Which of the following most likely led to the development of the subsistence mode shown in the Southwest?

References

Agardy, Tundi, Peter Bridgewater, Michael P. Crosby, Jon Day, Paul K. Dayton, Richard Kenchington, Dan Laffoley, Patrick McConney, Peter A. Murray, John E. Parks, and Lelei Peau
2003 “Dangerous Targets? Unresolved Issues and Ideological Clashes around Marine Protected Areas”. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 13(4): 353-367.

Anthony, Kenneth R. N., Jeffrey A. Maynard, Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, Peter J. Mumby, Paul A. Marshall, Long Cao, and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
2011 “Ocean Acidification and Warming will Lower Coral Reef Resilience”. Global Change Biology, 17 (5): 1798-1808.

Antunès, Isabelle
2000 Le développement local de la pêche en Indonésie, entre unité politique et diversité culturelle. Une approche à partir de deux situations contrastées: Bendar à Java et Watlar aux Moluques. PhD Thesis. Paris: Université Paris IV-Sorbonne.

Barrow, Edmund, Helen Gichohi, Mark Infield
2000 Summary and Key Lessons from a Comparative Review and Analysis of Community Conservation in East Africa. Nairobi: IUCN.

Bartlett, C.Y., K. Pakoa, and C. Manua
2009 “Marine Reserve Phenomenon in the Pacific Islands”. Marine Policy, 33(4): 673-678.

Bataille-Benguigui, Marie-Claire
1994 Le côté de la mer : Quotidien et imaginaire aux îles Tonga, Polynésie occidentale. Bordeaux: Centre de recherche des espaces tropicaux de l’Universiteì Michel de Montaigne (Bordeaux III).

Bell, Johann D., Mecki Kronen, Aliti Vunicea, J. Nash Walsh, Gregory Keeble, Andreas Deemke, Scott Pontifex, and Serge Andréfouët
2009 “Planning the Use of Fish for Food Security in the Pacific”. Marine Policy, 33(1): 34-76.

Bell, Johann D., Johanna E. Johnson, Alex S. Ganachaud, Peter C. Gehrke, Alistair J. Hobday, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Robert Le Borgne, Patrick Lehodey, Janice M Lough, Tim Pickering, Morgan S. Pratchett, and Michelle Waycott
2011 Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change: Summary for Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Noumea: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

Bettencourt, Sofia
1995 Pacific Island Economies: Sustainable Management of Fisheries. Washington: World Bank.

Blanchet, Gilles, Laurence Caillaud, and John Paoaafaite
1985 Un aspect de la pêche artisanale en Polynésie française: ‘Les pièges à poissons de Tikehau’. Papeete: ORSTOM (Notes et Documents d’Océanographie No 25).

Blanchet, Gilles, Gildas Borel, and John Paoaafaite
1987 Petite construction navale et pêche artisanale en Polynésie française. Papeete: ORSTOM (Notes et Documents d’Océanographie No 34).

Brêthes, J. C.
2000 «Spatialiser la gestion: Mortalité globale et mortalité locale». In D. Gascuel, P. Chavance, N. Bez and A. Biseau (eds.), Les espaces de l’halieutique. Paris: IRD, p. 567-579.

Brewer, Tom D.
2011 Coral Reef Fish Value Chains in Solomon Islands: Market Opportunities and Market Effects on Fish Stocks. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies Report to Solomon Islands Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources and Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

Carleton, Crick, John Hambrey, Hugh Govan, Paul Medley, and Jeff Kinch
2013 “Effective Management of Sea Cucumber Fisheries and the Beche-de-Mer Trade in Melanesia”. SPC Fisheries Newsletter, #140-January/April 2013: 24-42, http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/Doc/FAME/InfoBull/FishNews/140/FishNews140_24_Carleton.pdf (Accessed on November 11, 2015).

Carrier, James G.
1981 “Ownership of Productive Resources on Ponam Island, Manus Province”. Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 37(72): 205-217.

Chaboud, Christian, and André Fontana
1992 «L’approche système dans les pêches». In J.C. Brêthes J.C., A. Fontana and Y. Breton (eds.), Recherches interdisciplinaires et gestion des pêcheries. Halifax: Centre International d’Exploitation des Océans, p. 111-151.

Charles, Anthony T.
1995 “Fishery Science: The Study of Fisheries Systems”. Aquatic Living Resources, 8(3): 233-239.

