Terms in this set (146)Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia? Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution. Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution. Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement? They formed committees to petition the government for better conditions. Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands. By 1789, which country held the richest sugar colony? France France What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War? France and Spain both gained new territorial holdings in the Americas. Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another. Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? The inability to placate diverse ethnic groups led to warfare, which undermined their political systems. The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy. During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal Empires but also led to which of the following? Great pandemics A decline in centralized state control Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred male slaves?
Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade. Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean? Six months Three years In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade? It allowed no official trade between Chinese and It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees. Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death? He gave more power to the daimyo to control rogue samurai called ronin. He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession. How did the Asante kingdom use its access to gold to begin its growth and development? The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves. The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves. What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies? To encourage international cooperation through free trade To enrich the states that had founded them The Ming Dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by: decreased revenues caused by increasing monetization. failure to respond effectively to natural disasters. What was an effect of early Ottoman rulers' decision to avoid trade with the outside world? The decision promoted increased investment in local Ottoman industries such as silk production. The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants. Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century?
Chartered companies increased in number and spread to the countryside. Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets. What was a consequence of Europeans' introducing firearms into North America? Native peoples refused to use firearms, clinging to traditional weapons. Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges. Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty? They lightened taxes on the peasants and increased taxes on the gentry. They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture. Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century? The Portuguese decisively defeated Queen Nzinga, opening the country to Portuguese control. Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades. What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another? Capitalism Mercantilism Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century? Rice sugar What was a consequence of the "native learning" movement promoted by some Japanese intellectuals? Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture. Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture. Which of the following shows the early Mughal Empire's attitude toward the culture of South Asia? Islamic traditions dominated artistic and poetic expression. Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning (especially from China and Europe)? Foreign powers forced Japan to modernize by adopting "modern" science and culture. Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country. Which of the following statements best characterizes the effect of attempts to convert both Amerindians and Africans to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Africans and Amerindians cynically used conversion as a ploy to increase their attractiveness as trade partners. Africans and Amerindians used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them. Which group of people was consigned to the bottom of Linnaeus's classification of people? Pacific peoples Africans
Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation? Free competition encouraged improvements in industrial production. He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth. Which of the following is a similarity between the ways that the rulers of Muslim and Chinese empires used the new wealth circulating in global trade? Chinese and Muslim rulers financed pure scientific research. Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art. In what way was the U.S. Declaration of Independence an Enlightenment document? It argued for the rise of a meritocracy based on talent, not rank. It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights. What were some of the broader consequences of the Enlightenment? Increased respect for the wisdom of classical and medieval authorities The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking In what way did the Islamic world in the period between 1500 and 1780 change from its earlier pattern of cultural development? The Islamic world reunified under a
single political authority, the caliphate. The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires. Which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher Columbus have in common? Both of them sailed to obtain scientific knowledge as well as empire. Both of them changed local ecologies by introducing European flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments. In what way might the transporting of British prisoners to Australia be considered an Enlightenment concept? Once their terms of incarceration were completed, all residents in Australia were to have equal rights to life, liberty, and property. Prisoners were to be removed from an environment that did not suit them and sent to a new one where they could reform. What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use to define racial categories? Artistic ability and
linguistic sophistication Physical appearance and form of governance Which of the following was one of the goals of the authors of the Encyclopédie? They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in
useful form. They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form. How did Captain Cook's voyages to Australia reflect Enlightenment ideas? They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features. They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features. What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common? They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge. They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge. What can historians use as evidence that the ideals of the Enlightenment were not universally accepted? Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers. Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers. How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order? The most popular plays were those that made fun of the
shogun. It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy. What did the Ottomans see as evidence that the Islamic world had a monopoly on truth, enlightenment, and culture? Europeans had much less wealth than the Ottomans. Ottoman military successes proved God's favor for their culture. Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following? Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature. Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature. Why did Ming China escape the sectarian warfare that ravaged Europe? All Chinese people shared one religion, so there was nothing to cause conflict. The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others. Which of the following statements is supported by John Locke's notion of the tabula rasa? All people have an inerasable drive to truck, barter, and exchange. People should be free to rise in society according to their talents. What was the role of the Ottoman tekkes They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders. They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders. How did Asante kings use the wealth they acquired from trade? They sponsored feasts to allow themselves an opportunity to dine with their subjects. They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails. Which of the following is a reason that Creoles in Spanish and Portuguese colonies were drawn to Enlightenment ideas? Enlightenment ideas were popular in Portugal
and Spain. Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule. Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to astronomy and calendrical science? They
