any material that contains a mark, symbol or sign, either visible, partially visible or invisible that may presently or ultimately convey a meaning or a message to someone. it is any written statement by a right is established or an obligation extinguished. Show document to which an issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny. document in which the origin is known can be proven and can legally be used as sample to compare with other things that is questioned. collected/procurred standard - standard specimen executed in the regular course of a man's activity. requested/dictated standard (post litem motam) - standard document which are executed upon request documents which are not more than 5 years before and after Legal classification of documents Public document the combination of the basic shape and designs of letter and the writing movement which was taught in school an illustration of the basic design of letters that is fundamental to the writing system refers to factors relative to the motion of the pen such as, pressure, rhythm, pen lifting, etc. the visible result of a very complicated series of acts, being as a whole or a combination of certain forms which are the very visible result of mental and muscular habits acquired by long continued painstaking effort. a visible effect of bodily movement which is an almost unconscious expressions of fixed muscular habits, reacting from fixed mental impression of cerain ideas assosciated with script form. any repeated elements of one's handwriting which serves as an identifying details elements of one's writing that are sufficiently unique and well fixed to serve as a strong basis of individuality
significant writing habits the relative degree of writing inclination relative to the baseline an imaginary or straight line in which the writing rest. CURSIVE - most part are joined together a name of person signed by himself on a document as a sign of acknowledgement. genuine signature which has been used in preparing a simulated or traced forgery specimen signature which was executed in particular date, time and place, under a particullar writer's condition and for a particular purpose. FORMAL an act of falsifying or counterfeiting any treasure or bank notes, paper bills or any document which are payable to the bearer SIMPLE FORGERY Carbon outline process refers to any property, marks or elements which distiguishes also referred to as identifying details CLASS CHARACTERISTICS elements of forms in writing arc rounded inner part of the upper curve, bend crook an introductory up and down strokes found in some capital letters. also called as double hitch part of a stroke characterized by a abrupt beginning or end at which the pen dies not creates a diminishing stroke a horizontal or loop strokes used to complete letters A, H, F and D. body of the letter characterized by a small rounded or circular strokes refers to the connection between letters either joined or disconnected dactus link and dactus broken refers to a small oblong strokes an introductory backward strokes found in most capital lettters and in some small letters an obvious gap between letters outer portion if an upper curve bend or crook tiny pool of an ink at the beginning or ending strokes consdered as the backbone of the letters characterized as a long downward strokes long running initial or terminal strokes long upward strokes usually found opposite the stem added strokes that serves as an ornamental or fluorish to the design of the letters strokes added to complete certain letters. refers to all factors relative to the motion of the pen visible records in the written strokes of the basic movements and manner of holding the writing instument. finger (used by beginners) average or usual pressure applied in writing act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface with and increase speed the harmonious or balance recurrence of stokes or impulses degree of writers proficiency in writing cannot be measured precisely from finished handwriting but it can be interpreted in broad term as to either fast, slow or moderate interruption in strokes by sudden removal of the writing instrument from the paper surface refers to the more obvious increase in width of the letter strokes the realtive location of the pen to the paper surface the reach of the hand with the wrist at rest strokes which goes back over another writing strokes that is slightly to occur in others writing strokes which goes back over a defective portion of a writing to repair or correct an error Factors that affects writing characteristics natural variations refers to any form of changes either an addition or a deletion to the original content of the document which is not a part of original preparation Refers to removal of writings or any part of a document either by mechanical or chemical process Done by means of abrasive method through rubbing or scrapping Done with the aid or use of bleaching agent called ink eradicator usually examined with the aid of fuming, transmitted light, oblique light and ultra violet light examination The process of smearing over an original writing to make it undecipherable or illegible. Done with the used or super imposing inks. Usually examined with the used of infrared light Refers to partly burned or brittle document. Decipherment is usually accomplished with the used of infra-red light examination. Writing that has no readily visible ink strokes. made by symphatetic inks such as acids, juice and oyhers. Methods of development can be heat, water, chemical fuming or by ultra-violet process Refers to partially visible ink strokes cause by sudden contact between sheet of paper with another paper containing fresh ink. Can be enhanced through fuming or ultra-violet light process The printing surface of the block in a conventional typewriter. Any form of peculiarity of the type printing caused by actual damage to the typeface metal or which maybe an abnormality in its printing condition In connection to typewriting, it is used to include letters, symbols numeral or points of punctuation typeface impression ordinarily spaced ten (10) characters to the horizontal inch. Typeface impression ordinarily spaced twelve (12) characters to the horizontal inch. A typewriter with a type letter spacing similar to type spacing of conventional printed in which all letters are alloted horizontal in conformity with their relative widths. Proportional spacing machine Is an identifying typewriter