Who believes that people are born with a natural tendency to be friendly cooperative and constructive?

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What school of therapists believe that people are born with a natural tendency to be friendly cooperative and constructive?
Who is considered to be the pioneer of the humanistic perspective?
Who propose that many forms of abnormal behavior can be traced to cognitions?
Which is a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long term relationship?

The following are the psychological models to explain abnormal behaviour:

(i) Psychological Model:

Psychological and interpersonal factors have a significant role to play in abnormal behaviour. These factors include maternal deprivation (separation from the mother, or lack of warmth and stimulation during early years of life), faulty parent-child relationships (rejection, overprotection, over permissiveness, faulty discipline), maladaptive family structures (inadequate or disturbed family) and severe stress.

(ii) Psychodynamic Model:

Psychodynamic theorists believe that behaviour is determined by psychological forces of which the individual is not consciously aware.

This model was first formulated by Freud who believed that three forces shape personality:

Instinctual needs, drives and impulses (id), rational thinking (ego) and moral standards (superego). They believe that abnormal behaviour is due to unconscious mental conflicts that can be traced to early childhood period.

(iii) Behavioural Model:

According to this model, maladaptive way of behaving is learned through classical conditioning (temporal association in which two events repeatedly occur close together in time), operant conditioning (behaviour is followed by a reward), social learning (learning by imitating others’ behaviour).

(iv) Cognitive Model:

People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate. People may also repeatedly think in illogical ways and make over-generalizations and draw negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.

(v) Humanistic-existential Model:

Humanists believe that human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative and constructive and are driven to self-actualize, i.e. to fulfill this potential for goodness and growth. They further believe that from birth we have total freedom to give meaning to our existence or avoid that responsibility. Those who shirk from this responsibility live empty, inauthentic and dysfunctional lives.

Describe the characteristics of hyperactive children.

Achenbach has identified two factors in behavioural disorders:

• Externalizing Factors

• Internalizing Factors

These disorders must manifest before the age of 18.

On the basis of these two factors he classified children's disorders in two categories:

• The externalizing disorders or undercontrolled emotions: Behaviours that are disruptive and often aggressive and aversive to others in the child's environment.

• The Internalizing disorders or over-controlled emotions: Those conditions where the child experiences depression, anxiety, and discomfort that may not be evident to others.

1. Externalising Disorders:

(a) Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

(b) Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD).

(a) Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD):

The two main features of ADHD are:

(i) Inattention

(ii) Hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Inattention:

• Children who are inattentive find it difficult to sustain mental effort during work or play.

• They have a hard time keeping their minds on any one thing or in following instructions.

Common complaints are that

• The child does not listen, cannot concentrate, does not follow instructions, is disorganized, easily distracted forgetful, does not finish as signments, and is quick to lose interest in boring activities.

• Children who are impulsive, unable to control their immediate reactions or to think before they act.

• They find it difficult to wait or take turns, have difficulty resisting immediate temptations or delaying gratification.

• Minor mishaps such as knocking things are common whereas more serious accidents and injuries can also occur.

• Hyperactivity also takes many forms. Children with ADHD are in constant notion. Sitting still for some time through a lesson is impossible for them. The child may fidget, squirm, climb and run around the room aimlessly.

• Parents and teachers describe them as 'driven by a motor', always on the go, and talk a lot.

• Boys are four times more prone for this diagnosis than girls.

(b) Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD):

• Age-inappropriate amounts of stubbornness,

• Irritable,

• Defiant, disobedient, and

• Behave in a hostile manner.

Unlike ADHD, the rates of ODD in boys and girls are not very different.

(c) Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Behaviour refer to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectation, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of other.

The behaviours typical of conduct disorder include:

• Aggressive actions that cause or threaten harm to people or animals,

• Non-aggressive conduct that causes property damage,

• Major dishonesty,

• Theft and

• Serious rule violations.

Children show many different types of aggressive behaviour, as—1

• Verbal aggression (i.e., name-calling, swearing),

• Physical aggression (i.e., hitting, fighting),

• Hostile aggression (i.e., directed at inflicting injury to others),

• Proactive aggression (i.e., dominating and bullying others without provocation).

2. Internalizing disorders

(a) Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) (b) Depression

(a) Separation anxiety disorder is an internalizing disorder unique to children.

Its most prominent symptom is—

• Excessive anxiety or even panic experienced by children at being separated from their parents.

• Have difficulty being in a room by themselves, going to school alone, are fearful of entering new situations, and cling to and shadow their parents' every move.

• To avoid separation, children with SAD may fuss, scream, throw severe tantrums, or make suicidal gestures.

(b) Depression:

• An infant may show sadness by being passive and unresponsive; a preschooler may appear withdrawn and inhibited; a school-age child may be argumentative and combatative; and a teenager may express feelings of guilt and hopelessness.

What school of therapists believe that people are born with a natural tendency to be friendly cooperative and constructive?

Humanists, the more optimistic of the two groups, believe that human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive.

Who is considered to be the pioneer of the humanistic perspective?

Carl R. Rogers (1902–1987) is esteemed as one of the founders of humanistic psychology. He developed the person-centered, also known as client-centered, approach to psychotherapy and developed the concept of unconditional positive regard while pioneering the field of clinical psychological research.

Who propose that many forms of abnormal behavior can be traced to cognitions?

Psychoanalytic Approach This perspective has its roots in the theories of Sigmund Freud. 2 The psychoanalytic approach suggests that many abnormal behaviors stem from unconscious thoughts, desires, and memories. While these feelings are outside of awareness, they are still believed to influence conscious actions.

Group therapy is a form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working with several people at the same time.