Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register?

PSYC 2060 Chapter 8

What is metacognition?
A. Being able to remember information longer in short-term memory
B. Being able to remember information longer in long-term memory
C. Knowing about knowing
D. A type of forgetting

At what age do children begin to understand perceptions, desires, and emotions?
A. 2 to 3 years
B. 4 to 5 years
C. Middle childhood
D. Adolescence

Tarik knows he must take careful notes while reading in order to remember important details about the characters and plot. He has learned that he must devote considerable attention to note-taking in order to perform well on the task. Tarik is most likely

Mrs. Johnston is a creative writing teacher. She frequently guides students to ask themselves questions such as, "How can proofreading help me in writing a paper?" "How can outlining help me in writing a paper?" or "How can peer reviews help me in writing

Which of the following activities would best encourage metacognition in students?
A. Writing an essay about last year's vacation
B. Solving word problems in math
C. Evaluating one's own strategy for taking notes
D. Reading a novel about a historic event

Mrs. Berstein created an activity for her students, which consists of having to reflect on their own learning and knowledge so that students can be more attentive to the knowledge they possess. Which of the following activities is Mrs. Berstein encouragin

Which of the following activities would be best for acquiring expertise?
A. Practice
B. Motivation
C. Talent
D. All of these

Which of the following activities would be recommended if someone wanted to be an expert?
A. Metacognition
B. Motivation
C. Patience
D. Excellent memory

Which of the following is a characteristic of experts?
A. Notice features and meaningful patterns that novices do not
B. Have a great deal of content knowledge organized to reflect a deep understanding of the subject matter
C. Can retrieve important knowl

Which of the following is the initial stage of expertise in a particular domain (such as English, biology, or mathematics)?
A. Acclimation
B. Assimilation
C. Conceptualization
D. Surface realization

A student in the initial stage of expertise in a particular domain often does which of the following?
A. Changes and combines strategies to solve the given problem
B. Experiences beginner's luck when acquiring expert knowledge
C. Experiences difficulty di

Which of the following statements is true concerning expert knowledge?
A. Students typically enter the classroom equipped with the strategies they need to move beyond the acclimation stage.
B. Teachers need to guide students in determining what content is

Which of the following does not characterize a teacher with adaptive expertise?
A. Mr. Wallace does not modify his instruction for English language learners in the classroom.
B. Ms. Janaka is trying a new alternative assessment with her science students.

Which of the following is a strategy that an expert would use?
A. Spreading out and consolidating learning
B. Asking oneself questions
C. Taking good notes
D. Using a study system
E. All of the above

Which of the following is not a strategy that experts would use?
A. Spreading out and consolidating learning
B. Not monitoring their own learning by asking themselves questions
C. Taking good notes
D. Using a study system

Which of the following is a good note-taking strategy?
A. Summarizing
B. Asking questions
C. Concept maps
D. Outlining
E. All of these

Which of the following is part of a good study system?
A. Question
B. Preview
C. Read
D. Reflect
E. All of the above

Which of the following is not part of a good study system?
A. Question
B. Preview
C. Read
D. Summarize
E. None of the above

Kai dreams of becoming a master pianist in the future, playing for orchestras and concert halls. When his mother reminds him to practice the piano, however, he produces an excuse and says that he'll practice later. Which of the following best describes Ka

Mrs. Benson is considered one of the best math teachers at Lincoln Middle School. Her students say that she is good at helping them learn new concepts and that she gives them strategies for overcoming the difficulties they experience. They say she is a ch

Joyce wants her students to better remember the information they read. Thus she decides to encourage them to briefly survey the material to get the overall organization of ideas, have them ask questions of themselves about the material, and tell them to b

Mr. Farrell wants to increase his students' understanding of the material that they read. He has his students stop reading and ponder what they have read about and its meaningfulness, then he has them self-test to see if they can remember the material, an

Which researcher proposed the working memory model, which views working memory as a workbench?
A. Jean Piaget
B. Alan Baddeley
C. George Miller
D. Lev Vygotsky

Chunking is a beneficial strategy for improving memory that involves which of the following?
A. Processing information and providing examples
B. Relating new information to personal experience
C. Using symbols to represent verbal information
D. Grouping i

Sensory memory lasts approximately how long?
A. Up to several seconds
B. Up to 60 seconds
C. About 20 minutes
D. A lifetime

Short-term or "working" memory is retained for approximately how long?
A. A fraction of a second
B. About 10 seconds
C. Up to 30 seconds
D. About 20 minutes

