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Face masksIdeally, facemasks should be clear to allow you to see:
A guide to sizes of Laerdel silicone face masks 00 and 0/1 - Neonate - infant 2 - infant - small children 3 - small - large children 4 - Adult 5 - Large adult: Jaw thrustJaw thrust manoeuvre:
Oropharyngeal Airway Insertion (OPA)
Guedel airways: Equipment required
SizingOropharyngeal airway sizing:
Procedure
Outcome:
Endotracheal tube intubationIndicationsFailure to obtain an airway by simple airway opening maneuvers (eg: OPA insertion) Airway protection (eg: from blood, broken teeth, vomitus) To provide a secure airway for transport To control ventilation in the unconscious/head injured patient Endotracheal tubes
Sizing:Diameter Neonate - 3.0 mm 0-6 months -3.5mm 6-12 months -4.0 mm Then use (Age in years / 4) + 4 = size of endotracheal tube (ET) mm Length of insertion at lips: Visualise the tube passing through vocal cords avoiding endobronchial intubation: Endotracheal tubes:
Formula for length (at lips) of oral tube is Age/2 + 12 Laryngoscope:Curved or straight blades can be used although the straight blade laryngoscope is recommended in young children, because:
Preparation for endotracheal intubation:
Have tubes of the appropriate size, plus tubes 0.5 mm ID smaller and 0.5 mm ID larger than that size, available on the child's bed.
Rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia:Used whenever the stomach may not be empty (i.e. in every injured child) 1. Pre-oxygenate the child:
2. Drugs: Always used unless the child is flaccid and unresponsive.
3. Intubate the trachea as soon as relaxed; Avoid unnecessary bag and mask ventilation prior to intubation as this may inflate the stomach, increasing the risk of aspiration. Laryngoscope: hold in your left hand. Be gentle. < 1 year: Straight blade (Miller or Robertshaw).
> 1 year: Curved blade (MacIntosh 2 or 3):
4. Insert the endotracheal tube.
5.Insert an orogastric tube on free drainage. Never use a nasogastric or nasotracheal tube in a child with a head injury (because of risk of meningitis, or of entry of cranial cavity in undiagnosed fracture of the skull base). 6. Check AP chest Xray: The ET tube tip should lie at the level of the medial end of the clavicles. If not,
re-position the tube and re-tape. Needle cricothyroidotomyIf the airway is completely inadequate, consider:
Rationale for needle cyricothyroidotomy
Preparation for needle cricothyroidotomy
Surface markingsFeel your own cricothyroid membrane: this is the horizontal gap between the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) above, and the horizontal cricoid cartilage below. Surface markings:
450 angle:
Complications to be aware of
When inserting an oropharyngeal airway in an infant or child you should?Select correct size of airway. Place padding under baby's shoulders. Open baby's mouth. Using a tongue depressor to assist with insertion, insert airway with curved end facing down, following natural curvature of baby's airway.
What is the correct method of sizing an oropharyngeal airway for an infant or child?Oropharyngeal airways (OPA) are used for short term airway management in the unconscious paediatric patient. Measure for the correct size OPA from the central incisors to the angle of the jaw. Use a tongue depressor to help move the tongue out of the way.
When inserting an oropharyngeal airway What should the nurse remember?When placing the oropharyngeal device, it is important not to press the tongue into the airway. Clinicians will either turn the curve of the device 180° or 90° respective to its final position before inserting it. Once the airway is advanced into the pharynx, the device can be rotated into place.
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