Which of the following best explains why some European colonists intermarried with Native Americans quizlet?

"What induced [American] Indians to go out of their way to trap beaver and trade the skins for glass beads, mirrors, copper kettles, and other goods?... Recent scholarship on [American] Indians' motives in this earliest stage of the trade indicates that they regarded such objects as the equivalents of the quartz, mica, shell, and other sacred substances that had formed the heart of long-distance exchange in North America for millennia.... While northeastern [American] Indians recognized Europeans as different from themselves, they interacted with them and their materials in ways that were consistent with their own customs and beliefs."

Neal Salisbury, historian, "The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans," 1996

A direct result of European exploration of North America during the 1500s and early 1600s was the

A
large-scale migration of American Indians to Europe
B
introduction of new animals and crops to North America
C
decline of African slavery in North America
D
smaller role played by Spain in European affairs

"What induced [American] Indians to go out of their way to trap beaver and trade the skins for glass beads, mirrors, copper kettles, and other goods?... Recent scholarship on [American] Indians' motives in this earliest stage of the trade indicates that they regarded such objects as the equivalents of the quartz, mica, shell, and other sacred substances that had formed the heart of long-distance exchange in North America for millennia.... While northeastern [American] Indians recognized Europeans as different from themselves, they interacted with them and their materials in ways that were consistent with their own customs and beliefs."

Neal Salisbury, historian, "The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans," 1996

Which of the following types of evidence would best support the argument in the excerpt?'

A
Shipping inventories from trade between Liverpool and Boston
B
Diaries from British settlers in Philadelphia
C
Artifacts from American Indian settlements
D
Spanish government reports about American Indians

"Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide....In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon....He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight."
Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism's Founder, 2005

The goals of the Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups?

A
Puritans in New England
B
Planters in the Chesapeake region
C
French missionaries in the Great Lakes region
D
Spanish settlers in California

"New France enter[ed] its golden age in the first decades of the eighteenth century.... In Louisiana, the Illinois country, and the Great Lakes basin, French cities and villages developed alongside Indian villages.
. . . Here, natives and Europeans found that their different goals were complementary. The French posed no demographic threat.... The landscape of Indian life had not been seriously altered. The fur trade depended on the integrity of that landscape."

Jay Gitlin, historian, "Empires of Trade, Hinterlands of Settlement," 1994

A.) European efforts to arm American Indians
B.) The use of slave labor to produce sugar in Louisiana
C.) Military conflicts between the French, Dutch, British, and Spanish
D.) Intermarriage between French colonists and American Indians

"Slavery, though imposed and maintained by violence, was a negotiated relationship.... First, even as they confronted one another, master and slave had to concede, however grudgingly, a degree of legitimacy to the other.... [T]he web of interconnections between master and slave necessitated a coexistence that fostered cooperation as well as contestation. Second, because the circumstances of such contestation and cooperation continually changed, slavery itself continually changed. . . . Slavery was never made, but instead was continually remade, for power—no matter how great—was never absolute, but always contingent."

Ira Berlin, historian, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, 1998

Which of the following contributed most to the increasing use of African slave labor in North America during the 1600s and 1700s?

A.) Successful colonial attempts to convert enslaved Africans to Christianity
B.) European demand for agricultural products grown in the colonies
C.) The spread of European Enlightenment ideas in the colonies
D.) A decline in regional distinctiveness among the colonies

"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders....In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 2,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors.... Some Pueblo leaders...urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans."

David J. Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992

A.) more often settled as families and rarely intermarried with Native Americans
B.) relied more on coerced labor from Native Americans
C.) enjoyed relatively peaceful relations with Native Americans
D.) adopted some of Native Americans' more egalitarian views on the roles of women

"The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had assaulted the fort and surprised it. . . . With all speed we palisadoed [built barricades around] our fort;... The day before the ship's departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [an] Indian... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit... it did not so long continue.

"[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of the stormy weather. The Indians, thinking us near famished, with careless kindness offered us little pieces of bread and small handfuls of beans or wheat for a hatchet or a piece of copper. In like manner I entertained their kindness and in like... offered them like commodities, but the children, or any that showed extraordinary kindness, I liberally contented with free gift of such trifles as well contented them."
John Smith, English explorer relating events in the Virginia colony, 1608

Smith's account of the hardships experienced in the Virginia colony most directly encouraged which of the following changes in subsequent settlements?