According to which researcher(s), memory involves a sequence of three stages: sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory?
A. George Miller
B. Allan Paivo
C. Jean Piaget
D. Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Which of the following statements best describes the nature of declarative memory?
A. A student is able to provide specific factual information about an event.
B. A student applies knowledge to perform a certain task.
C. A student recognizes a famous pers

Semantic memory includes all of the following except which one?
A. Knowledge of the sort learned in school
B. Knowledge in the form of skills that can be performed
C. Knowledge in different fields of expertise
D. Knowledge about the meaning of words and o

What is a schema?
A. Information that already exists in a person's mind
B. Information that cannot be retrieved from a person's memory
C. The manner in which information is organized and connected within a person's memory
D. The process by which informati

The serial position effect states that recall
A. is best for items that are positioned in the middle of the list.
B. is best for items that are positioned at the beginning and the end of the list.
C. decreases as the length of the list increases.
D. decre

What is episodic memory?
A. A student's general knowledge about the world
B. Knowledge in the form of skills and cognitive operations
C. The retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings
D. "Everyday" knowledge

The interference theory states that which of the following circumstances causes individuals to forget information that has already been stored?
A. Information is misplaced due to a lack of schema.
B. Other information gets in the way.
C. The neurochemical

The decay theory states that which of the following circumstances causes individuals to forget information that has already been stored?
A. Information is misplaced due to a lack of schema.
B. Other information gets in the way.
C. The neurochemical memory

According to the decay theory, which of the following is the cause of forgetting?
A. Passage of time
B. Lack of schema
C. Lack of initial encoding
D. Interference by new information

Which of the following scenarios presents the best example of encoding?
A. Sarah remembers her first day of school.
B. Julie is listening to music.
C. Isaac is writing a letter.
D. Jose is practicing the alphabet.

Which of the following scenarios best depicts a student's declarative memory?
A. Hilda recognizes a picture of Martin Luther King Jr.
B. Mohammed can carve a sculpture from a piece of wood.
C. Julia can summarize the stages of development according to Jea

Consider the following list of words that is read aloud to student volunteers: Cat, Dog, Hat, Goat, Boat, Boy, Girl, Plane, Sun, Moon. According to the serial position effect, a student displaying primacy will most likely remember which of the following w

Which of the following scenarios best depicts elaboration?
A. Juan memorized a list of spelling words for an upcoming test.
B. Kate and Sue brainstormed ideas for a project they were planning for class.
C. Taylor practiced writing the alphabet.
D. When hi

Which one of the following examples best describes thinking in working memory?
A. Charlie has to retrieve information on how to use a pair of scissors before he can begin cutting the shapes out of paper.
B. Wally always confuses the names of his classmate

When a stray dog wanders into a classroom, all the students stop their seatwork and watch the teacher try to coax the dog from the room. In this example, why did the students stop their work?
A. Their attention was on the dog.
B. They were misbehaving.
C.

Which of the following best describes sensory memory?
A. It stores everything that is sensed in a relatively unaltered fashion for only an instant.
B. It stores information primarily in terms of its underlying meaning.
C. It selects only a few important p

From the perspective of the Atkinson-Shriffin model of memory, why is attention so important?
A. It gets information into sensory register.
B. It moves information from short-term memory into long-term memory.
C. It moves information from sensory register

Marnie knows she must pass her English course to graduate, so she will not let what all the other students are doing affect her. This is an example of which of the following?
A. Attention
B. Sensory register
C. Emotions
D. Chunking

Loreli's teacher introduces her to a new student named Jerome. Loreli immediately smiles and says, "Hello, Jerome, nice to meet you." A minute later, she wants to introduce Jerome to her friend Myla, but cannot remember his name. According to the Atkinson

Travis's teacher is teaching his class about World War II. Travis is learning places, dates, and important events during the war. What type of memory is this?
A. Elaboration
B. Semantic
C. Declarative
D. Episodic

Which of the following best characterizes the duration of the sensory memory?
A. Auditory memory for as long as a month
B. Meaningful information may remain for hours
C. Brief instant
D. Information remains thirty seconds regardless of its nature

Knowledge about how to swim is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as which of the following?
A. Declarative knowledge
B. Organization
C. Concept mapping
D. Procedural knowledge

Trisha is trying to remember the sequential list of steps that will be on her final exam. What type of memory is Trisha trying to remember?
A. Declarative knowledge
B. Organization
C. Concept mapping
D. Procedural knowledge

Which one of the following reflects the typical duration of working (short-term) memory?
A. Elly spent the summer at his grandmother's house and while he was there he could remember his grandmother's telephone number; now that he is home he doesn't rememb

