Editor(s): Jun S, Catellier DJ, Eldridge AL, Dwyer JT, Eicher-Miller HA, Bailey RL. A report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) identified the following nutrients of need to prevent disease and promote health in US infants and young children: iron and zine for older breastfed infants; iron, fiber and potassium for toddlers; and
calcium, iron, vitamin D, fiber and potassium for 2-4 year olds. The US FITS 2016 shows that children who participated in the USDA’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) had better intakes of iron (6-23.9 months), zinc and potassium (6-11.9 months), saturated fat (24-47.9 months) and vitamin D (all ages). Jun S, Catellier DJ, Eldridge AL, Dwyer JT, Eicher-Miller HA, Bailey RL. Usual nutrient
intakes from the diets of US children by WIC participation and income: findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. J Nutr. 2018;148:1567S–1574S. Doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy059 1 What would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birthweight of 8 lbs 2 What is the typical weight gain (lbs) of an infant between the first and second year of life? 3 What is the approximate energy requirement of infants, in kcalories per kilogram body weight 4 Infants showing symptoms of acidosis, dehydration, diarrhea, elevated blood ammonia and urea, and fever may be reacting to the nutritional problem of 5 Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in infancy 6 When expressed per kilogram body weight, the nutrient needs of infants are markedly higher than those of young adults for all of the following nutrients except 7 What organ in the infant uses more than half of the day’s total energy intake? 8 What is the relative weight of an infant brain compared to an adult’s brain? 9 All of the following are features of nutrition and metabolism in infancy except the protein content in breast milk can be high enough to occasionally induce protein overload. 10 The recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals for infants are based on the average amounts ingested by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers 11 Which of the following is a feature of water in infancy? Much of the infant’s body water content is located extracellularly 12 All of the following are characteristics of breastfeeding frequency and duration except more infrequent and short-duration feedings are preferable to stimulate lactation and breast-filling. 13 For optimal breast-feeding benefits, it is recommended that the infant be encouraged to suckle on each breast for about 14 All of the following are features of breast milk composition except the concentration of protein is slightly higher than for cow’s milk 15 According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Pediatric Society, breastfeeding of full-term infants is
16 What is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants Breast milk is digested faster 17 Which of the following is a finding regarding the importance of fatty acid intake for preterm infants fed formulas? Formulas enriched with docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid resulted in improved visual acuity compared with standard formulas 18 What is the chief protein in human breast milk? 19 Breast milk as the sole source of nutrition, up to the first 6 months in healthy infants, is satisfactory for all nutrients except 20 Nutrient characteristics of human breast milk include all of the following except the vitamin D content meets optimal growth requirements 21 Which of the following vitamin-mineral supplements need not be prescribed for an infant breastfed beyond 6 months of age? A milk-like substance secreted right after delivery 23 Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding compared with formula feeding? It provides immunological protection 24 Which of the following is a feature of infant development and nutrition? Breast-fed infants obtain iron-binding proteins that inhibit bacterial infections 25 Which of the following is associated with bifidus factors? Increased bacterial growth 26 What factor in breast milk binds iron and prevents it from supporting the growth of the infant’s intestinal bacteria? A breast milk protein that inactivates a GI virus that causes diarrhea 28 You are presenting a talk on the benefits of breastfeeding to a group of new mothers with a Peace Corps group in Zimbabwe. There have been numerous cases of infant diarrhea within this population over the past several years. Why is breastfeeding especially important under these circumstances? The lactadherin protein present in breast milk attacks diarrhea-causing viruses 29 All of the following are features of breast milk banks except they accept milk from mothers who smoke cigarettes but not marijuana 30 Which of the following describes the results of studies on weight gain of people who were either breastfed or formula fed? The findings on weight gain of people who were formula fed or breastfed are inconsistent 31 Which of the following is not known to be an advantage of breastfeeding Breastfed infants born prematurely grow more slowly than formula-fed infants born prematurely 32 Compared with cow’s milk, breast milk contains 33 To gradually replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infant’s diet is to 34 Which of the following formulas is available for infants with lactose intolerance 35 Which of the following is a feature of infant soy formulas? They contain cornstarch and sucrose rather than lactos 36 Features of infant formulas include all of the following excep 37 What type of formula is available for infants with milk allergy? 