Cillaurren, Espérance
1988 La pêche à la traîne autour des dispositifs de concentration de poissons mouillés à Vanuatu: Un exemple dans le Pacifique sud-ouest. Port-Vila: ORSTOM (Notes et Documents d’Océanographie No 17).
1990 “Initial Analysis: Economic Viability of Ships Fishing around FADs off the South-West Coast of Efate”. In Twenty-Second Regional Technical Meeting on Fisheries, 1990/08/6-10. Noumea: SPC, p. 1-8.
1991 «La pêche thonière dans le Pacifique: Evolutions et perspectives». La Revue Maritime, 421: 38-62.
1994 “Daily Fluctuations in the Presence of Thunnus Albacares and Katsuwonus Pelamis around Fish Aggregating Devices Anchored in Vanuatu (Oceania)”. Bulletin of Marine Sciences, 55(2-3): 581-591.
1999 «La pêche autour des dispositifs de concentration de poissons à Vanuatu». In G. Blanchet (ed.), Les petites activités de pêche dans le Pacifique Sud. Paris: IRD, p. 145-159.

Cillaurren, Espérance, and Gilbert David
1995 «Dynamique de l’exploitation halieutique d’une ressource vierge en économie insulaire peu monétarisée (Vanuatu)». In F. Laloë, H. Rey and J.L. Durand (eds.), Questions sur la dynamique de l’exploitation halieutique, Table ronde ORSTOM/Ifremer, Montpellier, 1993/11/6-8. Paris: ORSTOM, p. 433-487.
2000 «Hétérogénéité spatiale du système pêche et structuration d’un système d’information pour gérer la ressource: L’exemple du Vanuatu, archipel océanien». In D. Gascuel, P. Chavance, N. Bez and A. Biseau (eds.), Les espaces de l’halieutique. Paris: IRD, p. 527-548.

Cillaurren, Espérance, Gilbert David, and René Grandperrin
2001 Atlas des pêcheries côtières de Vanuatu, un bilan décennal pour le développement. Paris: IRD/Agence Intergouvernementale de la Francophonie/Secrétariat permanent pour le Pacifique.

Chin, Andrew, Thierry Lison de Mola, Katie Reytar, Serge Planes, Jarin Gerhardt, Eric Clua, Lauretta Burke, and Clive Wilkinson
2011 Status of Coral Reefs of the Pacific and Outlook: 2011. Publishers Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network.

Cohen, Philippa, and Simon Foale
2011 “Fishing Taboos: Securing Pacific Fisheries for the Future?” SPC Fisheries Newsletter, #28-November 2011: 3-13, http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/Doc/FAME/InfoBull/TRAD/28/Trad28.pdf (Accessed on November 19, 2015).

Conand, Chantal
1986 Les ressources halieutiques des pays insulaires du Pacifique. Deuxième partie: Les holoturies. Document technique sur les pêches No 272.2. Rome : FAO.

Conand, François
1987 Biologie et écologie des poissons pélagiques du lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie utilisables comme appât thonier. PhD Thesis. Brest : Université de Bretagne Occidentale.

Conte, Éric
2010 « Perles et nacres aux temps pré-européens ». In M. Le Pennec (ed.), Huître perlière et perle de Tahiti. Papeete : Université de la Polynésie-Gouvernement de la Polynésie Française, p. 7-14.

Dahl, Christopher
1988 “Traditional Marine Tenure: A Basis for Artisanal Fisheries Management”. Marine Policy, 12(1): 40-48.

Dalzell, P., and Garry Preston
1992 Deep Reef Slope Fishery Resources of the South Pacific: A Summary and Analysis of the Dropline Fishing Survey Data Generated by the Activities of the SPC Fisheries Programme between 1974 and 1988. Inshore Fisheries Research Project technical document No 2. Noumea: South Pacific Commission.

David, Gilbert
1991 «La pêche dans les petits territoires insulaires du Pacifique Sud, situation actuelle et perspectives». La Revue Maritime, 410: 21-37.
1994 “Traditional Village Fishing in Fisheries Development Planning in Vanuatu”. In J. Morrison, P. Geraghty and L. Crowl (eds.), Science of Pacific Island Peoples: Ocean and Coastal Studies. Suva: The University of the South Pacific, p. 11-40.
2006 “Indicators for Village-Scale Trochus Management as Part of Government/Community Co-Management Arrangements”. SPC Trochus Information Bulletin, 12: 7-11.
2003 «Mondialisation et recompositions territoriales et identitaires en Océanie insulaire». In D. Guillaud, C. Huetz de Lemps and O. Sevin (eds.), Îles rêvées: Territoires et identités en crise dans le Pacifique insulaire. Paris: Presses de l’Université de Paris-Sorbonne, p. 141-177.

