication and mass communication is that

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Difference Between Interpersonal Communication and Mass Communication

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1. What is the difference between interpersonal communication and mass communication features can enable us to differentiate them from each other Mass Communication communication to a large group or groups of people that remains largely unknown to the sender of the message Interpersonal communication Communication between two or more individuals, often in a small group although it can involve communication between a live speaker and an audience. Mass communication differs from other forms of communication, such as interpersonal communication and organizational communication, because it focuses on particular resources transmitting information to numerous receivers. ... Normally, transmission of messages to many persons at a time is called mass communication.

2. What are synchronous and asynchronous media Synchronous Synchronous media- media that takes place in real time, such as live television or radio, that require the audience to be present during the performance. Asynchronous media- media that do not require audience to assemble at a given time, recorded audio.

3. What are the four functions of mass communication? You should, be able to identify the different functions, describe them, apply them to different media types, and , consider their corresponding dysfunctions four functions of mass communication are surveillance, correlation, cultural transmission and entertainment. Surveillance: Primarily the journalism function of mass communication, which provides information about processes, issues, events, and other developments in society.(TV news broadcasts, newspaper, radio correlation:Media interpretation ascribing meaning to issues and events that helps individuals understand their roles within the larger society and culture.(can shape public opinion through commentary, criticism, or even targeted marketing campaigns.) Cultural transmission:The process of passing on culturally relevant knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values from person to person or group to group. Entertainment:A function of both interpersonal and mass communication in which the sender seeks to please and the receiver is expected to enjoy.

4. critical theory:as a study of communication, i. communicative competence and communicative rationality on the one hand, distorted communication on the other, the two versions of critical theory began to overlap to a much greater degree than before.

5. Cultural studies:an interdisciplinary field of research that examines the cultural context, elements and impact of messages that emanate from the media. ... Its research encompasses literary criticism, communication, political science, sociology, economics and cultural anthropology.

6. What is interpersonal communication and how does it differ from mass communication? Simply, we may say that Mass communication is the dissemination of information to a large heterogeneous audience for the purpose of intellectual consumption while Interpersonal

communication is the conversation or passing of information between two persons.

7 is interpersonal communication and how does it differ from mass communication? What is the Pavlik and McIntosh’s (the Textbook) perspective on this issue? What considerations can be observed to differentiate the two Mass Communication refers to transfer of a message or information to a large audience. Interpersonal communication is transfer of message from one person to another. It could also be called an exchange of message since the feedback is mostly immediate.

8 alternative view of differentiating interpersonal and mass communication focusing on production mass communication as “the process whereby media organizations produce and transmit messages to large publics and the process by which those messages are sought, used, understood, and influenced by audience Interpersonal communication is the process of exchange of information, ideas, feelings and meaning between two or more people through verbal and/or non-verbal methods. It often includes face-to-face exchange of messages, which may take form of a certain tone of voice, facial expressions, body language and gestures

9 four functions of mass communication, their definition and possible dysfunction surveillance, correlation, cultural transmission and entertainment. dysfunction:depersonalization of society, reduce the variety of subcultures and help augment mass society. encourage escapism, corrupt fine art, lower public taste, and prevent the growth of an appreciation for the arts.

1. What is the general history of the telephone and how does it connect to the issue of convergence? Technological convergence is the result of disruptive innovation that combined the previously siloed fields of telecommunications, IT and media. This movement dates to an era before the prevalence of mobile wireless networks. At the time, telecommunication providers operated fixed telephone networks. Convergence: the coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in a digital environment

2. What are the three types of convergence? Go over the various examples for all three types Technological, Specific types of media- print, audio, and video converging into digital media form ex:magazines, radio programs, TV shows, and movies, now are available on the Internet through laptops, iPads, and smartphones EconomicThe merging of internet or telecommunications companies with traditional media companies: in the entertainment industry a single company may have interests across many kinds of media Cultural, the values, beliefs, and practices shared by a group of people (American culture, subgroups, etc) ex:novels that become television series (True Blood); radio dramas that become comic strips (The Shadow); even amusement park rides that become film franchises

3. What changes did it bring? the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. What were the utopian perceptions of the impact of the telegraph on the World?

4. What was the main argument drawn from the sections from Lippman’s 1922 book ‘Pictures in Our Heads’? his conception of the ‘stereotype’. This explained how public opinion was formed and manipulated because of what we trust as an ‘authentic messenger’.

5. How is the telegraph and communication in general connect to it: Because we are aware of much more than we have personally experienced our own experience is mainly indirect.

6. Why did the telephone ‘kill’ the telegraph:he drawback of the telegraph, however, was that it still required hand-delivery of messages between telegraph stations and recipients, and only one message could be transmitted at a time.

25 do modern smartphones exemplify convergence: we can access any form of media from our phones due to technological advances

26 three types of convergence: technological, economic, cultural

1. What is the relationship between the three The relationship between technology and culture is cyclical. Logically, a culture will develop technologies based on the needs or desires of the people, because this is where the creative influences lie. Economic: the BauBax “travel jacket” combines a jacket with a neck pillow, with an eye mask, with gloves. You only need to buy the one item to gain the advantages of four.

2. What are analog and digital?The difference between analog and digital technologies is that in analog technology, information is translated into electric pulses of varying amplitude. In digital technology, translation of information is into binary format (zero or one) where each bit is representative of two distinct amplitudes. What does digitization mean? How to they connect to the three types of media convergence

3. What does digitization mean; the conversion of text, pictures, or sound into a digital form that can be processed by a computer.

4. What are the main implications of m media convergence: can be viewed as both positive and negative. On the other hand, it may cause the decline in the diversity of material offered and result in a tendency that voices of those lacking economic power will not be taken into account.