38 Which of the following is a common source of lead poisoning in infants Contaminated water used to make infant formula 39 What is the most realistic advice for reducing lead exposure from the tap water used to prepare infant formula? Because the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead, let the water run a few minutes before using it 40 Goat’s milk is inappropriate for infants due to its low content of 41 An infant diagnosed with “goat’s milk anemia” is most likely deficient in 42 Which of the following sources of nutrition for infants is least likely to become contaminated with microorganisms? 43 Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay? Marked tooth decay of an infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle 44 Low-fat or nonfat milk should not be given routinely to a child until after the age of 45 What term defines the condition of infant tooth deterioration resulting from chronic exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle? nursing bottle tooth decay 46 During the first year of life, cow’s milk is considered an inappropriate food due to all of the following except 47 Which of the following should not be used to feed an infant? 48 Approximately what percentage of infants are born prematurely? 49 Which of the following feeding practices is recommended for preterm infants? They should be fed preterm breast milk, occasionally fortified with specific nutrients 50 Of the following cereals, which is most likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding? A term that describes any nonmilk food offered to an infant 52 Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants? 53 At what age does the normal infant first develop the ability to swallow solid food 54 Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time? Any allergic reactions can be detected 55 What should be the first cereal introduced to the infant? 56 Roberta’s first child is now 8 months old. Roberta has been breastfeeding and would like to begin to introduce solids foods. She read somewhere to introduce one food at a time to the infant. Which of the following would be the best choice for the first food to introduce to the baby 57 Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied first by solid foods in a baby’s diet? 58 Infants should not be given canned vegetables due to excessive amounts of 59 Infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for 60 What is the principal reason that information about fat on food labels of infant foods is intentionally omitted? To prevent parents from restricting their infants’ fat intake 61 Foods containing sorbitol or other sugar alcohols should not be given to infants because they 62 All of the following are characteristics of vegetarian diets and infancy except rice milk may substitute for other beverages from the age of 12 months and on 63 Which of the following is the primary factor in the development of milk anemia? excessive intake of cows milk 64 Young children who drink more than 2 to 3½ cups of milk a day are most likely at increased risk for deficiency of 65 A child who drinks a lot of milk at the expense of other foods is at high risk of showing signs of 66 The consumption of milk by children should not exceed 4 cups per day in order to lower the risk for 67 What should be the parent’s response when a one-year-old child wants to clumsily spoon-feed himself? Let the child try to feed himself so that he will learn 68 Which of the following is associated with energy metabolism of the preschool child? A 1-year-old who needs 800 kcal/day would require only about 1600 kcal at 6 years of age 69 Approximately how many kcal per day does an average 6 year old need to obtain? 70 How much more total energy does a normal-weight 10 year old need vs. a 1 year old? 71 A reasonable daily fiber intake for a 5 year old would be 72 Which of the following is a characteristic of fat in the diet of children? Fat intakes below 30% of total energy do not impair growth provided that total energy intake is adequate 73 Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children? 74 Which of the following is a feature of nutrition in childhood? Children who fail to consume vitamin D-fortified foods should receive a daily supplement of 10 micrograms 75 Which of the following is a characteristic of meal planning for children? Children 1½ years of age consume more french fries than any other vegetable 76 Which of the following is a characteristic of hunger and behavior in children? Children who eat nutritious breakfasts are absent from school less often than their friends who do not 77 Which of the following is the most likely reason that teachers promote the consumption of midmorning snacks for children? It provides carbohydrate for maintenance of blood glucose and brain function 78 Which of the following is characteristic of children who regularly eat breakfast or skip breakfast? Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on IQ tests than those who eat breakfast 79 Jenny is a 13-year-old Hare Krishna who follows a vegan diet due to religious beliefs. She has not been performing as well as her non-vegetarian study friend on math tests and has been very upset about it. The teacher reports to Jenny’s mom that she does not appear focused during lessons and can’t seem to concentrate The diet provides insufficient bioavailable iron and she many be anemic 80 All of the following are features of iron nutrition in children except the brain appears to be less sensitive to iron deficiency than the rest of the body 81 Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency in children? It affects brain function before anemia sets in 82 Which of the following is a feature of iron nutrition and behavior in children? Children who had iron-deficiency anemia as infants perform poorly even after iron status improves 83 All of the following are common signs of mild lead toxicity except 84 Which of the following is a characteristic of lead exposure and health? Absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach 85 What is the prevalence of hyperactivity in children? 