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Key facts
Most violence against children involves at least one of six main types of interpersonal violence that tend to occur at different stages in a child’s development.
When directed against girls or boys because of their biological sex or gender identity, any of these types of violence can also constitute gender-based violence. Impact of violenceViolence against children has lifelong impacts on health and well-being of children, families, communities, and nations. Violence against children can:
Risk factorsViolence against children is a multifaceted problem with causes at the individual, close relationship, community and societal levels. Important risk factors are: Individual level:
Close-relationship level:
Community level:
Society level:
Prevention and responseViolence against children can be prevented. Preventing and responding to violence against children requires that efforts systematically address risk and protective factors at all four interrelated levels of risk (individual, relationship, community, society). Under the leadership of WHO, a group of 10 international agencies have developed and endorsed an evidence-based technical package called INSPIRE: Seven strategies for ending violence against children. The package aims to help countries and communities achieve SDG Target 16.2 on ending violence against children. Each letter of the word INSPIRE stands for one of the strategies, and most have been shown to have preventive effects across several different types of violence, as well as benefits in areas such as mental health, education and crime reduction.
The seven strategies are:
WHO responseA May 2016 World Health Assembly resolution endorsed the first ever WHO Global plan of action on strengthening the role of the health system within a national multisectoral response to address interpersonal violence, in particular against women and girls, and against children. According to this plan, WHO in collaboration with Member States and other partners, is committed to:
References(1) Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates. Hillis S, Mercy J, Amobi A, Kress H. Pediatrics 2016; 137(3): e20154079. Which of the following is the leading cause of death for individuals during early adulthood?Accidents, known as unintentional injury, become the leading cause of death throughout childhood and early adulthood. In middle and late adulthood cancer and heart disease become the leading killers.
What are considered risky behaviors and causes of death in early adulthood?High-risk behaviors such as substance abuse, unsafe sexual behavior, and idleness (not engaged in education or employment) in early adulthood can shape later health and social outcomes. In 2007, the leading cause of death among those aged 15-24 in Ohio was motor vehicle accidents followed by intentional self-harm.
What are the major issues that occur during early adulthood?Among its central developmental problems are: establishing a secure personal identity, forming mature friendships and mature intimate relationships, reorientation of family ties, building up a core of ideological values, selecting a long-term vocation, finding one's bearings, looking to the future.
Which of the following is a key characteristic of emerging adulthood?Five features make emerging adulthood distinctive: identity explorations, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between adolescence and adulthood, and a sense of broad possibilities for the future.
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