SHSPractical Research IQuarter 3: Week 1 - Module 1Qualitative ResearchPractical Research 1Grade 11 Quarter 3: Week 1 - Module 1: Qualitative ResearchFirst Edition, 2021Copyright © 2021La Union Schools DivisionRegion IAll rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any formwithout written permission from the copyright owners.Development Team of the ModuleAuthor: Wilhelm Francis C. Saldo, MT IEditor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance TeamIllustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P IIManagement Team:Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.Schools Division SuperintendentVivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhAssistant Schools Division SuperintendentGerman E. Flora, Ph, CID ChiefVirgilio C. Boado, Ph, EPS in Charge of LRMSRominel S. Sobremonte, Ed, EPS in Charge of ScienceMichael Jason D. Morales, PDO IIClaire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
“Research is based on direct experience by the researcher.” Show
A. Empirical B. Controlled C. Systematic D. Analytical
JumpstartFor you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities. Activity 1. Word Search Find at least five (5) hidden words in the puzzle below and try to define each. Place your answers in a separate sheet. R E S E A R C H Q W E R T I E S D E X P L O R E F D S F N V F S G H J K L M N E R T D Q I D F Q U A L I T A T I V E U D C F H G E R T H B G G F D I E Q U A N T I T A T I V E G R N G F D T H J K L V H E L M Y C I N F O R M A T I O N W I L E F R A N C B I S F G H J K E R Lesson1Importance andCharacteristics ofQualitative Research6. To Explore the History : Research enables human to learn and understand more about our forefathers and helps us learn from their mistakes and experiences. 7. To Understand the Arts: Research helps us to understand and appreciate the work of artists in literature, painting and other fine arts. Characteristics of Research 1. Empirical: Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. Most researches are based on real-life situation. 2. Systematic: Research follows an orderly procedure based on valid procedures and principles. 3. Controlled: In research, all variables except those that are tested are kept constant. 4. Analytical: Research utilizes proven analytical procedure in gathering the data. 5. Objective: Research is unbiased. All findings are logically based on data. The Process of Research There are a variety of approaches to research in any field of investigation, irrespective of whether it is applied research or basic research. Each particular research study will be unique in some ways because of the particular time, setting, environment, and place in which it is being undertaken. Nevertheless, all research endeavors share a common goal of furthering our understanding of the problem and thus all traverse through certain basic stages, forming a process called the research process. An understanding of the research process is necessary to effectively carry out research and sequencing of the stages inherent in the process. These 8 stages in the research process
The research process outlined is a part and parcel of a research. It is an outline of your commitment that you intend to follow in executing a research study. Ethics in Research Research Ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. It educates and monitors the conduct of researches to ensure high ethical standards. The following shows why is it important to adhere to the ethical norms in research: a. Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and evidence of error. b. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work. c. Ethical norms held researchers accountable to the general public. d. Norms in research help establish public support, quality and integrity of research. Ethical Principles in Research a. Honesty: Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. b. Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. c. Integrity: Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action. d. Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities. e. Openness: Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas. f. Respect for Intellectual Property: Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize. g. Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records. h. Responsible Publication: Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication. i. Responsible Mentoring: Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions. j. Respect for Colleagues: Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly. k. Social Responsibility: Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy. l. Non-Discrimination: Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity. Activity 2. The Research Process Copy the graphic organizer below and supply the needed information showing the Process of Research. Activity 3. The Ethics of Research Based on what you have learned in this module, create at least five (5) situations showing the ethical principles in research. Follow the template found below:
___________1. ___________4. ___________6.
DeepenAnswer the following questions based on what you have learned in this lesson. Make your answers brief yet substantial.
DiscoverQuantitative and Qualitative Research are two broad categories in educational research. These two could differ in terms of purpose, type of data collected and others. Quantitative Research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques while Qualitative Research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research. Comparison Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Definition A type of educational research where the researcher relies on the view of the participants A type of educational research where the researcher decides what to study. Purpose It aims to understand and interpret social interaction It aims to test hypothesis, look at cause and effects and to make predictions Group Studied Smaller and not randomly selected Larger and randomly selected Variable Study of the whole and not variables Specific variables studied Type of Data Collected Words, images and objects Numbers and statistics Form of Data Collected Qualitative Data like open- ended responses, interviews, observations and notes Quantitative Data as results of experiments. Role of the Researcher Researcher and their biases maybe known to participants in the study, and participants characteristics maybe known to the researcher Researcher and their biases are not known to participants in the study, and participants characteristics are deliberately hidden from the research. Analysis Inductive (by the Researcher) Deductive (by statistical Methods) Results Particular or specialized findings that is less generalizable Generalizable findings that can be applied to other populations Final Report Narrative Report with contextual descriptions Statistical Report with correlations, comparison of means and statistical significance Observed Qualities, behaviors and complexities Quantities, scales and trends Questions asked Why and How How many and What Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Identifying Research Problem Detailed understanding of a central phenomenon Description of trends or explanation of relationships Review of Literature Justify the importance of studying the research problem Justifying the research problem and the need of the direction of the study Specifying Research Purpose Seek to understand the participants experiences Seek observable data on variables Collection of Data Gather words or image data from small number of individuals Collection of data using instruments with preset questions from large individuals Analysis and Interpretation of Data Text analysis and interpretation of themes Data analysis using statistical analysis Reporting and Evaluation Takes a subjective and bias approach Flexible, emerging structure and evaluative criteria Tend to use standard fixed structures and evaluation criteria Takes an objective and unbiased approach. Examples of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Topics in the Different Areas of Interest Research studies happen in any field of knowledge depending on the interest of the researcher. You have the option to choose on what area would you like to study. Below are examples of topics in different fields that can serve as your basis when you will work on your research paper. Areas of Discipline Example of Research Qualitative Quantitative Medicine Disease prevention mechanisms. Studies on the development of vaccines for Corona Virus Arts Life and works of different artists in the Philippines Experiment on goon paint substance and painting material Sports Common characteristics of children into and not into sports Development of materials to be used in sports Psychology Behavior of Students in School Impact of music to the behavior of children Business Behavioral traits of product patrons in the last 10 years Relationship between expenditures in advertisements and sales A ctivity 2. Research in different fields Enumerate at least three (3) research topics under qualitative research related to your field of specialization that you would like to work on. Write your answers in a separate sheet following the template found below:
DeepenAnswer the following questions based on what you have learned in this lesson. Make your answers brief yet substantial.
