Which of the following scenarios is an example of setting an understandable performance goal?

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1. _______ are the basic speech sounds that make up language, while _______ are the basic units of meaning in a language.

   a. Semantics; morphemes
   b. Phonemes; morphemes
   c. Linguistics; phonemes
   d. Morphemes; phonemes
   

2. When your sudden understanding of a tough problem leads to a solution, without your having to result to trial and error, you have most likely experienced

   a. change blindness.
   b. choice blindness.
   c. insight.
   d. confirmation bias.
   

3. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of the working backward heuristic?

   a. When you lose your keys, you begin to scour your dorm room because you know that you will eventually find them that way.
   b. When creating a presentation for class, you judge how close you are to finishing by looking at the quality of your presentation so far.
   c. In order to efficiently solve a crossword puzzle, you meticulously inspect each of the “across” questions and each of the “down” questions.
   d. To organize documents in your computer, you create an “All Documents” folder and proceed to subdivide it into increasingly specific folders.
   

4. The concept of the availability heuristic is illustrated when you

   a. choose one movie over another because you prefer the design of its poster at the cinema.
   b. never make a decision about where to eat because you are rarely hungry.
   c. vow to never drive again because of the horrible accident you witnessed in front of your house.
   d. refuse to buy food that you think is overpriced, even if you are wrong.
   

5. Research on the framing effect shows that when people have to choose between an option framed in terms of a gain and an option framed in terms of a loss, most people

   a. protest and say that the choice is unfair.
   b. choose the option framed in terms of a loss.
   c. remain indecisive.
   d. choose the option framed in terms of a gain.
   

6. Which of the following is the best example of hindsight bias?

   a. Changing one’s attitude about a person base on how others view that person
   b. Misremembering one’s previous views on a person in order to fit one’s current knowledge or beliefs
   c. Changing one’s choice of a prize, thinking that new information would be helpful
   d. Paying attention only to information that is consistent with one’s beliefs
   

7. The _______ is an example of a decision-making error in which someone fails to properly estimate the probability of a particular outcome after being given additional information.

   a. Tower of Hanoi problem
   b. Monty Hall problem
   c. framing effect
   d. availability heuristic
   

8. Initially making a low offer in order to get a bargain on a second-hand item is an example of the

   a. anchoring effect.
   b. Monty Hall problem.
   c. working backward heuristic.
   d. framing effect.
   

9. Your roommate shows you a picture of a new friend, Jason. Minutes later, you meet someone named Garrett waiting in line for dinner. Next time you see Garrett, you call him Jason. You may have been influenced by

   a. change blindness.
   b. inattentional blindness.
   c. the anchoring effect.
   d. the framing effect.
   

10. The concept of change blindness is illustrated when you

    a. enter a room and everyone stops what they are doing and looks at you.
    b. struggle to pay attention to your homework because you are so tired.
    c. are so absorbed in a book that you don’t notice when your roommate enters the room.
    d. are so focused on what your professor is saying in class that you neglect to take notes.
    

11. The cocktail party effect describes a phenomenon in which

    a. you remember details of events to which you are paying attention.
    b. it is more likely that you will hear your name called if you are not looking at the person calling it.
    c. you can selectively attend to a particular conversation out of the many conversations taking place.
    d. it is easier to hear the person you are talking to when it is quieter in the room.
    

12. Attention is defined as a

    a. concentration of the mind on a particular object or process.
    b. complete ignorance of one’s inner thoughts.
    c. concentration on one’s inner experiences.
    d. concentration of the body on a physical task, without thinking.
    

13. Performance of a skill in the associative phase of skill acquisition is characterized by

    a. being completely automatic and unconscious.
    b. the absence of any errors.
    c. fewer errors than in the cognitive phase.
    d. extreme concentration and many errors.
    

14. In general, the slower a subject’s reaction time is in a cognitive psychology experiment, the

    a. less mental processing is required for the subject to respond.
    b. more mental processing is required for the subject to respond.
    c. less conscious one has to be while performing without error.
    d. less demanding the task is on attention.
    

15. In terms of prototypes and concepts, an apple is to fruit as a _______ is to _______.

    a. seagull; pet
    b. pancake; breakfast food
    c. bee; gorilla
    d. boss; office supplies
    

16. Categorization is the process of

    a. constructing concepts from specific events in our lives.
    b. taking a mental shortcut to find a quick solution to a problem.
    c. mentally representing concepts with a prototype.
    d. recognizing the similarities and differences between concepts.
    

17. An abstract idea or mental representation of an object or event is called

    a. an algorithm.
    b. a skill.
    c. a heuristic.
    d. a concept.
    

18. The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is known as

    a. lateralization.
    b. the availability heuristic.
    c. linguistic relativism.
    d. insight.
    

19. Saying that language is lateralized in the brain means that

    a. the cerebellum is the most prominent brain structure involved in language comprehension.
    b. both hemispheres of the brain contribute equally to language function.
    c. language function is primarily associated with one hemisphere of the brain.
    d. only the right temporal lobe is responsible for language processing.
    

20. Which of the following utterances is most characteristic of a patient with Wernicke’s aphasia?

    a. “Help… please!”
    b. “Th-th-thanks.”
    c. “Hello, my name is Superman and I’m pleased to meet you.”
    d. “The dear football is dead but not dead that I’m happy that I’m not dead.”
    

21. A patient that you are visiting in the hospital experienced trauma to his left cerebral hemisphere and can barely say “Hello” and “Thank you.” However, he can understand what you say to him. The patient’s brain damage is most likely in

    a. Broca’s area.
    b. Wernicke’s area.
    c. the hippocampus.
    d. the occipital lobe.
    

22. An elderly man has had a stroke, and his language is now impaired as a result. By definition, he has

    a. Parkinson’s disease.
    b. aphasia.
    c. Williams syndrome.
    d. dyslexia.
    

23. Saying that there is a sensitive period for human language acquisition in early life means that

    a. there is a time during development when children must be exposed to a language in order to master it.
    b. children can become fluent in a language only if they are explicitly taught how to speak before the age of five.
    c. it is impossible to learn to speak a second language fluently after age six.
    d. children under the age of three are too young to begin learning a language.
    

24. The singsong, high-pitched speech with slow, exaggerated pronunciation that parents use with babies is called

    a. telegraphic speech.
    b. motherese.
    c. morphemes.
    d. pragmatics.
    

25. Which of the following is an example of babbling?

    a. “Mommy, pick me up.”
    b. “This! Me, this!”
    c. “Ba-ba-ba-pa-pa.”
    d. “Nooooo!”