Which of the following statements most accurately describes differences among socioeconomic groups and emotional responding?

Which one of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

A series of stages, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed

*Erikson suggested that people experience 8 crises or challenges as they progress from birth to old age. These challenges are in the form of psychosocial stages.

From the perspective of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, children's ability to trust those around them stems from:

Experiences with adults during infancy

*According to Erikson, an infant's primary task is to learn to trust or not to trust other people. When the infant is cared for, the infant learns trust. When the infant is neglected or abused, the infant learns mistrust

Jules is discovering that by being able to write all the alphabet letters in cursive, he is winning the approval of his teacher. Without knowing anything else about Jules, the best guess is that he is in Erikson's stage of:

Industry versus inferiority

*In elementary school, children are expected to learn new skills and they learn that they will receive recognition for their efforts. If their efforts are praised, children develop initiative. If their efforts are ridiculed or punished, children develop feelings of inferiority.

Which one of the following best reflects a child's need for relatedness?

As soon as she gets home from school each day, Andrea calls her best friend.

*Human beings have a fundamental need to feel socially connected to other people.

Ten-year-old Kieran is quite attached to his mother and father. His parents are divorced. According to the text, which of the following would be a possible response to this disruption with his relationship with his parents?

He would become angry or aggressive.

*Children in middle childhood who experience a disruption in a parental relationship may become angry, aggressive, or physically ill. They may withdraw from customary activities.

On his first day at a new preschool, 3-year-old Kegan's attention is immediately attracted to a wooden train set on the far side of the room. But no sooner has he begun to play with the train than a large teddy bear catches his eye, and he seems unconcerned when his mother leaves the room. Kegan continues to flit from one toy to another all morning without getting very involved in any one of them. He hardly reacts when Mom returns a couple of hours later. Kegan's behavior is most consistent with a(n):

Insecure-avoidant attachment

*Children who exhibit insecure-avoidant attachment seem to be oblivious or indifferent to the presence of a caregiver.

Three of the following factors are influential in young children's ability to form one or more secure attachments to caregivers. Which factor is least important?

Presence of the same caregiver throughout the day

*The relationship between the caregiver and the child forms the primary basis of attachment security. Caregivers who are sensitive and responsive will consistently respond to children, regularly express affection, and permit children influence the pace and direction of their interactions.

Three of the following strategies should help young children form healthy attachments to a caregiver. Which one is not consistent with recommendations presented in the textbook?

When parents divorce, suggest that one parent become the primary nurturer and that the other one act more as an occasional "playmate."

* When parents are divorced, it is recommended that the children remain attached to both parents.

At an infant care center, 6-month-old Dexter begins to cry. Hearing Dexter, 7-month-old Kristina starts crying as well. Before long, several other infants add to the chorus. This situation illustrates:

Emotional contagion

*The basic ability to detect emotions in others is present in infancy. This is seen when one baby starts crying, other babies start crying. This is known as emotional contagion.

Flora is watching Clark open birthday presents. Clark opens the present from Aunt Terri and finds a Barbie doll. Clark smiles at Aunt Terri and thanks her for the gift. Flora knows that Clark really thinks the Barbie is a terrible gift. From this information, you can reasonably conclude that Flora is probably at least:

9 years old

* By middle childhood, children understand that people's emotional expressions do not always reflect their true feelings. A 9-year-old child can see someone smiling who is experiencing sad events in his/her life and know that this person is sad on the inside.

Three of the following are common ways in which toddlers engage in emotional regulation. Which strategy is not common at this age?

Mentally blocking out an unpleasant emotion

*Toddlers engage in emotional regulation by soothing themselves. Some of the ways they might soothe themselves are sucking on a thumb, crawling away from a scary toy, or averting their gaze from a stranger.

You have been observing Emilia and conclude that she has considerable empathy. Which of the following behaviors would lead to such a conclusion?

Emilia notices that Jill is feeling sad. She goes over to talk to Jill, and she begins feeling sad herself.

*Empathy is the capacity to experience the same feelings as someone else is experiencing, especially someone who is in pain or distress.

For the past four afternoons Sheila and Rachel have acted out the same scene with their dolls: The girls put their dolls to bed. The dolls want the light left on. The girls tell the dolls that the light must be turned off at night. The girls then explain at length that the dolls will be safe in bed with the light off. The scene ends with the dolls going to sleep in the "dark" room. Such fantasy play is apt to:

Help the girls constructively work through their own fear of the dark

*Children find safe outlets for emotions in play. Children can work out their fears and anger by engaging in fantasy play with peers.

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes differences among socioeconomic groups in emotional responding?

Lower-SES children have more emotional difficulties than their middle-SES peers because of the greater uncertainty and deprivation in their lives.

*Children whose families have low incomes are more prone to anxiety, depression, and behavior problems than children from advantaged backgrounds. Children living in impoverished conditions have reasons to feel sad, angry, and fearful. They may not know where their next meal is coming from or they may experience violence in their neighborhoods.

Which one of the following most accurately describes the concept of temperament?

A child's way of responding to events and of regulating impulses.

* Temperament refers to a child's typical way of responding to events and novel stimulation and of regulating impulses. Temperament has a basis in genetics but also is affected by children's relationships and experiences.

David loves to interact with other students, and he readily asserts his opinions in class. Within the context of the five dimensions of personality listed in the textbook, you would be most likely to rate David high on:

Extraversion

*Extraversion is the extent to which one is socially outgoing.

Ruth loves to undertake projects and always sees them through to completion. She is well organized and responsible, which makes her a desirable teammate for small-group work. Within the context of the five dimensions of personality listed in the textbook, you would be most likely to rate Ruth high on:

Conscientiousness

*Conscientiousness is the extent to which one is persistent and organized.

Mr. King runs a tight ship in his middle school math classes. At the beginning of each class, he gives a ten-minute explanation of a new concept or procedure, and then he hands out worksheets that students complete independently at their desks. Which one of the following students has a temperament that is probably the best match with Mr. King's classroom?

Jayson is quiet and diligent.

*Many teachers prefer to work with children who are obedient, hard-working, cooperative, and cautious. Mr. King's preferences reflect these qualities of which Jayson exemplifies the closest match of the possible temperaments provided.

Imagine you are a teacher. You are currently attending a meeting that was convened to discuss Martin, a student in your sixth-grade class whose behavior has been quite disruptive. A psychologist who has recently conducted an in-depth psychological evaluation says that Martin has an emotional-behavioral disorder. From this information you should conclude that:

The source of Martin's behavior problems may be either biological or environmental.

*Emotional and behavioral are influenced by genetic and environmental factors as seen in depression, anxiety, and conduct disorder.

Which one of the following children is most likely to be identified as having an emotional-behavior disorder in need of intervention?

Lana, who has no friends and seems to be constantly depressed

*Depression is an emotional-behavior disorder. Educators should seek consultation with principals and counselors when depression appears to be severe.

Which one of the following most accurately describes the concept of temperament?

Which of Erikson's stages most accurately describes a four year old preschooler?

Which of the following best describes empathy quizlet?

Which one of the following best describes the role of sense of self as a factor in children's development?