Lesson3Qualitative ResearchJumpstartActivity 1. Unscramble me! Unscramble the letters to determine the word/s and term/s hidden. Define each term after. Write your answers in a separate sheet following the template below.
d. Context sensitive: Places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context; researcher is careful about the possibility or meaningfulness of generalizations across time and space; emphasizes careful comparative case analyses and extrapolating patterns for possible transferability and adaptation in new settings. Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research Qualitative Research is more focused on exploring the issues, understanding the actual problem and enabling oneself to answer all the questions. It is more dependent on deriving the value of variables in their natural setting. The data via this method is collected by asking open ended questions and serving with the direct quotations. Qualitative can be beneficial in the following ways: a. All the problems and the topics covered under this research are in detail. b. This method majorly focuses on small groups which ultimately do not require more expenses when compared to quantitative research. c. On the emergence of new developed information and findings, the revision, direction and framework of the data can be done easily quickly. d. The data is collected from a small group which bounds it to be universal for a large population. e. The data with this method is collected based on genuine efforts and gives a clear vision on what can be expected. Weaknesses of Qualitative Research a. As the data is collected for a small group, due to which assumptions cannot be made beyond the small group of people. b. It becomes difficult to demonstrate, maintain and assess the rigidity of the data. c. Collection of statistical data is not easy and cannot be done solely by using this method. d. As the data is in big quantity, analysis and interpretation of the data takes much time. e. The responses of the subjects might be affected as the researchers are bound to be present during the process of data gathering. Kinds of Qualitative Research a. Ethnography A qualitative research method often used in the social sciences that is often used in gathering data on human societies/cultures. Ethnography, simply stated, is the study of people in their own environment through the use of methods such as participant observation and face-to-face interviewing. Data collection is done through participant observation, interviews and questionnaires. b. Phenomenology Describes the structure of experience as they present themselves to consciousness, without resources to theory, deductions or assumptions from other discipline such as the social sciences. It seeks to achieve deep understanding of the phenomenon by rigorous and systematic examination of it. Its purpose is to describe essence of lived experiences. c. Grounded Theory An inductive technique developed for health-related topics. It is emerged from the discipline of sociology. The term “grounded” means that the theory developed from the research is grounded or has its roots from the data from which It has derived. d. Historical Research Historical Research is the systemic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrence. e. Case Study A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. It is used to test theoretical models by using it in real world situation. Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields a. Social Work Qualitative Research Studies in social work represents the best available research on emerging problems or application of evidence to diverse population. b. Marketing Qualitative research in marketing can be used to test new ideas or products and to gain a realistic view of how customers or clients would react to that particular product. c. Business Data from quantitative research such as market size, demographics, and user preferences provide important information for business decisions. Qualitative research provides valuable data for use in the design of a product including data about user needs, behavior patterns, and use cases. d. Sports The results of qualitative research can inform stakeholders about facilitators and obstacles to exercise, motivation and adherence, the influence of experiences, beliefs, disability and capability on physical activity, exercise engagement and performance, and to test strategies that maximize physical performance. e. Medicine The goal of qualitative research is to help us gain an understanding as to how or why certain things occur. Qualitative research seeks that understanding through observation and interviews, both of which provide insight into the research question. Which of the following refers to the characteristics of research to be orderly based on procedure A?Systematic - follows orderly and sequential procedure.
What is the characteristic of research where research is based on valid procedures and principles?Logical – research is based on valid procedures and principles.
What characteristic of research is shown in the statement below research is based on direct experience by the researcher?Empirical: Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
What are the characteristics of a research?What are the characteristics of research? Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Is a characteristic of research that refers to searching facts answers to questions and solutions to problems?Define Research :- Research
Simply means, a search for facts – answers to questions and Solutions to Problems. It is a Purposive investigation. It is an “Organized inquiry” (It seeks to find explanations to unexplained phenomenon, to classify the doubtful propositions and to correct the misconceived facts).
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Which of the following refers to the characteristic of research to be orderly based on procedures and principles?
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