5. What is media literacy:Media literacy is the ability to identify different types of media and understand the messages they're sending

6. what is semiotics:the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation.

7. the signifier is the sound associated with or image of something (e., a tree), the signified

is the idea or concept of the thing (e., the idea of a tree), and the sign is the object that combines the signifier and the signified into a meaningful unit. 34. What is the general definition of ‘framing: The basis of framing theory is that the media focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of meaning. “Fake news” 35. What were some of the early concerns about mass media

1. What is media grammar? Media Grammar refers to a set of rules or tendencies that each different medium uses to convey meaning. “All media has its language. It is necessary for each media to have the grammar literacy.

37 are the implications of commercial media: Robert McChesney says that corporate media have “adversely” affected the quality of communications content we receive. He claims that these companies put their commercial interest ahead of public interest

1. What are some of the arguments raised in the debate over commercial media and ownership: Ownership limits on commercial mass media are important ... quality of the media product is brought up, they give a good free market 39 does the concentration of media ownership mean:also known as media consolidation or media convergence) is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.
2. What direction does the trend currently show?more mergers How does it connect to the debate on commercial media? lack of competition and diversity as well as biased political views
3. What is media bias:the bias or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of many events and stories that are reported and how they are covered.

42 are the different critical media literacy skills These skills include being able to access media on a basic level, to analyze it in a critical way based on certain key concepts, to evaluate it based on that analysis and, finally, to produce media oneself. 43. What is propaganda:information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. 44. What are the ‘Magic Bullet’ and ‘Hypodermic Needle’ model Magic Bullet" theory graphically assumes that the media's message is a bullet fired from the "media gun" into the viewer's "head". Similarly, the "Hypodermic Needle Model" uses the same idea of the "shooting" paradigm. It suggests that the media injects its messages straight into the passive audience. 45. What are cultivation analysis and the mean-world syndrome: mean world syndrome” was coined in the 1970s by U. communications professor Dr. ... Cultivation Theory asserts that “the more time people spend 'living' in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality aligns with reality portrayed on television 46. What is the general idea of the Spiral of Silence theory by Noelle Neuman: It states that a social group or society might isolate or exclude members due to the members' opinions. This stipulates that individuals have a fear of isolation.

change. What other studies contributed to this perception: Hovland thought that the

ability of someone to resist persuasion by a certain group depended on your degree of belonging to the group 58. Hovland's contributions to the field of communications were three-fold. First, he emphasized micro-level analysis, next he was interested in all facets of interpersonal communication, and finally he revolutionized persuasive research.

59. with Lazarsfeld early research on voting choice and the media effects on

voting choice Lazerfeld used survey for research

the two-step flow of communication model says that most people form their opinions under the influence of opinion leaders, who in turn are influenced by the mass media. In contrast to the one- step flow of the hypodermic needle model or magic bullet theory, which holds that people are directly influenced by mass media,

60. What were some of the main empirical generalization emerging from the

early research on media effects by researchers such as Hovland and Lazasrs

people are not easily swayed by propaganda and tend to stick to their original

feelings

61 change, 3 forms of selectivity (these have been argued):

exposure, the idea that people come in contact with things they already agree

with,

Retention:people remember best things that align with their core beliefs

Perception: the idea that people perceive news based on their

background

The hostile media effect: the tendency for individuals with a strong preexisting attitude on

an issue to perceive media coverage as biased against their side and in favor of their antagonists' point of view

What is the main argument of cultivation theory:the more time people spend

'living' in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality aligns with

reality portrayed on television

What is the Mean World Syndrome:people perceive the world to be more dangerous

than it actually is due to long-term, moderate to heavy exposure to violence-related content on mass media, namely television.

What are cultural studies:innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that

investigates the ways in which “culture” creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power.

How are they different from most approaches reviewed in class

under ‘Media Theory and Research

Media effects research attempts to understand, explain, and predict the effects of mass media on individuals and society Cultural studies research focuses on how people make meaning, apprehend reality, articulate values, and order experience through their use of cultural symbols

quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical

data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to quantify

attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables

Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an

understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into

the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research.

Sample are small focus groups individual interviews small samplings

What is agenda setting theory: the "ability (of the news media) to influence the

importance placed on the topics of the public agenda". ... That is, if a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important.

Bernard Cohens argument and how it relates to agenda setting theory the press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about

What are the main points of McCombs and Shaw 1972 study “The Agenda Setting Function of Mass Media nullified previous assumptions that information and how it is presented has an attitudinal effect inducing behavior changes the mass media exerted a significant influence on what voters considered to be the major issues of the campaign

Iyengar et al.’s 1982 study “Experimental Demonstrations of the Not-So-Minimal Consequences of Television News Program

What is agenda-building: Agenda building describes the ongoing process by which

various groups attempt to transfer their interests to be the interests of public

policymakers.

What is the relationship between the theories of agenda setting and priming in communication:

Derived from psychological theories, priming is the process in which news media call

attention to some issues while ignoring others (agenda-setting component), and thereby

influence the standard by which the public judges political figures and issues.

What are some of the framing approaches commonly applied to social

Protest;frames are action-oriented.

diagnostic framing, states the social movement problem in a clear, easily

understood way.

Prognostic framing, the second type, offers a solution and states how it will

be implemented.

motivational framing is the call to action: what should you do once you agree

with the diagnostic frame and believe in the prognostic frame?

What are the frame components offered by Bernard and Snow:

Mass movements are said to be successful when the frames projected align with the frames of participants to produce resonance between the two parties. This is a process known as frame alignment.

What is the difference between interpersonal and mass communication?

How does mass communication differ from interpersonal communication quizlet?

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