Which of the following is a method by which users interact with an information system quizlet?

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Answer: The five interaction methods identified in the text are command language, menu, form, object, and natural language. Command language interaction refers to a human-computer interaction method where explicit statements are entered into a system to invoke operations. While this type of interaction places a substantial burden on the user (remembering names, syntax, and operations), command languages are good for experienced users, for systems with a limited command set, and for rapid interaction with the system. Menu interaction refers to a human-computer interaction method where a list of system options is provided and a specific command is invoked by user selection of a menu option. Menus have become the most widely used interface. The design and complexity of menus differs due to the capabilities of the development environment, developer skills, and size and complexity of the system. Form interaction refers to a highly intuitive human-computer interaction method where data fields are formatted in a manner similar to paper-based forms. This method is the most commonly used method for data entry and retrieval in business-based systems. Object-based interaction is a human-computer interaction method where symbols are used to represent commands or functions. The implementation of object-based interaction is usually through the use of icons. Natural language interaction is a human-computer interaction method where inputs to and outputs from a computer-based application are in a conventional speaking language such as English. Currently, this is not as viable an interaction method as the other methods.

Answer: These architectures differ in terms of processing, concurrent data access, network usage, database security and integrity, software maintenance, and hardware and system software flexibility. The file server architecture supports only the distribution of data, while the client/server architecture supports both the distribution of data and processing. In a file server architecture, concurrent data access is managed by the client; in a client/server architecture, concurrent data access is managed by the server. While the client/server architecture supports efficient data transfers, the file server architecture requires large file and data transfers. Database security and integrity are low for the file server architecture; the client/server has high database security and integrity. Software maintenance for a file server architecture is low, although it is mixed for the client/server architecture. In terms of hardware and system software flexibility, the client and server can be decoupled and mixed in a file server architecture. In a client/server architecture, there is a need for greater coordination between client and server.

Answer: The first consideration is which applications, services, or data to move to the cloud. Some of the long-term, strategic issues that management should consider when evaluating different public cloud service providers include availability, reliability, scalability, viability, security, privacy, compliance, diversity of offerings, openness, and cost.

Answer: Maintainability is the ease with which software can be understood, corrected, adapted, and enhanced. The cost elements of maintenance include defects, customers, documentation, personnel, tools, and software structure. The defect element refers to the number of unknown defects in a system when it is installed. Typically, the more latent defects, the higher the maintenance costs. The customer element refers to the number of different customers that a maintenance group must support. Generally, the more customers, the greater the maintenance costs. The documentation element refers to the quality of technical system documentation including test cases. Without quality documentation, maintenance efforts increase exponentially. The personnel element refers to the number and quality of personnel dedicated to the support and maintenance of a system. Maintenance programmers should be able to understand and change the software that they did not originally create. The tool element refers to software development tools, debuggers, hardware, and other resources. Such tools help reduce maintenance costs. Software structure refers to the structure and maintainability of the software. If programs are well-structured, they are easier to understand, modify, and fix.

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