Generally speaking, how does elaboration help students learn new information?
A. By helping them organize it hierarchically in memory
B. By having them connect new information with information they already know
C. By having them add their own relevant inf

Which of the following children is not attempting to store declarative knowledge in their long-term memory?
A. Nina imagines what the characters look like when she is reading a Harry Potter book.
B. LaTonya makes flashcards of the concepts in her English

William is trying to remember his new nine-digit Social Security number, and he does so by thinking of it as three groups of three digits each. William is demonstrating which of the following?
A. Storage in sensory register
B. Retrieval from working memor

Kody loves to read. However, his teacher tells him that he should read only what she assigns; otherwise his long-term memory (LTM) will fill up and there will not be any room left to store other things. In this scenario, is Kody's teacher accurate?
A. Yes

Rhett is studying for his chemistry exam by repeating the information to himself over and over again. Rhett is demonstrating which of the following?
A. Storage in the sensory register
B. The use of rehearsal
C. The use of chunking
D. The use of organizati

Tony, who is 4 years older than Frank, is explaining the rules of a game to him. Frank is paying close attention, but Tony is talking fast and using words that Frank does not know. When Tony is finished explaining the directions, he asks Frank if he is re

Fourteen-year-old Beverly and 10-year-old Ben are doing their homework. Beverly asks Ben if he minds if she turns on the radio while they work. Ben tells her he doesn't mind. Although Beverly can sing to the radio and do her homework at the same time, Ben

Mrs. Clarke, a kindergarten teacher, is preparing for the beginning of the school year. She is putting up bright-colored paintings, drawings, and banners on the walls. She also has bright, plastic tablecloths on the tables and bright painted baskets with

Which of the following is the best example of a student remembering information because of having received an effective retrieval cue?
A. Miguel has to choose the correct spelling for the word "medieval."
B. Pete and Wyatt have to collaboratively write an

Which of the following is not a teaching strategy for helping students pay attention?
A. Encourage students to pay close attention and minimize distractions.
B. Use cues or gestures to signal something is important.
C. Help students generate their own cue

All of the following strategies help children pay attention except which one?
A. Minimize distraction.
B. Use cues to signal that something is important.
C. Use media and technology to vary the pace of the classroom.
D. Present students with lots of infor

Isabella is listening to music while doing her homework. This is an example of which type of attention?
A. Sustained attention
B. Selective attention
C. Divided attention
D. Undivided attention

According to research, preschool children's attention is positively related to which of the following?
A. School readiness
B. Peer acceptance
C. Prosocial behaviors
D. All of these

All of the following questions reflect a cognitive information-processing approach, except which one?
A. How do children get information into memory, store it, and retrieve it?
B. How can teachers help children improve their memory and study strategies?
C

Metacognitive strategies are best described as methods to encourage students to do which of the following?
A. Know about knowing
B. Read more effectively
C. Become better listeners
D. Feel more comfortable working with others

Behaviorism and its associative model of learning was a dominant force in psychology until many psychologists acknowledged that they could not explain children's learning without referring to mental processes such as memory and thinking. This shift in per

The term "cognitive psychology" became a label for approaches that sought to explain behavior by examining which of the following?
A. Physiological responses
B. Behavior during interviews
C. Social interactions
D. Mental processes

The difficulty that students have in dividing their attention when they do two things at once can be attributed primarily to limits in which of the following?
A. Processing capacity
B. Memory
C. Critical thinking skills
D. Ability to encode information

Development of which of the following technologies was most important in stimulating the growth of cognitive psychology?
A. Video cameras
B. Computers
C. Fiber optics
D. Television

An educational psychologist who studies how children process information through attention, memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes can best be described as following which of these cognitive approaches?
A. Cognitive information-processing
B. Cogn

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates automaticity?
A. Margie adds 3 plus 4 by counting her fingers.
B. Jordan counts the number of apples in a basket.
C. Kara practices how to print the alphabet.
D. Harry writes a note to his friend.

An example of a strategy intended to encourage metacognition is encouraging students to do which of the following?
A. Identify various possible solutions to a complex problem
B. Compare their own perspectives with that of a character in a story
C. Listen

What is not an advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity?
A. It lessens the cognitive processing that is required for a task involving those skills.
B. It facilitates the development of schemas and scripts for those skills.
C. It facilit

Which one of the following statements best describes sensory register?

Which one of the following best reflects the use of the sensory register?

Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between skilled readers and beginning readers in terms of their attention to what they read?

Which of the following statements best describes the notion of parallel distributed processing?