wanted to decipher the mysteries of the universe and gain greater control over nature. They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work. Which of the following were the most popular books published in Ming China? Almanacs and books of astronomical observations Study guides for civil service examinations Which of the following is a similarity between indigenous peoples in the Pacific and the Americas? Both groups were forced to work in silver mines for European owners. Both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease. Which of the following helps explain the degree of intermarriage between European men and native women in the Americas? Amerindians sought to ally themselves with European Christians in order to hasten the conversion process. Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male. How did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific compare with its exchanges with China and the Islamic world? Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world,
indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans. Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans. Which group closed off the studies into European science, history, and geography begun by Ibrahim Muteferrika? The devshirme The ulama Which of the following is an important cultural achievement of the Safavids? The art of the period reflected the majesty and aloofness of the Safavid shahs. The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam, and blended it with traditional Persian culture. What type of significant artwork was produced by the Oyo Empire and Benin? Detailed paintings of plant life Sophisticated bronzes Which of the following supported the Mughal nobility's lavish lifestyle? Tribute from the conquered peoples in central Asia provided the funds for extravagant buildings such as Foreign trade brought in silver had advanced the money economy, which helped the nobility prosper. Which of the following reflects a difference between China and the Islamic Empires? China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires. China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires. How did the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China affect elite women's lives? Elite women's success as writers, readers, and editors encouraged them to assume a wider range of
social roles. Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives. Which of the following was a way in which the arts were used by artists or their patrons to send a social message between 1500 and 1750? Ottoman and Qing rulers used architecture to communicate their wish for a more open relationship with their subjects. European women such as Mary Wollstonecraft took up the pen to counter the belief that women could not act as rational beings. How did the European missionary presence differ in the Americas from that in East Asia before 1800? Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power. Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power. For what reason did the Chinese take little interest in the maps brought by Matteo Ricci? Chinese maps exhibited a higher degree of geometric and mathematical precision. The Chinese believed that Ricci's maps made China seem an unimportant country on the edge of the world. What was the political rationale for monarchs such as Louis XIV and Charles II to support scientific academies? The crown hoped to gain the support of the women who hosted the salons. If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown. Which of the following is often seen as the epitome of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions? The palace at Isfahan The Taj Mahal Which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence? Liberty, equality, and fraternity A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled What invention transformed sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making? The cotton gin The steam engine What was the primary goal of liberal European reformers, such as Lord Macaulay, concerning changes to India's educational and cultural systems? To continue the orientalists' respect for India's classical languages, philosophies, and cultures To create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture In the Ottoman Empire, why did reform attempts, such as the Tanzimat, ultimately fail to produce revolutionary change? Merchants refused to lend money to the Sultan to finance his reforms. Reform relied too much on the personal whim of rulers. What did Europeans mean when they proposed that Africans should engage in "legitimate" trade? Africans should stop using mercantilist forms of protectionism, and engage in free trade. Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe. Calls for political revolution in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world relied on which of the following new ideas? Nationalism and democracy Nationalism and democracy Which of the following accurately describes a reason cited by the colonists for the North American War of Independence? Britain's North American colonies were impoverished and would not be able to prosper as long as Britain retained control. King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain's war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire.
Which document resulted from elite Americans' fear that their revolution was becoming too radical and threatened to plunge the nation into anarchy? The Constitution The Constitution Which of the following accurately describes global trade in the mid-nineteenth century? The
global trade of luxury goods, such as silk and porcelain, profoundly changed the societies that produced them. People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops. Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare Brazil to be a constitutional monarchy? He did not want Brazil to fall under Napoleon's control. He feared an uprising among the local elites. Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788? To improve the status of the French peasantry To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit Why were elite Iberian-Americans initially reluctant to embrace the idea of independence? They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians. They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians. Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint Domingue? It discouraged the revolutionaries in Latin America. President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States. How did the trade relationship between China and Europe change in the early nineteenth century? European rulers and upper classes suddenly developed a taste for Chinese silks, teas, jade, tableware, jewelry, paper, and ceramics. The balance of trade between China and Europe was reversed. Which of the following actions was undertaken by Muhammad Ali to attempt to create the most powerful state in the eastern Mediterranean? He used diplomacy, not the army, as the model for modern state-building. He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India's traditional trade patterns change? India turned inward and abandoned the Indian Ocean trade in favor of internal trade. India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials. Which of the following was included in 1842 Treaty of Nanjing? The British acquired
the right to trade at all Chinese ports. The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British. How did the migration of Qing peasants differ from the migration of workers in Britain? Qing peasants migrated to the
large coastal cities to take part in trade; British agrarian labor moved to the interior of the island. Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs. Which of the following characterized the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte in France? A respect for the authority of other European leaders A centralized, efficient administration Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and French Revolutions? Both introduced republican forms of government. Both introduced republican forms of government. In the eighteenth century, global trade was stimulated by poor people in Western Europe consuming which of the following products? Tea, rum, and beef Coffee, tea, and sugar Which of the following was a consequence of Napoleon's failed attempt to create a French continental empire? Nationalism was crushed once and for all, leaving Europe at the mercy of large, multiethnic states ruled by foreign monarchs. Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government. Who benefited most from the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Americas? Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners In early-nineteenth-century industrial societies, why did migration to urban areas increase so rapidly? Cities offered more comfortable and modern housing. There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities.