86 All of the following are characteristics of hyperactivity in children except in many cases, it responds favorably to dietary manipulations such as limiting sugar intake 87 All of the following are characteristics of hyperactivity in children except excessive amounts of sugar may cause or aggravate hyperactivity 88 What is the term given to the child who is hyperactive with severe and impulsive behavior Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 89 A child who develops antibodies to a certain food is said to have a 90 An adverse reaction to food that does not signal the body to form antibodies is termed a 91 Which of the following is a characteristic of a food allergy It always involves the production of antibodies 92 You have just started work as a summer camp counselor and completed a training session for all the new employees on safety. Counselors were instructed to prohibit campers from eating peanut butter and jelly sandwiches anywhere other than the cafeteria. You believe that the most likely explanation for this rule is to minimize peanut exposure for campers with peanut allergies. 93 Which of the following foods are most often the cause of allergies? 94 What food is responsible for the most life-threatening allergic reactions in people? 95 A life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction is known as 96 A child known to be allergic to peanuts who begins to show signs such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, and severe abdominal discomfort is most likely in immediate need of a life-saving injection of 97 All of the following are features of food allergies except the presence of antibodies always coincides with physical symptoms 98 A child with a true allergy to milk is actually allergic to the milk’s 99 If a child is allergic to soy, which of the following should be avoided? Textured vegetable protein 100 People who show adverse reactions to foods such as increased pulse rate, nausea, and hives, but do not show antibodies to the offending foods, are displaying 101 Approximately what percentage of U.S. children between 2 and 19 years of age are overweight? 102 Which of the following is a characteristic of obesity in childhood A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood 103 What are the odds that an overweight 18 year old with only one obese parent will become an obese adult? 104 According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what is the maximum number of hours/day of television viewing for a child under 2 years of age? 105 What population group consumes the most soft drinks each day at school? 106 The typical can of soft drink contains the equivalent of how many teaspoons of sugar? 107 Five cans of soft drinks provide approximately how many kcalories? 108 To help improve a child’s BMI, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting television and video time for children older than 2 years to how many hours per day? 109 All of the following describe influences of television and video gaming on nutrition except children are exposed to thousands of TV commercials each year but their requests for advertised foods are heeded by their parents only half the time. 110 All of the following are typical growth characteristics of overweight children except they can achieve a normal appearance after losing excess fat 111 Which of the following two conditions are associated with television’s influence? obesity and high blood lipids 112 What is the most likely explanation for the increased prevalence of obesity in children over the past 30 years? they are less active physically 113 What is the leading cause of high blood pressure in children 114 Which of the following is a feature of nutrition and behavior in childre Television commercials featuring snack foods have been found to affect children’s food preferences 115 Mike is a 10-year-old inactive child who weighs 150 pounds. He has come to your practice with his parents for help on losing weight. What advice should be given to the parents? Maintain weight and do not encourage weight loss during growth and development 116 To lower the risk of obesity in children, which of the following practices should parents institute for their children Teach them to take appropriate food portions 117 Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child? Engage the individual in at least 1 hour per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity 118 Why is it recommended that overweight children not follow a low-kcalorie diet? Diet restriction can interfere with growth and development 119 Who is best able to manage the growth and weight gain of overweight children 120 Which of the following steps should be undertaken by the parent or guardian to ensure that young people eat well? Control the availability of food 121 Which of the following practices is not among the recommendations to help children develop an interest in vegetables? Serve vegetables with the promise that after they are eaten, dessert will follow 122 Even in preschoolers whose habits are being established, existing dietary attitudes are relatively resistant to change. How should wise parents react Be patient and persistent 123 All of the following are food preferences in children except hot foods are preferred to warm ones 124 All of the following are features of snacking in children except snacking should be prevented 125 Which of the following is not among the recommended methods for introducing new foods to children? present new foods at the end of a meal 126 If a child is reluctant to try a new food, it is best to quietly remove it and present it again at another time. 127 When children are allowed to eat freely from a variety of foods, they usually select foods that are high in 128 The single most effective way to teach nutrition to children is 129 What minimum fraction of the RDA for key nutrients for children 10-12 years of age should be provided by public school lunches? 