David, Gilbert, Pascale Chabanet, Erwann Lagabrielle, Gwennaelle Pennhober, and Jean-Pascal Quod
2015 «Les aires marines protégées face au changement climatique: De la résilience écosystémique à la résilience des territoires». In M. Bonnin, R. Laë, and M. Behnassi (eds.), Les aires marines protégées ouest-africaines: Défis scientifiques et enjeux sociétaux. Marseille: IRD, p. 67-80.

David, Gilbert, and Espérance Cillaurren
1992 “National Fisheries Development Policy for Coastal Waters, Small-Scale Village Fishing, and Food Self-Reliance in Vanuatu”. Man and Culture in Oceania, 8: 35-58.

Désurmont, Aymeric, and L. Chapman
2000 “The Use of Anchored FADs in the Area Served by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC): Regional Synthesis”. In J.Y. Le Gall, P. Cayre and M. Taquet (eds), Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons. Paris: Ifremer, p. 108-140.

Doumenge, François
1966 L’homme dans le Pacifique Sud. Paris: Musée de l’Homme.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
1995 L’approche de précaution appliquée aux pêches. Première partie: Principes directeurs. FAO Document technique sur les pêches No 350/1. Rome: FAO.
2010 Situation mondiale des pêches et aquaculture. Rome: FAO.
2011 Fisheries Management – 4. Marine Protected Areas and Fisheries. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, No 4, Suppl. 4. Rome: FAO.

Foale, Simon, Philippa Cohen, Stephanie Januchowski-Hartley, Amelia Wenger, and Martha Macintyre
2011 “Tenure and Taboos: Origins and Implications for Fisheries in the Pacific”. Fish and Fisheries, 12(4): 357-369.

Garcia, Serge Michel
1996 “The Precautionary Approach to Fisheries and its Implications for Fishery Research, Technology and Management: An Updated Review”. In FAO, Precautionary Approach to Fisheries. Part 2: Scientific Papers. Prepared for the Technical Consultation on the Precautionary Approach to Capture Fisheries (Including Species Introductions), Lysekil, Sweden, 6-13 June 1995 (A scientific meeting organized by the Government of Sweden in cooperation with FAO). Rome: FAO, p. 1-75.

Garcia, S.M., C. Zerbi, C. Aliaume, T. Do Chi, and G. Lasserre
2003 The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries: Issues, Terminology, Principles, Institutional Foundations, Implementation and Outlook. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 443. Rome: FAO.

Gascuel, Didier
1995 «Dynamiques complexes et relations simples: Limites et pertinences des modèles de dynamique des populations pour la gestion des systèmes halieutiques». In F. Laloë, H. Rey and J.L. Durand (eds.), Questions sur la dynamique de l’exploitation halieutique, Table ronde ORSTOM/Ifremer, Montpellier, 1993/11/6-8. Paris: ORSTOM, p. 353-386.

Gillett, Robert
2009 Fisheries in the Economies of Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.

Govan, Hugh
2009 “Achieving the Potential of Locally Managed Marine Areas in the South Pacific”. SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin, 25: 16-25.
2015 Preliminary Review of Public Expenditure of the Fisheries Agencies of Pacific Island Countries and Territories. National Budget and Staffing Support for Coastal Fisheries. Noumea: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

Guinotte, John M., and Victoria J. Fabry
2008 Ocean Acidification and its Potential Effects on Marine Ecosystems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1134: 320-342.

Gulland, J.A. (ed.)
1971 The Fish Resources of the Ocean. West Byfleet: Fishing News.

Gulland, J. A.
1983 Fish Stock Assessment: A Manual of Basic Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Haddon, Alfred C., and James Hornell
1975 Canoes of Oceania. Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press.

Hilborn, Ray
2007. “Reinterpreting the State of Fisheries and their Management”. Ecosystems, 10(8): 1362-1369.

Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove
1999 “Climate Change, Coral Bleaching and the Future of the World’s Coral Reefs”. Marine and Freshwater Research, 50(8): 839-866.

Hviding, Edvard
1990 “Keeping the Sea: Aspects of Marine Tenure in Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands”. In K. Ruddle and R. Johannes (eds), Traditional Marine Resource Management in the Pacific Basin: An Anthology. Jakarta: Unesco-ROSTEA, p. 7-44.

Johannes, Robert E.
1978 “Traditional Marine Conservation Methods in Oceania and their Demise”. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 9: 349-364.
1994 “Pacific Island Peoples’ Science and Marine Resource Management”. In J. Morrison, P. Geraghty and L. Crowl (eds.), Science of Pacific Island Peoples: Ocean and Coastal Studies. Suva: The University of the South Pacific, p. 81-89.