A.) Intensified efforts to find gold and other precious metals
B.) Creation of the encomienda labor system
C.) Increased attention to farming and agriculture
D.) Expanded collaboration with the Spanish

"The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had assaulted the fort and surprised it. . . . With all speed we palisadoed [built barricades around] our fort;... The day before the ship's departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [an] Indian... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit... it did not so long continue.

"[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of the stormy weather. The Indians, thinking us near famished, with careless kindness offered us little pieces of bread and small handfuls of beans or wheat for a hatchet or a piece of copper. In like manner I entertained their kindness and in like... offered them like commodities, but the children, or any that showed extraordinary kindness, I liberally contented with free gift of such trifles as well contented them."
John Smith, English explorer relating events in the Virginia colony, 1608

Smith most likely wrote his account for which of the following reasons?

A.)To recruit missionaries to come to the Virginia colony
B.) To increase support for the colony from the monarchy and investors
C.)To promote an alliance between colonists in Virginia and colonists elsewhere in the Americas
D.)To encourage the Virginia colonists to abandon the colony

"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a coherent region at all. . . . In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics. . . .
"Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a region organized around extensive inland waterways, which gave merchants an almost unparalleled access to the American interior, building upon trade routes that pre-dated European settlement. . . .
"Perhaps the most important argument for the coherence of the mid-Atlantic as a region is the extent to which those colonies shared a common history. . . .
"The most often-noted characteristic of the region was the diversity of its peoples. . . . The society of the Middle Colonies surely was 'America's first plural society.' . . . There were two principal sources of the growing diversity of the European settlements. One was historical: New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were all conquered colonies, with Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, and many other populations already resident at the time of English conquest. The other was the consolidation that occurred as the colonies of six European nations along the Atlantic coast in the early seventeenth century were reduced to two by century's end, those of [Protestant] England and those of [Catholic] France. The result was that [diverse] European Protestants heading for the New World were concentrated within English colonies, a situation that virtually mandated some form of toleration. . . . Toleration and pluralism, it turns out, were not based solely on enlightened benevolence."

Ned C. Landsman, historian, Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America, published in 2010

Which of the following best describes Landsman's argument in the last paragraph of the excerpt?

A.) English conquests in the Middle Colonies were harsher than the conquests of other European empires in the Americas.

B.) Toleration of religious diversity in the Middle Colonies was made a necessity because of patterns of migration.

C.) The spread of Enlightenment values was the main reason that pluralism developed in the Middle Colonies.

D.) The French colonies in North America and the Middle Colonies had very similar settler populations.

"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a coherent region at all. . . . In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics. . . .
"Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a region organized around extensive inland waterways, which gave merchants an almost unparalleled access to the American interior, building upon trade routes that pre-dated European settlement. . . .
"Perhaps the most important argument for the coherence of the mid-Atlantic as a region is the extent to which those colonies shared a common history. . . .
"The most often-noted characteristic of the region was the diversity of its peoples. . . . The society of the Middle Colonies surely was 'America's first plural society.' . . . There were two principal sources of the growing diversity of the European settlements. One was historical: New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were all conquered colonies, with Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, and many other populations already resident at the time of English conquest. The other was the consolidation that occurred as the colonies of six European nations along the Atlantic coast in the early seventeenth century were reduced to two by century's end, those of [Protestant] England and those of [Catholic] France. The result was that [diverse] European Protestants heading for the New World were concentrated within English colonies, a situation that virtually mandated some form of toleration. . . . Toleration and pluralism, it turns out, were not based solely on enlightened benevolence."

Ned C. Landsman, historian, Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America, published in 2010
Which of the following describes Landsman's overall argument in the excerpt?

A.) The Middle Colonies differed from French colonies because they depended on Native American commerce.

B.) The Middle Colonies were similar to each other because they developed plantation agriculture.

C.) The Middle Colonies were more different from each other than the English colonies in other regions.

D.) The Middle Colonies faced similar challenges in governing diverse colonists after they became English.