130 Which of the following is a feature of public school food programs? They must follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 131 All of the following are influences that undermine healthful food intake and food selection at schools except reducing the prices of nutritious foods does not promote their purchase by students 132 The adolescent growth spurt begins and ends earlier in girls than in boys 133 What is the approximate duration of the adolescent growth spurt? 134 Which of the following is a characteristic of the adolescent period? Obesity occurs more often in African-American females 135 All of the following are features of the iron RDA for adolescents except the frequency of iron deficiency is similar among males and females of the sam 136 A local high school has just added milk to the vending machines. Parents were very supportive of this change; however, not all the students believe this is useful. You have a few minutes to speak to the student body, and your talk should point out that milk is a good source of calcium, which is required for teens during peak bone growth the females time of first menstration 138 Adolescent women may fail to reach peak bone mass for all of the following reasons except lactose intolerance begins to intensify during the teenage years 139 All of the following are characteristics of adolescents’ food intakes except eating breakfast results in higher overall daily intakes of protein and fat but unchanged intakes of iron and zinc compared with breakfast skippers 140 Which of the following is a feature of beverage intake in adolescents? Four standard colas a day provides enough caffeine to alter behavior 141 Approximately how much caffeine is delivered by a typical cola beverage? 142 About how many meals each week are eaten outside the home by adolescents 143 <p>What is considered to be the minimum pharmacologically active dose of caffeine?</p> <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> <w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas></w:ValidateAgainstSchemas> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF></w:DoNotPromoteQF> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> 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characteristic of cigarette smokers and nutrition? They have higher intakes of carotene-rich foods 147 Which of the following is a characteristic of tobacco use and adolescents? Smokers require more vitamin C to maintain body stores 148 All of the following are characteristics in the development of atherosclerosis except once plaque is formed, it can be contained but cannot regress. 149 The association of cholesterol to the health of children is described by all of the following except there appears to be only a very weak correlation between obesity in children and their blood cholesterol levels. 150 All of the following are characteristics of blood cholesterol in children except acceptable total cholesterol levels are up to 240 mg/d. 151 Which of the following is not a characteristic of physically active children and blood lipids? They respond differently than do physically active adults towards changes in blood lipids 152 Which of the following is not a dietary recommendation for children? Children with high blood cholesterol should be treated first with statin Which of the following statements best describes toddler appetites compared to infant appetites quizlet?Which of the following statements best describes toddler appetites compared to infant appetites? Toddler appetites become more sporadic compared to infant appetites.
What is the importance of proper nutrition to infants and toddlers?Correct feeding in the first three years of life is particularly important due to its role in lowering morbidity and mortality, reducing the risk of chronic disease throughout their life span, and promoting regular mental and physical development.
What are the nutritional needs of infants and children?Babies and toddlers need foods from all five healthy food groups – vegetables, fruit, grain foods, dairy and protein. Healthy foods have nutrients that are important for growth, development and learning. Limit salty, fatty and sugary foods, low-fibre foods, and drinks with caffeine or a lot of sugar.
What is the nutritional needs of infants and explain the importance of providing them the needed nutrition?In the first few years, your child has specific nutritional needs to ensure his/her growth. Human milk and infant formula have all the nutrients your baby needs for the first 6 months - protein, fats, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals.
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Which of the following was a finding of the feeding infants and toddlers study?
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