Johannes, Robert E., Alison Green, and Tim Adams
2002 “Coral Reefs in the Pacific: Status and Monitoring; Resources and Management”. In M. Kulbicki (ed.), Les récifs coralliens du Pacifique: État et suivi, ressources et gestion (A regional symposium – International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI), 22-24 Mai 2000, Noumea IRD Centre, New Caledonia). Noumea: IRD, Documents scientifiques et techniques II-5, p. 53-67.

Kinch, Jeff, Steve Purcell, Sven Uthicke, and Kim Friedman
2008 “Population Status, Fisheries and Trade of Sea Cucumbers in the Western Central Pacific”. In V. Toral-Granda, A. Lovatelli and M. Vasconcellos (eds.), Sea Cucumbers. A Global Review of Fisheries and Trade. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No 516. Rome: FAO, p. 7-55.

Kulbicki, Michel
1992 “Present Knowledge of the Structure of Coral Reef Fish Assemblages in the Pacific”. In UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No 147, Coastal Resources and Systems of the Pacific Basin: Investigation and Steps toward Protective Management. Nairobi: UNEP, p. 31-53.

Lauck, Tim, Colin W. Clark, Marc Mangel, and Gordon R. Munro
1998 “Implementing the Precautionary Principle in Fisheries Management through Marine Reserves”. Ecological Applications, 8(1): 72-78.

Laurec, Alain, and Jean-Claude Le Guen
1981 Dynamique des populations marines exploitées. Volume 1 – Concepts et modèles. Rapports scientifiques et techniques No 45. Brest: CNEXO/Centre Océanologique de Bretagne.

Laurent, Dominique, Geneviève Bourdy, Philippe Amade, Pierre Cabalion, and Dominique Bourret
1993 La gratte ou ciguatera: Ses remèdes traditionnels dans le Pacifique Sud. Paris: ORSTOM.

Leblic, Isabelle
1989 «Les clans pêcheurs en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Le cas de l’île des Pins». Cahiers des sciences humaines, 25(1-2): 109-123.

Léopold, Marc, Jennifer Beckensteiner, Jeremie Kaltavara, Jason Raubani, and Sophie Caillon
2013a “Community-Based Management of Near-Shore Fisheries in Vanuatu: What Works?” Marine Policy, 42: 167-176.

Léopold, Marc, Nathaniel Cornuet, Serge Andréfouët, Zacharie Moenteapo, C. Duvauchelle, Jason Raubani, Jayven Ham, and Pascal Dumas

2013b “Comanaging Small-Scale Sea Cucumber Fisheries in New Caledonia and Vanuatu Using Stock Biomass Estimates to Set Spatial Catch Quotas”. Environmental Conservation, 40(4): 367-379.

Leproux, Frédéric, Georges Moarii, and Stephen Yen
1990 «Techniques de pêche utilisées autour des dispositifs de concentration de poissons en Polynésie Française». In Commission du Pacifique Sud, 22e Conférence Régionale des Pêches, Noumea, New Caledonia, 1990/08/6-10. Papeete: EVAAM.

Meyers, Robert F.
1989 Micronesian Reef Fishes. Guam: Coral Graphics.

Moberg, Fredrik, and Patrick Rönnbäck
2003 “Ecosystem Services of the Tropical Seascape: Interactions, Substitutions and Restoration”. Ocean and Coastal Management, 46(1-2): 27-46.

Moffit, Robert B.
1993 “Deepwater Demersal Fish”. In A. Right and L. Hill, Nearshore Marine Resources of the South Pacific. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, p. 73-95.

Nurse, Mike, and John Kabamba
2000 Defining Institutions for Collaborative Mangrove Management: A Case Study from Tanga, Tanzania. Nairobi: IUCN.

Pauly, Daniel
1997 «Les pêches globales: Géostratégie et émergence de nouveaux acteurs». In G. Fontenellea and D. Gascuel (eds.), Activités halieutiques et développement durable: Actes des 4e rencontres halieutiques de Rennes, 1997/03/14-15. Rennes: ENSAR, Association Agro-halieutes, p. 35-44.

Polovina, Jeffrey Joseph, and Stephen Ralston
1987 Tropical Snappers and Groupers: Biology and Fisheries Management. Boulder and London: Westview Press.

Preston, Garry L., and Michael A. Vincent
1986 Refrigeration for Small-Scale Fisheries in Pacific Island Countries. South Pacific Commission Technical Paper No 188. Noumea: South Pacific Commission.