What effect did the end of the Atlantic slave trade have in Africa? People no longer needed states to protect them from slave raiders. Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves. Which of the following factors helped create the "industrious" revolution? Households were moved by revivalist preachers to work harder to avoid time for sinning. Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere. Which of the following accurately indicates the process by which the slave trade was ended in the North Atlantic? The Dutch persuaded the French and other European governments to prohibit the slave trade. Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator. Which of the following methods was used by Tsar Nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia? He claimed that enlightened despotism was the most advanced form of government. He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship. How did the idea that "all men were created equal" affect revolutionary American society? It led to the argument that everyone should pay the same amount in taxes. It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank. Which of the following explains why China did not become the epicenter of the industrial revolution? The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between
thinkers and investors. The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between thinkers and investors. Who constituted "the people," according to political arrangements Americans made during the War of Independence? Women over 30 years old Propertied white men What factor contributed most to Mexico's declaration of independence in 1821? Calls for redistribution of wealth and property among Amerindians and the
poor Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively Which of the following is a valid comparison between the American and the Saint Domingue Revolutions? The American colonists wanted only economic freedom, but the
people of Saint Domingue were guided by Enlightenment ideas. The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint Domingue were primarily slaves. Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America? It was largely a revolt by Amerindians against poor treatment by the Spanish. It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites. The wealth generated by the expansion in trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the emergence of which of the following social groups? The bourgeoisie The bourgeoisie Where did participation in global trade first begin to have a significant impact on the lives of ordinary people? Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean trade network Northwestern Europe and British North America
Which of the following was a product of radical French revolutionaries who controlled the French government during the 1790s? They established the world's largest army. They established the world's largest army. How did the industrial revolution affect Europe's relationships with other parts of the world? Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported. Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported. In the eighteenth century, which of the following was an argument made against the mercantile system? The mercantile system did not support mining bullion in the Americas. The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world. In what way did Britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution? It encouraged women to participate in creating new technology. It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power. Viewed collectively, the actions of rebels and dissidents in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reflected which of the following? Their dislike
of capitalism and colonialism Their dislike of capitalism and colonialism Hong Xiuquan believed that he was: an administrative prodigy who could reform Qing governance. Jesus's younger brother sent to rid the world of evil. How did nationalist thinkers define "the nation"? In terms of shared economic interests In terms of a common language, culture, and history Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa give way to larger states during the early nineteenth century? Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources. Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources. Wahhabi Islam was a direct threat to the political power of which of the following? The Napoleonic Empire The Ottoman Empire In what way did the Mayans who followed José María Barrera resemble the Chinese who followed Hong in the Taiping Rebellion? Both the Mayans and the Chinese were driven by hunger to surrender to work on plantations. Both the Mayans and the Chinese followed visionaries who formed alternative religions that combined Christian beliefs, symbols, and rituals with traditional beliefs and legends. What event sparked the Great Rebellion of 1857? British reprisals against peasants who refused to pay their taxes A rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartridges used in soldiers' rifles Which of the following was a sharp contrast between millenarian revolts such as the Taiping Rebellion and orthodox institutions? Millenarian revolts were often led by scholars. Millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles. How did the British change their approach to ruling India after 1857? The British began to use railroads, roads, and telegraph lines to link the region together. India came under the British crown's direct control. Why did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels call their theories "scientific" socialism? Because their arguments were based in statistical analysis Because their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history In which of the following ways did the Zuku leader, Shaka, resemble Mongol leaders? Both used cavalry and archers as the core of their military forces. Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state. The Taiping Rebellion was a nineteenth-century example of what Chinese tradition? Confucian