characteristics which can be eliminated by simply cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon Any identifying typewriting characteristics of the typeface which cannot be corrected by sinpky cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon Refers to defect in the printing condition of the type character in which tye letters are printed either at the top or bottom, left or right inclined from its proper position. Mal allignment or allignment defects Principal technique utilized in typewriting identification 1. Measure the typeface pitch 2. Verify the type size and design (W-G-T) 3. Look for individual typeface defects A character printing above or below its proper position An allignment defect in which the the character are printed to the left or right of its proper position Horizontal mal allignment Letters and characters are designed to be printed at a certain angle to the baseline. Once letters leans to the left or right of its proper position such is called _______________ Condition of thr typeface printing at which the character outline is not equally printed, that is the printing is heavier in the one side than the remainder of the outline of the character Typeface defect in which a character prints a double impression with the lighter one slightly off setto the right or left Any peculiarity of tupewriting caused by actual damage to the type face metal Typeface defect characterized by dirty printsdue to constant use without cleaning of the tupe bar or due to use of new carbon, these are common in closed letter outline such as O, a, p, g etc Conventional type Classifications of line quality Good line quality The relation of parts of the whole line pf writing of individual letters in words to the baseline The relation between the tall and the short letters is reffered to as “_____________” of the writing Series of lines or curves within the letters of the alphabet The act of maki a close or critical study of any material and with questioned document its the process necessary to dicover facts about them Any study or examination which made with aid of microscope in order to discover minute physical details As used in this text means critical comparison or side by side examination The act of setting two or more items side by side to weight their identifying qualities In legal language the document examiner’ conclusion These are normal and usual deviations found between repeated specimen of any individual writing or in the product of any typewriter 1. Lack of machine like precision 2. External factors such as writing instrument and writig position 3. Physical and mental factors 4. The quality of writing prepared in the course of time Points to consider for collected standard 1. The amount of standard writing available 2. Similarity of subject matter 3. Dates of preparation 4. Writing material 5. Writing condition 1. Personal document A legal term which involves not only a non genuine document but also on part of its maker The lower part which rest on the baseline A minute curve or angle which often accurs at the end of the terminal strokes Outside portion of the top curve A hort horizontal initial or terminal stroke of a letter Ant short backward stroke which usually occurs at the top of letters Pointd in the examination of extended writings (anonymous letter, threat letter, poison letter 1. Uniformity 1. Erasure Extensor - muscles that push the pen to form upward stroke Flexor - muscles that push pen to form downward stroke Extensor, flexor and lumbricals - muscles to form the lateral strokes Stereoscopic examination with low and high power objective is used to detect retouching, patching and unnatural pen lift in signature analysis. With proper angle intensity of illumination, it aids in the decipherment of erasures, some minutes manipulation not perfectly pictured to the unaided eye, and the sequence of entries done by different writing instrument Documents are subjected to this type of examination to determine the
presence of erasures, matching of serrationand some other typesof alteration Transmitted light examination Decipherment of faded writing, determination of outline in in traced forgery, embossed impression, etc are subjected to this type of alteration Oblique light examination This type of examination is very essential in every document examination. Actual observations are recorded in the photograph Indention/indented writings and records transparencies of any indention. Electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA) The exposure of a document to this useful when it consist of several pages and substitution is being suspected. The color and intensity of a substituted page. Mechanical and chemical erasure will certainly change the reflectively of the erea affected (a) Used in the examination of masked or obliterated, watermarks visible fluorescent and oblique illumination of indented writing and embossing (b) detects variation in the infra red characteristics of inks (c) reveals alterations by eliminating interfering background luminescence Video spectral comparison (VSC) After the document examiner has completed his examination and the laboratory report has been submitted, he prepares the photographic exhibits for court demonstration and illustration Preparation of court exhibits What is the group of muscles responsible for the formation of downward strokes called?2. Flexor muscles- push the pen to form the downward strokes.
What is that introductory up and down stroke found in almost all capital letters?Beard – is an introductory up and down strokes found in some capital letters. Also called as double hitch. 3. Blunt – is a part of a stroke characterized by a abrupt beginning or end at which the pen does not creates a diminishing strokes.
What is stroke in question documents?Questioned Document Examination is about stroke comparison and not stroke analysis. QDE is identifying the authenticity of a writer. Or the authenticity of a document by examining paper, ink or pencil resin. Stroke analysis is graphology which is identifying personality profiles through handwriting.
What is hump in letter?HUMP – upper portion of its letter “m”, “n”, “h”, “k” – The rounded outside of the top of the bend stroke or curve in small letter.
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Which of the following refers to any major long downward stroke of a letter like the long downward stroke of the letter B and G?
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