"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a coherent region at all. . . . In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics. . . .
"Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a region organized around extensive inland waterways, which gave merchants an almost unparalleled access to the American interior, building upon trade routes that pre-dated European settlement. . . .
"Perhaps the most important argument for the coherence of the mid-Atlantic as a region is the extent to which those colonies shared a common history. . . .
"The most often-noted characteristic of the region was the diversity of its peoples. . . . The society of the Middle Colonies surely was 'America's first plural society.' . . . There were two principal sources of the growing diversity of the European settlements. One was historical: New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were all conquered colonies, with Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, and many other populations already resident at the time of English conquest. The other was the consolidation that occurred as the colonies of six European nations along the Atlantic coast in the early seventeenth century were reduced to two by century's end, those of [Protestant] England and those of [Catholic] France. The result was that [diverse] European Protestants heading for the New World were concentrated within English colonies, a situation that virtually mandated some form of toleration. . . . Toleration and pluralism, it turns out, were not based solely on enlightened benevolence."

Ned C. Landsman, historian, Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America, published in 2010
Landsman claims that some historians might not consider the Middle Colonies a single British colonial region because the Middle Colonies

A.) contained multiple inland waterways for commerce
B.) were settled by ethnically diverse groups of Europeans
C.) received European immigrants who practiced a variety of religions
D.) had different local economies focused on Philadelphia and New York City

"We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."

The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620

A.) Members of the English nobility
B.) Sailors and soldiers
C.) Male church members
D.) Indentured servants

"We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."

The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620

The ideas introduced in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following patterns among the British North American colonies?

A.) The imposition of strict regulation by the Crown and Parliament
B.) The establishment of local representative assemblies
C.) The pursuit of trade with England and the West Indies
D.) The development of agricultural economies

"We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."

The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the document from which the excerpt was taken?

A.) Organizing a system of rules and order in the colony
B.) Promoting a Protestant denomination
C.) Advocating for intercolonial cooperation
D.) Encouraging further English investment in the colony

"Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods."
— English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696

The goals presented in the excerpt from the act have the most in common with which of the following?

A.) Increases in the federal tariff in the 1820s
B.) Progressive Era antitrust reforms in the 1900s
C.) Free-trade policies in the 1990s
D.) Federal tax reductions in the 2000s

"Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods."
— English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696

The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following goals for England's North American colonies?

A.) Developing them as a producer of manufactured goods
B.) Aiding them in developing trade with other European nations
C.) Integrating them into a coherent imperial structure based on mercantilism
D.) Protecting them from American Indian attacks

"Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods."

— English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696

One direct long-term effect of the Navigation Act was that it

A.) promoted commercial treaties with Spain and France throughout the 1700s
B.) contributed to the rise of opposition that ultimately fostered the independence movement
C.) encouraged colonists in North America to expand trade agreements with American Indians
D.) led to the imposition of heavy taxes on the North American colonists in the early 1700s

"For the increase of shipping... from thenceforward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging... but in ships or vessels as do... belong only to the people of England... and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners at least are English....

"And it is further enacted... that... no sugars, tobacco, cottonwool, indigos, ginger, fustic, or other dyeing wood, of the growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be... transported from any of the said English plantations [colonies] to any land... other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty."
English Parliament, Navigation Act of 1660

Which of the following most directly led to the passage of the Navigation Act of 1660 ?

A.) The spread of Enlightenment ideas
B.) The development of the English system of slavery
C.) The emergence of an Atlantic economy
D.) The dominance of market capitalism

"For the increase of shipping... from thenceforward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging... but in ships or vessels as do... belong only to the people of England... and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners at least are English....

"And it is further enacted... that... no sugars, tobacco, cottonwool, indigos, ginger, fustic, or other dyeing wood, of the growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be... transported from any of the said English plantations [colonies] to any land... other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty."
English Parliament, Navigation Act of 1660

Which of the following most likely motivated Parliament to pass the law in the excerpt?

A.) The decline of a strong English identity among colonists
B.) The desire to pursue mercantilist goals
C.) the formation of colonial governments that differed from English models
D.) The desire to promote migration to the
colonies

Which of the following explains the most likely reason why English colonists wanted to come to North America ?\?

Which of the following was a widespread effect of the interactions between European colonists and American Indians described in the excerpt?

Which of the following best describes Landsmans argument?

Which of the following best describes the economic system that supported the Native American?