codes of administration Millenarian peasant revolts What was a goal of the Mayans in the Yucatan peninsula when they revolted against the Mexican government They wanted complete cultural autonomy. They wanted political equality with other Mexicans. From which groups did European nationalist movements draw their greatest number of supporters? The middle class and the landless peasants The liberal aristocracy and the commercial middle class What did the groups that led the 1848 revolutions in Europe have in common? They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites. They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites. During the early nineteenth century, which of the following led to a crisis in southern Africa? Outbreaks of epidemic disease that depleted the population Overpopulation that strained the region's resource base Why did Charles Fourier consign nasty jobs such as cleaning latrines to adolescents? He believed that in the interest of harmony, everyone had to work. He believed that adolescents liked to muck about in filth. The Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa was similar to Hong Xiuquan in which of the following ways? Both drew on native as well as Muslim traditions in their preaching. Both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code. On what idea could disparate groups of radicals agree? Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty In what way did the peasants show their divergence from the Indian elite in the Great Rebellion of 1857? Peasants attacked Hindu princes who were seen as capitulating to Mughal rulers. Peasants attacked both Indian and British people and places that represented their oppression. Which of the following is a similarity between the goals of Hong, the leaders of the Islamic revitalization movements, and Shaka? They all proposed a return to the ways of traditional Islam. They all sought to restore lost harmony and perceived the present world as unjust. The leaders of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice? Abolishing
slavery in all Muslim lands Establishing new religiously based governments in lands already under Muslim control Why were women especially drawn to Fourier's proposed reforms? Women longed for a
way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers. Women longed for a way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers. Which of the following was required of Shawnee culture if they were to be able to cooperate with U.S. government officials? That men rather than women take over farming That men rather than women take over farming Which of the following groups was most attracted to Wahhabi Islam? People who believed their current version of Islam was too restrictive and needed to compromise with local cultural traditions People who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change Both Usman dan Fodio and Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab drew on which of the following inspirations for Islamic reform? The rejection of the corrupting power of wealth in the established Islamic empires The life of Muhammad and early Islamic practices What was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion? It failed to attract strong support from the peasants. It failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups. In Restoration-period Europe, which of the following was a goal of liberal thinkers? Returning to prerevolutionary patterns of political and economic authority Supporting individuals' right to speak, think, and act as they chose Which of the following groups supported Usman dan Fodio's revolt against the Hausa city-states? Ruling elites Fulani tribes people Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, how did the Mayan experience of colonial rule differ from that of other indigenous Mexican peoples? A stronger missionary presence meant that more Mayans converted to Christianity. The Mayans escaped forced labor recruitment and social disruption because their territory lacked minerals or fertile land. How did the outcome of the War of 1812 hasten the ethnic cleansing of Native Americans east of the Mississippi? Both the British and the French slaughtered large numbers of Native Americans in the conflict. The British withdrew their support from south of the Great Lakes, leaving the Shawnee at the mercy of land hungry American settlers. How would life in Fourier's phalanx qualify as a reform of Restoration Europe's economic order? All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time. All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time. Which of the following was called for in the People's Charter? Creating land charters to protect the property rights of small farmers Annual parliamentary elections, universal male suffrage, and the secret ballot Which of the following contributed to social and political instability in both China and Africa? Decreasing opium consumption Pressure from a growing population Which of the following characterized the British counterinsurgency effort in India? The British bribed rebel leaders to stop the uprising. The British responded brutally; villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed. Which of the following nineteenth-century principles derived from the revolutions of the late eighteenth century?
Mercantilism Government by and for property holding citizens Which of the following was the most important device used by Mexicans to lure Mayans into plantation labor? Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations. Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations. How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate? It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region. It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region. Which of the following was a common factor in the Shawnee, Maya, and Indian rebellions against colonial control? A rejection of traditional cultural and political resources The use of prophecy and charismatic leadership In what way did nineteenth-century nationalist goals prove destructive in the twentieth century? Nationalist goals led to class warfare. The nationalist goals of different groups proved incompatible with one another. What change did the British East India Company make in its approach to ruling India during the 1840s? It ceded its control of India to the British crown. It annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges. The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period included which of the following? Secularization of the state Rejection of change The impetus of Mohammad Ibn al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to which of the following? The presence of multiple Islamic empires such as the Mughals and the Ottomans Polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some Muslims What did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat? A victory by the bourgeoisie that would reduce the proletariat to slavery A victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state Why did American officials fear Tecumseh's message even more than his brother's? Officials feared
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