Gene–environment interaction. Gene–environment interactions are the situation where the impact of an environmental exposure on disease risk is different for people with different genotypes, or conversely, situations where the impact of a genotype on disease risk is different in people with different environmental exposures. Studies of gene–environment interactions can provide insights into biological mechanisms of disease and could have public health implications. One example of a gene–environment interaction involves the NAT2 gene, smoking as the environmental factor, and bladder cancer. Tobacco smoking is a known risk factor for bladder cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, smokers are at least three times as likely to get bladder cancer as non-smokers. Smokers with one variant in NAT2 have a much higher risk of bladder cancer compared to smokers with a different variant. In other words,it's the combination, or interaction, of the genetic factor — NAT2 variation — and the environmental factor — smoking behavior — that determines the disease, bladder cancer risk. Show Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) started as the Social Learning Theory (SLT) in the 1960s by Albert Bandura. It developed into the SCT in 1986 and posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior. The unique feature of SCT is the emphasis on social influence and its emphasis on external and internal social reinforcement. SCT considers the unique way in which individuals acquire and maintain behavior, while also considering the social environment in which individuals perform the behavior. The theory takes into account a person's past experiences, which factor into whether behavioral action will occur. These past experiences influences reinforcements, expectations, and expectancies, all of which shape whether a person will engage in a specific behavior and the reasons why a person engages in that behavior. Many theories of behavior used in health promotion do not consider maintenance of behavior, but rather focus on initiating behavior. This is unfortunate as maintenance of behavior, and not just initiation of behavior, is the true goal in public health. The goal of SCT is to explain how people regulate their behavior through control and reinforcement to achieve goal-directed behavior that can be maintained over time. The first five constructs were developed as part of the SLT; the construct of self-efficacy was added when the theory evolved into SCT.
Limitation of Social Cognitive TheoryThere are several limitations of SCT, which should be considered when using this theory in public health. Limitations of the model include the following:
Social Cognitive Theory considers many levels of the social ecological model in addressing behavior change of individuals. SCT has been widely used in health promotion given the emphasis on the individual and the environment, the latter of which has become a major point of focus in recent years for health promotion activities. As with other theories, applicability of all the constructs of SCT to one public health problem may be difficult especially in developing focused public health programs. return to top | previous page | next page Which term describes the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors?Reciprocal determinism depicts the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors. Thus, we choose to place ourselves in certain environments based on our personality, and those environments influence our behavior and the way we think.
What are the 3 ways individuals and environments interact?There are 3 types of human environment interaction: The way people depend on the environment for food, water, timber, natural gas etc. The way people adpat the environment to fulfill their own needs. The way people modify the environment positively or negatively like drilling holes, building dams.
What is reciprocal influences in AP Psychology?Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
What is an example of reciprocal determinism?According to the concept of reciprocal determinism, a person's behavior is influenced through cognitive processes and environmental factors such as social stimuli. For example, say a child acts out because they don't like school.
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