Preston, Garry L., Paul D. Mead, Lindsay B. Chapman, and Pale Taumaia
1999 Deep-Bottom Fishing Techniques for the Pacific Islands: A Manual for Fishermen. Noumea: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

Quensière, Jacques
1993 «De la modélisation halieutique à la gestion systémique des pêches». Nature Sciences Sociétés, 1(3): 211-220.

Rey, Hélène, Joseph Catanzano, Benoit Mesnil, and Gérard Biais
1997 Système halieutique. Un regard différent sur les pêches. Paris: Institut Océanographique/Ifremer.

Ruddle, Kenneth
1998 “The Context of Policy Design for Existing Community-Based Fisheries Management Systems in the Pacific Islands”. Ocean & Coastal Management, 40: 105-106.

Ruddle, Kenneth, and Tomoya Akimichi (eds.)
1984 Maritime Institutions in the Western Pacific. Senri Ethnological Studies, 17. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.

Ruddle, Kenneth, and Robert E. Johannes (eds.)
1989 Traditional Marine Resource Management in the Pacific Basin: An Anthology. Jakarta, Indonesia: Unesco/ROSTSEA.

Salvat, Bernard (ed.)
1987 Human Impacts on Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations. Moorea: EPHE.

Schaefer, Milner B.
1954 “Some Aspects of the Dynamics of Populations Important to the Management of the Commercial Marine Fisheries”. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission Bulletin, 1(2): 23-56.

Sen, Sevaly, and Jesper Raakjaer Nielsen
1996 “Fisheries Co-Management: A Comparative Analysis”. Marine Policy, 20(5): 405-418.

Shineberg, Dorothy
1967 They Came for Sandalwood: A Study of the Sandalwood Trade in the South-West Pacific, 1830-1865. London: Cambridge University Press.

Sokimi, William
2012 “More FADs Deployed in Four Pacific Islands”. SPC Fisheries Newsletter, #138–May/August 2012: 18-20, http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/Doc/FAME/InfoBull/FishNews/138/FishNews138x_18_FADs.pdf (Accessed on November 19, 2015).

South, G. Robin, Denis Goulet, Seremaia Tuqiri, and Marguerite Church (eds.)
1994 Traditional Marine Tenure and Sustainable Management of Marine Resources in Asia and the Pacific. Suva: University of the South Pacific, International Ocean Institute.

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)
2010 A Community-Based Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management. Guidelines for Pacific Islands Countries. Noumea: Secretariat of the Pacific Communities.

Tacquet, Marc
2011 “Artisanal and Industrial FADs: A Question of Scale”. SPC Fisheries Newsletter, #136 – September/December 2011: 35-45, http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/Doc/FAME/InfoBull/FishNews/136/FishNews136.pdf (Accessed on November 19, 2015).

Tanzer, John, Carol Phua, Anissa Lawrence, Aimee Gonzales, T. Rowburgh, and P. Gamblin (eds.)
2015 Living Blue Planet Report. Gland: WWF.

UNFPA
2014 Population and Development Profiles, Pacific Island Countries. Suva: United Nations Population Fund Pacific Sub-Regional Office.

Veitayaki, Joeli, William G.L. Aalbersberg, Alifereti Tawake, Etika Rupeni, and K.Tabunakawai
2003 “Mainstreaming Resources Conservation: The Fiji Locally Managed Marine Area Network and National Policy Development”. In H. Jaireth, Innovative Governance: Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities and Protected Areas. New Delhi: Ane Books, p. 105-121.

Ward, Ralph Gerard
1993 “South Pacific Islands Futures: Paradise, Prosperity, or Pauperism?” The Contemporary Pacific, 5(1): 1-21.

Williams, David McB
1990 “Shallow-Water Reef Fishes”. In T.J. Done and K.F. Navin (eds.), Vanuatu Marine Resources: Report of a Biological Survey. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science, p. 66-76.

Worm Boris, Edward B. Barbier, Nicola Beaumont, J. Emmett Duffy, Carl Folke, Benjamin S. Halpern, Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Heike K. Lotze, Fiorenza Micheli, Stephen R. Palumbi, Enric Sala, Kimberley A. Selkoe, John J. Stachowicz, and Reg Watson
2006 “Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystems Services”. Science, 314(5800): 787-790.

Zann, Leon P.
1990 “Traditional Management and Conservation of Fisheries in Kiribati and Tuvalu Atolls”. In K. Ruddle and R.E. Johannes (eds.), Traditional Marine Resource Management in the Pacific Basin: An Anthology. Jakarta: Unesco-ROSTEA, p. 77-101.